Sile (river)

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Sile
Sile in Treviso

Sile in Treviso

Data
location Italy , Veneto region
River system Sile
source Fontanasso dea Coa Longa near Casacorba di Vedelago
45 ° 39 '35 "  N , 12 ° 1' 43"  E
Source height 28  m slm
muzzle Porto di Piave Vecchia (Litorale del Cavallino) Coordinates: 45 ° 28 ′ 41 "  N , 12 ° 35 ′ 3"  E 45 ° 28 ′ 41 "  N , 12 ° 35 ′ 3"  E
Mouth height 0  m slm
Height difference 28 m
Bottom slope 0.29 ‰
length 95 km
Catchment area 628 km²
Left tributaries Corbetta, Gronda, Cerca, Botteniga, Giavera, Pegorile, Limbraga, Storga, Melma, Nerbon, Musestre, Vallio, Meolo
Right tributaries Piovega, Dosson, Fuin, Bigonzo, Serva
Medium-sized cities Treviso
Navigable from Treviso to the Venice lagoon

The Sile is a river in the Italian region of Veneto , which flows into the northern Adriatic .

General introduction

The headwaters of the Sile are located around 20 km west of Treviso between the municipalities of Casacorba di Vedelago in the province of Treviso and Levada and Torreselle di Piombino Dese in the province of Padua . The river flows through the province of Treviso first from west to east, after the provincial capital it meanders in south-east direction to the lagoon of Venice , into which it once flowed. After reburial measures in the 17th century, it now flows into the Adriatic Sea in the municipality of Cavallino - Treporti (Cavallino district) on the Litorale del Cavallino. With its length of around 95 km, the Sile is the longest river in Italy, which arises from so-called risorgive (a special source type ) (see also section Geology ). In addition, it is one of the most important rivers of this type in Europe. Dante Alighieri mentions the Sile in the Divine Comedy : "dove Sile e Cagnan s'accompagna".

Surname

The name Sile is derived from the Latin Silis qui silet , meaning “silet”, “to be silent, to be calm”, because the groundwater-fed river always carries a constant amount of water and flows calmly. Even after heavy rainfall, it does not show a strong current, nor does it overflow its banks, as it has hardly any inflow of surface water. Another etymological interpretation derives the name from the pre-Latin word "sila", which means something like "channel".

Hydrographic data

Some hydrographic data of the Sile:

  • Source: Fontanasso dea Coa Longa in Casacorba di Vedelago (Province of Treviso) is the official source of the river, although several sources in the headwaters are involved in its creation. The main spring has a constant spring discharge of around 35 m³ / s. The spring temperature is 10–12 ° C all year round.
  • Gradient: The source area is 28 m above sea level, the mouth is 1 m above sea level. The difference in height between the source and the mouth is therefore 27 m, which corresponds to a gradient of 0.3 ‰.
  • Mouth: on the Litorale del Cavallino (a peninsula that separates the northern part of the Venice lagoon from the open sea) in the municipality of Cavallino - Treporti (Province of Venice) at the lighthouse of Porto di Piave Vecchia in the Adriatic Sea.
  • Length: a total of approx. 95 km, of which over 70 km are accounted for by the original course of the river to Portegrandi, approx. 9 km for the Taglio, a canal that leads the Sile into the former Piave river bed, and approx. 17 km for this river bed self.
  • Width: max. 40 m, min. 10 m, on average 15 m
  • Depth: 1–2 m at the upper reaches near the springs
    • at Quinto di Treviso over 20 m (after dredging)
    • in Treviso an average of 2 m, maximum 5 m
    • at Trepalade 1 m
  • Water flow: at Quinto di Treviso 6 m³ / s (annual mean)
    • at the rate of Casier 55 m³ / s (annual mean)
    • After unusually heavy rainfall, a maximum of 128 m³ / s was measured.
  • Flow velocity: 0.5 m / s both on the upper and lower reaches, with a maximum of 1 m / s in Treviso.
  • Water temperature: 14–15 ° C in summer months with an air temperature of constantly over 25 ° C, 8–9 ° C in winter months with an air temperature of around 0 ° C. The lowest water temperature was measured in January 1985 with 6 ° C, whereby the air temperature at that time was −16 ° C.
  • pH value: mean value 7.6
  • Oxygen content of the water: average value 8.6 mg O 2 / l
  • Electrical conductivity: mean value 445 microsiemens / cm
  • Catchment area: 628 km²
  • Water quality: according to a study from 1997/98, the section from the springs to Portegrandi is not considered polluted, the Taglio is of medium quality and the water in the old Piave river bed is slightly polluted.

Geology of the Sile

Geological conditions

In the Quaternary , the glaciers of the Piave and Brenta from the Alpine valleys transported large amounts of bed load to the Veneto plain north of Treviso and deposited them as so-called alluvial fans . At the end of the last Ice Age around 17,000 years ago, the retreat (melting) of the glaciers formed a thick layer of sediment, whereby coarser material such as rubble and gravel remained at the valley exits, while finer material (sand, clay, loam) down into the Levels was transported. The boundary between these alluvial soil types marks the transition from a water-permeable to a water-impermeable layer.

The sources of the Sile

The sources of the Sile are so-called “risorgive” (called “fontanassi” in the regional dialect), a special form of the stratified spring on the border between the high and low plains of Padania and Veneto. Many springs arise along this line, so that a real band, the linea or fascia delle risorgive , has formed, which extends from Piedmont to Friuli with a width of between two and ten kilometers.

Most of the water in the Sile springs originates from the rainfall of the 1775 m high Monte Grappa massif with Monte Tomba and Monfenera, a part of the Veneto foothills south of Feltre , which extends over the provinces of Vicenza, Belluno and Treviso extend. There the water seeps into coarse-pored, gravelly and karst rock layers and flows in a groundwater-bearing layer towards the plain. In addition, the bank filtrate of the Piave also enriches the groundwater in the catchment area of ​​the Sile. On the way down the valley, this groundwater-bearing layer encounters fine-grained, water-impermeable alluvial soils (mainly made of clay, as well as loam and sand). At this layer boundary, which runs in the plain, the water is forced to rise and forms the characteristic risorgive . These are rounded groundwater outlet points in flat terrain. At the bottom you can see small cones of sand that seem to 'boil' because the grains of sand are churned up by the water rising from the earth. The confluent source streams then form the Sile.

Characteristics of the Sile

Due to the long underground passage, the spring water has a temperature of ten to twelve degrees Celsius, almost independent of the air temperature, which is almost constant over the course of the year. Since the river bed has a gravel bottom - especially on the upper reaches - the water of the Sile is very clear. This is also due to the fact that, with the exception of the Piavesella (whose water flows over the Botteniga into the Sile), all tributaries also arise from groundwater sources, so that hardly any turbid surface water rich in suspended matter is brought in. In addition, hardly any debris is transported and the force of erosion is relatively low. In connection with the low current, this enables the ground to grow with aquatic plants.

From the village of Silea, the Sile is bounded in sections by embankments (which often correspond to the towpaths ), from Quarto d'Altino it is continuously diked. This is necessary because the surrounding agricultural areas are below sea level and have to be drained by pumping stations. In contrast to the dykes, the bank walls are z. T. of natural origin. Strictly speaking, it is about two to four meters deep washouts of the river bed, which, however, were not caused by the Sile itself, but which were cut around 12,000 years ago by a river with great erosion power (possibly an arm of the Piave) coming from the Alps. This current also brought the gravel from the mountains and deposited it on the plain. These gravel deposits could also be the reason for Pliny the Elder. Ä. explain false claims that the Sile would originate in the Treviso mountains. When this river again changed its course down the valley (which happened several times in the Quaternary), the Sile used the abandoned river bed again and deposited the loamy-clay deposits typical of rivers that spring from risorgive (which in the case of the Sile come from the Holocene ).

The course of the Sile

The entire course of the Sile lies on the plain. Since the river has hardly any erosion power to wash out a river bed due to the very low current, there is the hypothesis that it could be a river bed of a former arm of the Piave, which meandered through the valley of Nervesa towards the lagoon. This would also explain the origin of the gravel deposits downstream from Treviso.

The Sile flows through the territories of the municipalities of Vedelago (TV), Piombino Dese (PD), Morgano (TV), Istrana (TV), Quinto di Treviso , Treviso, Silea (TV), Casier (TV), Casale sul Sile (TV) , Roncade (TV), Quarto d'Altino (VE), Musile di Piave (VE), Jesolo (VE) and Cavallino-Treporti (VE). Its run is divided into:

  • Upper course from the springs to Quinto di Treviso
  • Middle course from Quinto to Casier
  • Lower course from Casier to the lagoon

The municipalities of Vedelago, Piombino Dese, Morgano, Istrana and Quinto di Treviso are located on the upper reaches of the Sile. Then the Sile flows through the city of Treviso. In the urban area, the various arms of the Botteniga (old name: Cagnan) flow into the Sile on the left. Downstream the river touches the municipalities of Silea, Casier, Casale sul Sile and Quarto d'Altino until it reaches the village of Portegrandi. Today the Silone Canal, which corresponds to the former course of the river, and the Siloncello branching off at Trepalade, northeast of the island of Torcello , flow here into the Venetian lagoon, regulated by locks . The Sile itself is diverted into the former river bed of the Piave (Alveo del Piave Vecchia) through the nine-kilometer-long puncture (Taglio del Sile) completed in 1683, through which it runs from Caposile, municipality of Musile di Piave, past Jesolo , to the mouth in Cavallino at the lighthouse of Porto di Piave Vecchia (Faro des Piave Vecchia) flows. The Sile is navigable on a 68 km long section from Treviso to the lagoon.

The diversion of the Sile

The construction of the “Taglio” canal was part of a large-scale project by the Republic of Venice to regulate the water in the lagoon. Between the 14th and 18th centuries, various rivers were diverted and canals dug, on the one hand to prevent too much water from flowing into the lagoon and causing flooding, and on the other hand to prevent the entry of mud (as floating cargo from the rivers) into it to limit the lagoon in order to prevent it from silting up. (This would have affected merchant shipping and increased the risk of malaria due to the swampy terrain .)

In addition to the historical diversion of the Sile, a section of the river has also recently been relocated (1950). In Fiera di Treviso it branches out in that a meander loop was decoupled by a 1 km long piercing in order to operate a hydroelectric power station on this artificial section. The natural right arm is therefore a dead arm, the Sil Morto. In the community of Silea both arms reunite. The island they form is called Isola di Villapendola or Vallependola and is a nature reserve with extensive agricultural use.

Reclamation and its consequences

Most of the drainage measures related to the headwaters and the upper reaches of the Sile as far as the municipality of Morgano. In addition, areas on the lower reaches and the area of ​​the former mouth of the lagoon were made usable for agriculture.

As early as Roman times, when the area was divided into plots, canals were dug, irrigation ditches were drawn and river straightening was carried out. After a period of standstill, in the High Middle Ages, Benedictine monks began again with the drainage of large parts of the swamps and lagoons. In the hinterland of the lagoon, the Republic of Venice began extensive river bedding and canal excavations in the 14th century. When the Taglio del Sile was built, the Sile was also affected by this work.

When the Venetian patricians began to expand their rule on the mainland and acquired estates in the 16th century, more attempts were made to drain the swampy headwaters of the Sile. For this purpose, a dense network of drainage ditches was created, which was also expanded in the 17th century.

Such measures were only intensified again in the years after the First World War through a private initiative of the landowners on the right bank of the upper reaches. In 1927/28 the New Corbetta Canal was dug for drainage, but noticeable successes only became apparent around ten years later, when mills further downstream that had previously dammed the water were abandoned. Since the 1940s there have been drastic changes in the headwaters by relocating the river bed to the south over a length of 3 km, straightening it and widening it. (this section extends from the springs to the municipality of Badoere). In addition, until the 1960s, many “risorgive” were drained and filled in. Between 1966 and 1969, the groundwater-bearing layer was exposed and the rising water channeled into the Sile in order to free the area from mud.

These interventions had very negative consequences for the area, because unique biotopes were irreparably destroyed without any significant economic gains being achieved. Since the excessive abstraction of groundwater has led to an irreversible subsidence of the area south of the Sile, the agricultural areas there have also suffered significant damage.

Another result of the measures became apparent at the administrative level: since the headwaters lie on the border between the provinces of Treviso and Padua, but mainly springs in the northern part of Treviso were filled in and the river relocated to the south, its water today mainly comes from risorgive on Paduan territory (the area between the hamlets of Levada and Torreselle in the municipality of Piombino Dese (PD)). In its beginnings - to the displeasure of the Trevisans - the Sile actually became a Paduan river, although the Fontanasso dea Coa Longa in Trevisan is still the official source.

Economic importance of the sile

At the time of the Republic of Venice

Due to its even flow of water, the Sile was very suitable for operating water mills, of which a particularly large number lined the section between Quinto and Silea. Some are still preserved today. These mills used to grind the flour for the Republic of Venice, so that the area was called the Granary of the Serenissima .

In addition, the Sile was at that time one of the most important waterways for the exchange of goods between Venice and the mainland, the Terraferma , which was mainly handled via Treviso. For this purpose, keelless barges with a flat bottom and two masts, the so-called burcio , were used, which could transport loads of up to 200 quintals . Upstream these boats could not sail against the current, so that they had to be pulled by oxen, horses or people. The towpaths created for this purpose are still preserved today and are used as a popular recreational area.

For the city of Treviso, the river also had an important function as part of the defenses, because together with the natural canals and the man-made moat outside the city wall ring, the entire old town was surrounded by water and only accessible via three bridge gates. In addition, the foreland (esplanade) could be flooded through a lock system in order to stop advancing armies. These defenses were built from 1504 according to plans by Fra Giovanni Giocondo and withstood the siege of the city in 1509 by the troops of the League of Cambrai .

In the 19th century

At the beginning of the 19th century, the increasing expansion of roads required the provision of large quantities of material. For this purpose, gravel was used, which was dredged from the river bed of the Sile. Although this was not initially done on an industrial scale, the extraction had clear consequences for the river by the middle of the century: due to the deepening of the river bed at Quinto, the water level in the city of Treviso dropped significantly, so that the river no longer here was navigable, and the smaller amount of water caused difficulties for the mills. On the right bank of the Sile, especially on the lower reaches, the clay deposits that were there were mined in order to bake bricks. A particularly large number of brick kilns were located along the section between Sant'Antonino and Musestre (Roncade municipality), so that it was called the “Riviera of the kilns”.

today

As a trade route, the Sile is no longer important today. The river was last used for this purpose by the brick industry in the late 1960s. These industrial plants on the southern bank of the river were shut down in the 1970s. The gravel deposits in the river bed have also been used commercially since the 19th century, and mining flourished in particular since the 1960s, with even gravel deposits below the water table being exploited. While most of the pits were relatively small (about one hectare), two river lakes were enlarged to 13 and 18 hectares respectively. In 1975 a first regional law was passed to curb excessive and uncontrolled gravel mining. (At times there were over 30 pits in the area of ​​the municipality of Quinto!) At present (autumn 2007) only one gravel pit is still in operation in Quinto di Treviso. Clay mining was abandoned in the 1970s. The former dredging pits are now partially used for fish farming, but the affected river sections have been partially renatured and are used as water sports areas or for agriculture.

The rope is also used to generate energy. On the middle course between Quinto and Treviso there are several hydropower plants that use the gradient to generate electricity. In the city of Treviso itself there are also two such systems: the first at the level of the Ponte San Martino, the second at the Ponte della Gobba (which lies downstream behind the Ponte Dante). In addition, there is another hydropower plant on a section of the river near Silea that was artificially created in the 1950s by piercing a loop (inauguration in April 1954).

There are various shipyards along the Sile that specialize in building various types of ships. For example, in Portegrandi - Quarto d'Altino, wooden fishing boats are built, and there is a yacht yard in Casale sul Sile.

The Sile and the surrounding waterway network of tributaries and canals are important for tourism due to the possibility of houseboat tours. There are also excursions between the Venice lagoon and Treviso.

Ecological importance of the Sile

There are various types of biotopes along the course of the Sile, most of which lie within the boundaries of the nature park and the associated protected areas. These are the spring pools and swamps, the peat bog, the reed zone of the bank area, hedge-lined (wet) meadows, willow and poplar forests, the brackish water area near Portegrandi, where the original mouth of the Sile had built a small delta, and the river itself. The biotopes are home to various plant communities and are the habitat of many animals, as well as a resting or wintering area for migratory birds.

The zone has a very high biodiversity and some animal and plant species are endemic here . About 500 different plant species can be detected. The fauna is also very rich in species, there are around 40 species of fish in the Sile and a remarkably diverse bird life with around 70 species of passerine birds (Passeriformes) alone.

The Sile area (especially the peat bog) is of particular importance due to the occurrence of some rare glacial relict plants , including the broad-leaved cottongrass ( Eriophorum latifolium ), the lung gentian ( Gentiana pneumonanthe ), the fever clover ( Menyanthes trifoliata ), the swamp Heart leaf ( Parnassia palustris ) and the Salzburg eyebright ( Euphrasia salisburgensis ) belong. Extremely rare and endangered plant species include the real arrowhead ( Sagittaria sagittifolia ), as well as the orchid species Mosquito-Haendelwurz ( Gymnadenia conopsea ) and Fragrant Haendelwurz ( G. odoratissima ). One endemic to the brackish water zone in the area of ​​the mouth of the Silone Canal is the samphire species Salicornia veneta .

The fauna in and along the Sile is also characterized by some endemic species. The bullhead [Cottus gobio] can only be found in the rivers of north-east Italy; the Italian nasal ( Chondrostoma soetta ) , which belongs to the cyprinids, is an endemic of the lower reaches of the Sile .
Stark conceived or decline already considered endangered classified species include the middle and lower reaches of the common toad ( Bufo bufo ), the bullhead, the white clawed crayfish ( Austropotamobius pallipes italicus ) and the local in the upper reaches, extremely rare Northern Italian brook lamprey ( Lampetra zanandreai ).

Worth seeing

There are various kinds of sights along the Sile.

The Natural Park "Parco Regionale del Fiume Sile"

This nature park was founded in 1991 and covers an area of ​​4190 ha. It is a maximum 3 km wide strip of land along the Sile, which stretches for around 50 km from Casacorba di Vedelago and Piombino Dese in the west to Quarto d'Altino in the Extends east. Affiliated to the park are landscape and nature reserves outside the actual park area. In addition to protecting the unique ecosystem of the swamps in the headwaters and the river itself, the park represents an important drinking water reserve. The purpose of the park is also to preserve the traditional cultural landscape of the area, which is why environmentally friendly use for leisure activities, agriculture and livestock is permitted there small towns are within the boundaries of the park. The Sile Nature Park offers not only nature, but also cultural and historical evidence such as villas of Venetian patricians from the 15th to 18th centuries. Century and historic mills on the river.

A pure nature reserve is the "Oasi Naturalistica di Cervara" located about four kilometers upstream from Quinto di Treviso in the village of Santa Cristina di Quinto, which is an approximately 25 hectare marshland. There is a large heron colony here with around 200 breeding pairs.

Further downstream on the Jesolana between Quarto d'Altino and Portegrandi is the “Oasi Naturale di Trepalade” in the municipality of Trepalade. This protected marshland was inaugurated in 1992. In addition to the small lake and a poplar grove, the reed bed zone in particular is an important refuge for animal species threatened with extinction. A nature trail serves didactic purposes.

The Sil Morto

At this dead arm of the Sile, between the villages of Silea and Casier, lies the “ cimitero dei burci ”, a cemetery of half-sunk barges of the former oil mill Chiara & Forti. The barges had been sunk by workers on strike in the 1970s.

The "Alzaie"

The so-called "Alzaie" are former towpaths that run from Treviso downriver over a length of about 25 km alternately on both sides of the river. Today they are a popular recreational area, especially for walkers, cyclists and joggers.

The historic watermills

From this evidence of early industry there are still some well-preserved mills, especially in the section between Quinto di Treviso and Silea, some of which can also be visited. At the height of the milling industry, there were up to 1200 such businesses along the Sile, of which 61 (in 1800) were in the city of Treviso. In many place and street names in the area there are references to milling: z. B. " I mulini ", Munaron, via Molinelle, via dei Munari and via Munara.

In the Oasi Cervara is the water mill of Cervara (Mulino Cervara), first mentioned in 1325. The operation was only closed in 1965, in 1992 the municipality of Cervara bought the building and restored it, so that today it is a tourist attraction as a testimony to historical industry.

The villas

As in the entire Venetian hinterland, there are also some architecturally interesting villas along the Sile, which were built between the 15th and 18th centuries by Venetian patricians. The most well-known are:

  • Villa Corner Dall'Aglio Gabbianelli in Lughignano near Casale sul Sile. It was built in the late 15th century (approx. 1490) in Venetian townhouse architecture by the abdicated Cypriot Queen Caterina Cornaro , most likely as a wedding present for her lady-in-waiting Fiammetta Buccari. The unknown architect built here a rare example of the unadulterated architectural style of the early Venetian Renaissance. A loggia adorns the front of the building. The outer walls still have remains of frescoes on three sides. The villa is the oldest surviving Venetian villa on the Sile.
  • Villa Barbaro Valier (today: Villa Battaggia) in Cendon near Silea. It is elevated on a wide loop of the Sile. From the river a monumental staircase leads up to the entrance, on the land side the garden and the so-called “brolo”, an orchard or park made of fruit trees, have been preserved. The plant dates from the early 16th century.

The Carraresi Tower

This tower from the early 14th century is a fortress tower in Casale sul Sile, which was part of a fortress of the Carraresi dynasty . The family who owned the Signory of Padua pursued a strong expansion policy during the reign of Francesco il Vecchio da Carrara (1355-1388), conquering the fortress in Casale in 1380 and ruling the city of Treviso from 1384-1388.

The archaeological area of ​​Altino (Latin: Altinum)

The first human traces go back to the time between the 8th and 5th millennium BC. BC, but there was a permanent settlement only from the 15th to 13th centuries. Century BC Archaeological excavations have shown that the area of Altino (near the town of Quarto d'Altino) was inhabited as early as the Bronze Age, and that since the 7th century BC. BC the Paleo-Venetians settled there.

Around the year 131 BC The process of Romanization and the construction of the Via Annia, an important trade route, began, which reinforced the importance of the ancient Altinum as a lagoon port and allowed the city to flourish. After the Edict of Tolerance of Milan by Emperor Constantine (313 AD) the city became the seat of a bishopric, but after the Huns invasion of Attila (452) and the destruction by the Lombards (568/647) it began to decline. In the 7th century Altino was finally completely abandoned and the bishopric moved to the island of Torcello, to which the inhabitants had previously only fled temporarily.

Today parts of the former town of Altinum from Roman times have been excavated and can be visited. B. Remains of the quays of the former port or mosaic floors of the houses of the upper class. In the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Altino finds from the excavations are exhibited. These are items from both the pre-Romanesque and the Roman era. The oldest objects include grave goods from the Venetian settlement, the oldest being dated to the end of the 7th to the beginning of the 6th century BC. For example, glass vessels and busts date from the Roman era.

Traces of prehistoric settlement have also been found in the area of ​​the sources of Casacorba and Cavasagra, as well as on the entire upper reaches of the Sile, namely remains of pile-dwelling settlements from the Neolithic period, as well as objects up to 10,000 years old such as cut stone axes and arrowheads, Bronze Age swords , Sandstones for grinding grain and clay vessels.

The Sile in Literature and Art

Dante Alighieri

In Paradiso , Canto IX, V. 49, of the Divine Comedy , Dante (1265–1321) writes about Treviso “ dove Sile e Cagnan s'accompagna ” (German: “where Sile and Cagnan join each other”). It is possible that he was not only referring to the geographical confluence of the two rivers, but was describing the phenomenon that the turbid surface water of Piavesella - Cagnan flows into the clear Sile at the height of today's Dante Bridge without the two waters immediately meeting mix, but still flow side by side for a distance.

Other

Literary evidence of the clear water of the Sile can also be found in Francesco Petrarca (14th century) and in the Dittamondo of the Fazio degli Uberti (14th century).
The authors of the 20th century include Diego Valeri (1887–1976), Guido Piovene (1907–1974), Riccardo Bacchelli (1891–1985), as well as Giovanni Comisso (1895–1969), who came from Treviso and who led the Sile in the City of Treviso described with the following words: “ Le anse placide del Sile, so verde nel suo defluire lento, sono coperte da fragili salici piangenti, che si chinano tremuli fino ad accarezzare le acque. “(German:“ The gentle bends of the Sile, so green in its leisurely flow, are made up of graceful weeping willows that tilt tremblingly to caress the water. ”).

Guglielmo Ciardi

The artist Guglielmo Ciardi (1842–1917) from Venice can be described as the 'painter of the Sile', as he painted numerous views of the river and the surrounding area during regular and long stays in Quinto di Treviso. In these pictures he repeatedly depicted the people on the river, washerwomen and boatmen, as well as the water mills and locks.

literature

  • Camillo Pavan: Sile. Alla scoperta del fiume , Treviso, 1989.

This Italian author has written many other (historical) studies on the Sile. For more information see http://www.camillopavan.it

  • Klaus Zimmermanns: Veneto. The cities and villas of Terraferma , Ostfildern, DuMont Reiseverlag, 3rd edition 2005. ISBN 3-7701-4356-6
  • Alvise Zorzi: Venice, a city, a republic, an empire. 697–1797 , Munich, Amber-Verlag, 1981. ISBN 3-922954-00-6

swell

Web links

Commons : Sile  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Divine Comedy, Paradiso, Canto IX, v. 49
  2. ↑ This thesis is represented by Giuliano Palmieri, see: Treviso dalla Preistoria all'Età Romana , in: Treviso Nostra , 1980, p. 160.
  3. ↑ The data are taken from: Giuliano De Menech: Sile. Geografia, Origine, Ghiaia , in: Pavan, Camillo: Sile. Alla scoperta del fiume , Treviso, 1989; as well as Rapporto sullo Stato dell 'Ambiente - Provincia di Treviso 2006 , chap. 17 «Il Sile».
  4. ↑ Pliny the Elder: "[Silis] ex montibus tarvisanis ", Naturalis Historia, III, 126.
  5. ↑ Giovanni Comisso, quoted from: www.parcosile.it, section “Treviso tra acqua e storia”, accessed on March 19, 2008.