Situla (vessel)

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Etruscan situla from Cerveteri

Situla (Latin for " bucket ") is a type of metal vessel from the Bronze and Early Iron Ages in the Etruscan - Italian region and in the Hallstatt culture . It is not infrequently decorated with a chased figural relief . The Situlenkunst is style typical of these cultures and one of the main sources of contemporary illustrations.

Situla from Vače Slovenia

Dissemination and dating

The main distribution area is the Estonian culture in northern Italy  - the area around Bologna as well as Slovenia , Tyrol and Veneto  - and the Hallstatt - Dürrnberg area .

The situles belong to the Este culture and the Hallstatt period , with the oldest pieces dating from around 600 BC. BC, the youngest around 100 BC. Dated (Hallstatt period C and D, Latène period A and B).

Shape and ornament

Situla from Alhambra ( Spain ), 14th century .

A situla is slightly conical (narrowing towards the bottom) with a flat base, made of sheet bronze , approx. 25–30 cm high and provided with a handle. Situles have the shape of a bucket. Situlas were made in forging ; mostly they are decorated with picture friezes.

People were depicted as decorative elements, e.g. B. in drinking scenes, warriors, as pugilists, musicians or wagon drivers - mostly in profile view , but also deer, ibex and predators, such as winged lions. The image shakes often betrayed southern ( Etruscan or east Greek ) influences. Presumably these are items of equipment of the upper class in an aristocratic society.

An important example is the Situla from Vače ( Slovenia ), 500 BC. The body of the vessel is covered by three figure friezes. In the top row you can see a horse handler, two riders and two different carriages, in the middle a festival scene with two men next to a kettle, a man enthroned, three revelers, the middle one blowing the syrinx , with an audience, a pugilist with spectators, at the very bottom you can see an animal frieze with a predator, doe and ibex.

Further examples are the Situla von Kuffern ( Natural History Museum Vienna ), the Situla in Providence (Rhode Island), the Situla from Toplice , the Situla from Novo mesto , the Situla from Welzelach , the Situla from Kleinklein , and for the northern Italian region the Situla benvenuti (Este) and the Certosa-Situla ( Museo Cívico , Bologna).

use

They were used to mix water and wine or to store liquids, probably also for cultic purposes. They were drawn from them directly with the drinking cup.

Later the situles were also used as urns .

See also

literature

  • Hans Drescher: On the technology of the Hallstatt period. In: Dietmar Straub (Red.): The Hallstatt culture. Early form of European unity. International exhibition of the state of Upper Austria in Steyr. Published by the Province of Upper Austria, Office of the Upper Austrian Provincial Government, Culture Department. Oberösterreichischer Landesverlag , Linz 1980, ISBN 3-85214-278-4 , pp. 54–66, here pp. 58ff.
  • Otto-Herman Frey : The beginning of situle art in the Eastern Alps. In: Germania . Vol. 40, 1962, pp. 56-73
  • Otto-Herman Frey: Works of Situla Art. In: Dietmar Straub (Red.): The Hallstatt culture. Early form of European unity. International exhibition of the state of Upper Austria in Steyr. Published by the Province of Upper Austria, Office of the Upper Austrian Provincial Government, Culture Department. Oberösterreichischer Landesverlag, Linz 1980, ISBN 3-85214-278-4 , pp. 138-150.
  • Jože Kastelic, Guido Mansuelli, Karl Kromer : Umetnost situla. "Jugoslavija", Belgrade 1964 (German: Situlenkunst. Master Creations of Prehistoric Bronze Work. Schroll Vienna et al. 1964).

Web links

Commons : Situlae  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Dieter Schmudlach: The Situla of Vace. (No longer available online.) In: A short tour of archeology. Prehistory and Early History Department in the Obermain Landscape Museum on the Plassenburg ob Kulmbach, November 30, 2007, archived from the original on January 27, 2008 ; Retrieved March 11, 2008 .
  2. ^ Situla von Kuffern, Lower Austria, 5th century BC. Chr. In: Selected examples of collection objects. Prehistoric Department, Natural History Museum, Vienna, accessed on March 11, 2008 . OH Frey: The Situla of Kuffarn. A figuratively decorated sheet metal bucket from around 400 BC Chr. (PDF; 4.1 MB) Publications from the Natural History Museum in Vienna, New Series 4 (1962), pp. 1–12.
  3. ↑ O.-H. Frey: The Situla in Providence, Rhode Island. A contribution to the situle art of the Osthallstattkreis , Berlin 1962.
  4. ^ Georg Rohrcker: The face of the king. (No longer available online.) In: Hallstattfürst Kleinklein. Archived from the original on November 3, 2007 ; Retrieved March 11, 2008 .
  5. ↑ Illustration: The Salt Lord of Hallstatt. (No longer available online.) Www.hallstattzeit.de, archived from the original on October 25, 2007 ; Retrieved January 28, 2008 .