Sun heaps
The vineyard sun Halden with vineyards in Tübingen , Hirschau and Unterjesingen belongs to the area Oberer Neckar the wine-growing region Württemberg . It is free of large areas .
Geographical location
The location is largely enclosed by the Ammer and Neckar . It is located south of the Ammertalbahn railway , Ammern, the western part of Tübingen, and north of the L 371 and Hirschau. The highest point is at 474.4 m above sea level. NN the Spitzberg , the top of which is, however, wooded. Smaller plots are still north of Unterjesingen.
On the history of viticulture in and around Tübingen
For centuries, viticulture was the most economically important branch of the population in Tübingen. The vine growers of that time were called Gôgen or caterpillars. Even today, so-called Gôgen jokes are told , which are particularly crude and express the hard and arduous life of the population at the time. Today viticulture plays only a minor role in Tübingen. At the end of the 15th century, wine of high quality was grown on almost 400 hectares, in 2009 there were still two near the city center of Tübingen.
Wine was important for the basic supply and part of the reward. In the 16th century - the "main period of the German people" - the Evangelical Abbey had a wine supply of 72,000 liters. For students there was three quarters of a liter a day, for adults twice as much.
300 years of decline followed. On the one hand, this was due to climatic reasons, when a small ice age caused temperatures to drop, but also political: During the Reformation , the monasteries that organized profitable viticulture as landlords were abolished.
The drastic decline in population during the Thirty Years War from 450,000 to 160,000 in Württemberg continued the downward spiral. Coffee, tea, beer and apple cider made wine in dispute. With increasingly better transport connections, which encouraged the import of tastier wines, viticulture became economically less interesting.
More and more vineyards were planted elsewhere, for example as a hop garden or orchard meadows . The latter supplied the must for their own consumption. “Despite the drop in prices, the wine growers could no longer afford their own wine.” This led to the unequal relationship between upper town and lower town and the image of the rough goggles or caterpillars. Even today you can still find a few vines on the walls of the old town houses. The vines of these so-called Semsakrebsler climbed into the sun on the window sills and their roots were supplied with nutrients from the lavatory pit.
When the grapevine diseases came along in the middle of the 19th century , the impoverishment had reached a climax. The attempted assault on the Schweickhardtsche Mühle in 1847 was the only uprising. Other ways out were quieter: emigration or caterpillar death, suicide.
The Urbansbruderschaft Tübingen eV has existed in Tübingen since 1484 at the latest. The Tübinger Weingärtner Cooperative (formerly Tübinger Kelternverein) has existed since 1879 . At that time the association had 493 members, in 2004 for the 125th anniversary there were 39, of which 14 were growing their own wine.
Economic facts
The great poverty of the Gôgen had several causes. On the one hand, the production of high-quality wines in the Tübingen area is only possible with difficulty due to the nature of the soil, which means that high prices for Tübingen wine have never been achieved. Even the vines grown today by hobby winemakers or as a sideline usually do not achieve a high quality despite modern aids and artificial fertilization.
On the other hand, the real division customary in Württemberg ensured cultivation areas that became smaller and smaller over the generations. In the 19th century a Gôgen family had an area of only 3 to 5 acres (= approx. 1 to 1.5 hectares ) on average , which was hardly enough to feed a family. It was not possible to expand the area under vines, as only the southern slopes, which were already fully used, were suitable for viticulture.
In addition, the Tübingen wine growers lived in medieval feudal structures until 1848. The cultivated areas were owned by the feudal lords. The wine growers had to pay 25% of their harvest as rent to the feudal lord. In addition, there was the payment of tithes to the sovereign and a fee of 5% for the use of the wine press. This situation only changed with the replacement of the wine tithes in 1848. The cultivated areas were gradually transferred to the property of the wine growers. The Gôgen did not receive the land as a gift, but had to redeem it by paying fixed installments to the former feudal lord until 1873.
But even in the years that followed, most of the Gôgen lived in great poverty, as nothing had changed in terms of the unsuitable soil and the insufficiently small acreage. In addition, towards the end of the 19th century, due to the improved transport routes, more and more high-quality wines were introduced into the Tübingen area, so that Tübingen wine found fewer and fewer buyers. Therefore, almost all Gôgen gave up viticulture in the following decades or only pursued it as a sideline.
Statistical data
In the years 1875 to 1877 Tübingen had about 10,471 inhabitants, including 888 students. There were 462 wine growers, 691 craftsmen and 95 dealers, i.e. 1148 traders. There were 365 civil servants, 21 freelancers and 368 retirees and pensioners.
The wines from the Tübingen district are divided as follows:
- 60% red wine ( Black Riesling , Pinot Noir and Blauer Portugieser )
- 30% white wine ( Kerner and Müller-Thurgau )
- The rest is rosé, Weißherbst and Schillerwein .
In 1999, 273 winegrowers in the Tübingen district worked almost 33 hectares of vineyards. Of which in
- Unterjesingen 9.98 ha
- Hirschau 7.47 ha
- Wurmlingen 4.07 ha
- Breitenholz 3.45 ha
- Wendelsheim 3.44 ha
- Tübingen 1.93 ha
- Rottenburg 1.81 ha
- Wrestling 0.44 ha
- Pfäffingen 0.14 ha
As early as 1880, the hop-growing area was 948 acres, larger than the vine-growing area, at 330 acres. More than half of the farmland belonged to the Gôgen, the rest belonged to the Protestant monastery, craftsmen, traders, long-established professor families who employed the Gôgen as day laborers to grow wine and hops.
Today there are around 200 hectares of vineyards suitable for viticulture in the Tübingen district, which are shown in the local vineyard plans. In 2004, 29.26 ha were actually planted with vines, a further 6.47 ha of cleared vineyards can be replanted and new planting rights were allocated for 1.2 ha. Local focuses are Unterjesingen, Hirschau, Wurmlingen, Wendelsheim and Breitenholz. In addition, wine is also grown in Rottenburg, Tübingen, Entringen and Pfäffingen.
Tübingen viticulture and its special features
Steep slopes
The vineyards are predominantly steep slopes terraced by dry stone walls , the management of which is very labor-intensive. This means that the average cultivated area is very low at 12 ares and the number of farms at 273 is very high.
About half of all wine-growing businesses produce wine exclusively for self-sufficiency. Only eight holdings cultivate vineyards with an area of more than 30 ares. These job-oriented wine growers are dependent on economically more favorable conditions, i. H. machining with direct pull or at least with rope pull must be possible.
Cellar economy
The vast majority of Baden-Württemberg's wine is produced in cooperative cellars. This option does not exist for the Tübingen wine growers. H. every wine grower is also his own cellar master. This is expensive in terms of time and technical equipment and places high demands on the level of information. As a result, it leads to a very large variety of different wines and qualities.
quality
About every eighth company in the Tübingen district uses at least some of the wines produced at the state teaching and research institute in Weinsberg for quality wine testing , usually with very good success. In addition to the simple quality wine, predicate levels such as Kabinett and Spätlese are also represented. In 2003 a local ice wine was harvested for the first time. There is also a sparkling wine made from Tübingen wine (Schloss Hohentübingen), which is available in some restaurants in the old town.
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Transverse rows
“The biggest mistake in the local upbringing”, wrote Johann Philipp Bronner in 1837, “is that the rows or vines are all wrongly led ... According to the natural rule, they should be led ... in the ascending direction of the mountain ... but here is just observed the opposite, the arches are all set up in such a way that they form a fairly closed green wall that always runs across the vineyard ... “That is why you can still see the transverse rows at the Wurmlinger Chapel today .
The legs must have pants on
In the middle of the 19th century, a peculiarity of pruning was that after flowering, the unnecessary shoots were not completely removed, but only pinched off or broken off at the joint, so that the legs remained covered with green shoots. That is why the saying "the legs have to wear pants" was known.
In general, people loved covering them with leaves; the arches were usually placed across so that they formed a closed green wall, which, however, created a disadvantageous shade for the ground. As a rule, the shoots were only pruned relatively little, and more foliage was left on the canes than in other areas. This was considered necessary because they believed they could not expect the weaker driving force and, on the other hand, wanted to give the vines protection against the harsh winds.
Fungal resistant vines
Old, fungus-resistant vines still grow in the vineyards in Buckenloh, Tübingen. B. the " Oberlin Noir ". The cultivation of fungus-resistant varieties such as Merzling , Johanniter and Regent started comparatively early in the Tübingen district. This can significantly reduce the use of pesticides to regulate fungal attack.
Web links
- Tagblatt article on viticulture history
- Otto Buchegger: The wine and Tübingen on Tuepps
- Exact outline of the Tübinger Sonnenhalden vineyard
- Exact outline of the Unterjesinger Sonnenhalden vineyard
Individual evidence
- ↑ Friedrich A. Cornelssen: The great book of German wine . Seewald Verlag 1977, ISBN 3-512-00416-4 , pp. 141 .
- ↑ a b c Susanne Feldmann: Tübingen and the wine, 2005
- ↑ a b c Der Wein and Tübingen ( Memento of the original from May 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Urbansbruderschaft Tübingen eV ( Memento of the original from December 5, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Martin Biastoch: Tübingen students in the empire. Franz Steiner Verlag, 1996. page 20.
- ^ Martin Biastoch: Tübingen students in the empire. Franz Steiner Verlag, 1996, page 180.
- ↑ a b c Wine, must and besenfuehrer of the Tübingen District Office, Department 40, Agriculture, Building Law and Nature Conservation, 2008 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.1 MB)
- ^ A b Johann Philipp Bronner: Viticulture in South Germany: Viticulture in the Kingdom of Württemberg; Winter Verlag, 1837 Abb. 2, page 31.
- ↑ Bottle labels for the wines "Rote Kapelle" and "EcoRouge" by Anton Brenner. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 82 kB)
- ^ Karl Klüpfel, Max Eifert: History and Description of the City and University of Tübingen, Volume 1, Verlag LF Fues, 1849.
Coordinates: 48 ° 31 ' N , 9 ° 3' E