Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinė Respublika Литовская Советская Социалистическая Республика
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
flag coat of arms
Official language	officially none; de facto Lithuanian and Russian
Capital	Vilnius
surface	65,301 km²
population	3,689,779 (1989)
Population density	56.6 inhabitants per km²
National anthem	Anthem of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
Time zone	UTC + 2

The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (abbreviation LiSSR ) was a union republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1940 until the declaration of Lithuanian independence in 1990 .

Two attempts

Map of the Lithuanian SSR, 1940

A Lithuanian SSR was first proclaimed on December 16, 1918 after the invasion of the Red Army. As early as February 27, 1919, the union with the Belarusian SSR resulted in a joint Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Republic , also known under the name Litbel . This short-lived republic comprised only the area around Vilnius of Lithuania and was dissolved in July 1919 after Polish troops occupied a large part of the territory during the Polish-Soviet War .

After the conclusion of a peace treaty between the Russian Soviet Republic and Lithuania in 1920, the north-western part was returned to Lithuania, but shortly afterwards occupied by Polish troops. In Lithuania existed for a few years, a parliamentary democracy ( Constitution of 1922 ) that already in December 1926 by the coup of Antanas Smetona was eliminated.

On September 1, 1939, the Wehrmacht began the attack on Poland , and from September 17, the Red Army occupied eastern Poland . In return for the return of the area around Vilnius, Lithuania had agreed to the stationing of 20,000 Soviet soldiers in accordance with a forced agreement with the Soviet Union of October 10 (official reading: "mutual aid agreement"). When Lithuania's ally France was defeated in the German campaign in the west and failed as a protecting power, the Soviet Union occupied Lithuania on June 15, 1940, citing this agreement.

After a rigged election (officially with a voter turnout of 99 percent) a people's parliament (lit. liaudies seimas ) was elected, which approved Antanas Sniečkus's application to request admission to the USSR. The Lithuanian SSR was established on July 21, 1940.

During the German-Soviet War , Lithuania was occupied by the Wehrmacht from late June 1941 to autumn 1944 and belonged to the Reich Commissariat Ostland .

History 1945 to 1990

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The Lithuanian SSR was restored and remained part of the Soviet Union until 1990. In the course of perestroika , the Supreme Soviet (later Atkuriamasis Seimas ) of the LiSSR was elected for the first time in a free election on February 24, 1990 . He passed the declaration of independence on March 11, 1990. The Soviet leadership tried to resolve the question of Lithuania's independence within the framework of a constitutional law on the withdrawal of Union republics of April 3, 1990 (also known as the 'Secession Act'). The Lithuanian side did not respond. The last Soviet Russian troops left the country on August 31, 1993.

Chairwoman of the Council of Ministers (1940 / 44–1990)

Chairwoman of the Council of People's Commissars (June 17, 1940– June 24, 1941 and June 13, 1944– April 2, 1946)
#	image	Surname	Life dates	Taking office	Resignation	Political party
1		Justas Paleckis	1899-1980	June 17, 1940	June 24, 1940	LVLS
2		Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius (acting)	1882-1954	June 24, 1940	August 25, 1940	Non-party
3		Mečislovas Gedvilas	1901-1981	August 25, 1940	April 2, 1946	LKP
Chair of the Council of Ministers
#	image	Surname	Life dates	Taking office	Resignation	Political party
4th		Mečislovas Gedvilas	1901-1981	April 2, 1946	January 16, 1956	LKP
5		Motiejus Šumauskas	1905-1982	January 16, 1956	April 14, 1967	LKP
6th		Juozas Maniūšis	1910-1987	April 14, 1967	January 16, 1981	LKP
7th		Ringaudas Bronislovas Songaila	1929-2019	January 16, 1981	January 18, 1985	LKP
8th		Vytautas Sakalauskas	1933-2001	January 18, 1985	March 17, 1990	LKP

Aspects of international law

The recognition of the incorporation of the Baltic territories by the Swedish government on May 30, 1941 resulted in Sweden transferring gold reserves and other assets of the Baltic republics to the USSR. Lithuania today regards membership in the USSR as forced and thus illegal and null and void. In this perspective Lithuania did not belong to the USSR legally. Finally, the USSR recognized the independence of Lithuania on September 6, 1991, which the Russian Federation confirmed.

In 1940 the German Reich recognized the Soviet annexation of Lithuania according to the division of spheres of interest in the Hitler-Stalin Pact . The Federal Republic accepted as some Western countries in fact the Soviet annexation of the three Baltic states, but not de jure . The government of the GDR took the view of the Soviet leadership that the Baltic states had acceded to the USSR voluntarily and legally. Diplomatic relations between Germany and Lithuania were only resumed on August 28, 1991, after the de facto collapse of the Soviet Union in the Moscow August coup .

Legal system

See also : Civil Code of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic  and Civil Procedure Code of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

See also : Criminal Code of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Lithuania  and Criminal Procedure Code of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

See also : Marriage and Family Code of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic  and Labor Code of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

See also : Forest Code of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

literature

• Erhard Stölting : A world power is breaking up. Nationalities and Religions in the USSR . Eichborn Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1990, ISBN 3-8218-1132-3 .
• Thomas Schmidt: The foreign policy of the Baltic states. In the field of tension between East and West . Westdeutscher Verlag, Wiesbaden 2003, ISBN 3-531-13681-X (also: Munich, Univ., Diss., 2000).
• Andreas Zimmermann: State succession in international treaties. At the same time a contribution to the possibilities and limits of international codification templates . Springer, Berlin a. a. 2000, ISBN 3-540-66140-9 ( Contributions to foreign public law and international law , 141; also: Heidelberg, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 1998–1999).
• Alfonsas Eidintas: Lietuvos Republikos Prezidentai. Publisher K.: Sviesa 1991, p. 140.

See also

• Lithuanian citizenship

Web links

Commons : Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Constitution of the Lithuanian SSR, 1978 (Lithuanian)
• Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, 1938 (Lithuanian)
• Letter from the Federal Chancellor to the Head of State of Lithuania (PDF; 93 kB)
• Resolution 189 of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe on the situation in the Baltic States on the twentieth anniversary of their forcible incorporation into the Soviet Union

Individual evidence

1. ↑ footnote 84
2. ↑ Konferencija Lietuva kelyje į tarptautinį pripažinimą (Lietuvos ir kitų baltijos valstybių aneksijos nepripažinimas ir jo teisinės pasekmės; Dainius Žalimas )
3. ^ Rein Müllerson: Internation Law, Rights and Politics: Developments in Eastern Europe nad the CIS. LSE / Routledge, London 1994.
4. ^ Dainius Žalimas: International Legal Grounds and Consequences of the 11 March 1990 Restoration of the Independence of the Republic of Lithuania. Vilnius 2005.
5. ↑ Helge Dauert: "Lawyer of the Baltic" or lawyer on his own behalf? The German Baltic Policy 1991–2004. BWV - Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2008, p. 85.