Spirostachys

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Spirostachys
Habit of Spirostachys africana

Habit of Spirostachys africana

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family : Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae)
Subfamily : Euphorbioideae
Tribe : Hippomaneae
Genre : Spirostachys
Scientific name
Spirostachys
Sond.

Spirostachys is a genus of plants withinthe milkweed family (Euphorbiaceae). The only two types are common in tropical and southern Africa . The wood is used and all parts of the plant are poisonous.

description

Bark of Spirostachys africana
Fruits of Spirostachys africana

Appearance and leaves

Spirostachys species grow as trees or shrubs . There is a white milky juice present. All parts of the plant are bare.

The alternate leaves arranged on the branches are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. There are one or two glands at the top of the petiole. The simple leaf blade is pinnate. The leaf margin is notched. There are stipules present.

Inflorescences and flowers

Spirostachys species are monoecious ( monoecious ) or dioecious ( dioecious ) separate sexes. The lateral, sessile, spiked and catkin-shaped racemose inflorescences contain either only flowers of one or both sexes; mostly male and one to three female flowers at their base. The bracts may have glands at their base and a flower above them.

The flowers always lack disc and petals . The sitting, relatively small male flowers rarely have only two, usually five, sepals that overlap like roof tiles . The three stamens are free or fused and protrude beyond the sepals. The short-stalked, relatively small female flowers have three to five sepals that are already open in the flower bud. Two to three mostly fruit leaves are a two- or mostly dreifächerigen ovary grown. Each ovary compartment contains only one ovule . The rarely two, mostly three styluses are fused at most at their base.

Fruits and seeds

The capsule fruits , which are rarely two or mostly three-lobed, open two-way, with the fruit valves not completely separating. They have a smooth exocarp and a thin, hard endocarp . The spherical or egg-shaped seeds have a brittle, hard seed coat (testa) and a fleshy endosperm . The two cotyledons ( cotyledons ) are wide and flat.

Systematics and distribution

Spirostachys cladogram




Spirostachys africana


   

Excoecaria agallocha



   

Sebastiania pavoniana



   

Excoecaria cochinchinensis



   

Colliguaja


according to Wurdack et al. (2005)

The genus Spirostachys was created in 1850 by Otto Wilhelm Sonder in contributions to the flora of South Africa in Linnaea. A journal for botany in its entirety. Volume 23, p. 106 prepared. Type species is Spirostachys africana Sond. The genus name Spirostachys is derived from the ancient Greek words speira for spiral and stachys for ear, this refers to the spiral arrangement of the flowers in the spiked inflorescence. A synonym for Spirostachys Sond. is Excoecariopsis Pax .

The genus Spirostachys belongs to subtribe Hippomaninae the tribe Hippomaneae in the subfamily of Euphorbioideae within the family of Euphorbiaceae . The genus Spirostachys forms within the subtribe Hippomaninae with the genera Excoecaria and Sebastiania a related group that Wurdack et al. By molecular genetic studies of 2,005 plastids - DNA was detected sequences rbcL and trnL-F.

The only two Spirostachys species are common in tropical and southern Africa :

According to some authors, a third species is Spirostachys madagascariensis Baill. to find, she is now a synonym of Excoecaria madagascariensis (Baill.) Müll.Arg. Because of this species, places where Spirostachys were found in Madagascar are sometimes mentioned .

use

Both Spirostachys species are particularly used for wood extraction. (see also Spirostachys africana )

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Spirostachys in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
  2. ↑ a b c d e A. Radcliffe-Smith: Euphorbiaceae , In: Flora Zambesiaca , Volume 9, 1996: Spirostachys - Volltext-Online.
  3. ↑ a b c d e MA Hyde, BT Wursten, P. Ballings & M. Coates Palgrave: Spirostachys - data sheet at Flora of Zimbabwe online, 2013.
  4. ↑ a b Kenneth J. Wurdack, Petra Hoffmann, Mark W. Chase: Molecular phylogenetic analysis of uniovulate Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto) using plastid rbcL and trnL-F DNA sequences . In: American Journal of Botany . tape 92 , no. 8 , 2005, p. 1397-1420 , doi : 10.3732 / ajb.92.8.1397 .
  5. ^ Special scanned in 1850 at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  6. ^ Spirostachys at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 9, 2014.
  7. ↑ Umberto Quattrocchi: CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. R-Z. (=  IV. ). CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton 2000, ISBN 0-8493-2678-8 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  8. ↑ a b c d Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Spirostachys. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  9. ↑ Data sheet from the African Plant Database of the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute .
  10. ↑ Species list for Spirostachys in the Red List of South African Plants . Retrieved January 9, 2014

Web links

Commons : Spirostachys  - collection of images, videos and audio files