St. Mary's Church (Gudow)
The Evangelical Lutheran St. Mary's Church is a listed church building in Gudow , a community in the Duchy of Lauenburg in Schleswig-Holstein . It is a stone church and one of the oldest churches in the area. The parish is the Evangelical Lutheran parish of Gudow with the chapel parish of Grambek .
History and architecture
In a tithe register from 1214 for the cathedral monastery in Ratzeburg , Gudow was mentioned as a place. From this it is concluded that at that time and also before there was a church in the village. The Saxon duke Henry the Lion belehnte Heinrich von Botwide with the county Ratzeburg and founded the Bishopric of Ratzeburg in 1154, its first bishop Evermod was. The Chronica Slavorum reads: “The number of churches of Bishop Evermod and Count Heinrich von Ratzeburg was also increased in the land of the Polabians .” The beginning of church construction in Gudow is likely to be between 1154 and 1164, the church was probably the same in plan and the size of the Vicelinkirchen in Ratekau , Süsel and Bosau , which were also needed at this time, and was probably a wooden building.
Since 1174 the landlord of Gudow exercised a patronage connected with the church . It was the duty of the patron to look after the parish and the church. In return, he was given rights, one of which was the right to appoint a pastor. The von Bülow family bought the Gudow estate in 1470 and still exercise the right of patronage, which was adapted to the time. The large number of works of art in the church is also due to the family. The Duchy of Lauenburg introduced the Reformation in 1530 and the church became Lutheran.
The Romanesque stone church is a hall church that was built between the end of the 12th century and the beginning of the 13th century. It is probably the oldest stone church in the greater area. Despite some changes, it has retained some of its originality. The Romanesque nave is followed to the east by the Romanesque choir square. The transition between the two parts of the building is marked by a small recessed step made of field stones on the outer walls, which is no longer visible today, however, as they were built by supporting pillars on both sides. The choir area used to be closed with a semicircular apse. The baroque church tower from 1655 is boarded up, it stands on a medieval foundation plate made of field stone, which is seamlessly connected to the nave.
The Romanesque walls were laid in layers of field stone with plaster, this also applies to the choir extension in Gothic times. There were large numbers of field stones in the fields. The residents picked them up as part of the usual manual and clamping services and brought them to the building. Trained craftsmen from various trades took over the construction work, the superordinate building supervision was with the cathedral chapter in Ratzeburg. A builder was responsible on site. Up until the middle of the thirteenth century, construction plans or drawings were not common, rough sketches were made on plaster or wax tablets. For the construction of the walls cladding was made of wood with a height of about half a meter, the unhewn field stones were placed in them and filled with plaster of paris. After hardening, the cladding could be removed and built up further. In the interior, the walls were given a smooth gypsum plaster.
The sacristy was added to the south side of the choir in the Romanesque period; it was accessed through a round arched priest's gate. The Romanesque roof structure, which was built in 1241, is almost completely preserved to this day, so the consecration of the church falls during the term of office of Ludolf the Holy , who was bishop in Ratzeburg. The original roof covering consisted of nuns and monks' pans, remnants of which can still be found in the ground around the church. The walls are divided by four slightly tapering windows and indicate the upcoming Gothic architectural style . The west wall had to be demolished between 1890 and 1893 due to disrepair and rebuilt in brick. The Romanesque west portal disappeared; it is still indicated by a round arch. Originally the three portals also served liturgical purposes, they were used in solemn processions that led around the church and the village. The south portal soon lost its importance and was walled up in the Middle Ages.
Nave
Like the choir, the nave was equipped with a cobblestone floor over which a brick covering was later laid. The high and very narrow choir arch has a defining effect, but narrows the view of the altar. In the time before the Reformation, the faithful watched the service standing in the nave , the chancel was reserved exclusively for the priests. The local nobility also had their place in the church. Franz von Bülow (1524–1564) arranged for a renovation in 1556. The roof and the gable were renewed. Presumably, the ceiling beams were also painted during this time. Major General Jacob von Bülow returned from the Thirty Years' War in 1651 and initiated extensive renovation work. During this time, the stalls and stalls were built into the ship. One of the church windows he donated has been preserved in the choir.
sacristy
The extension on the south wall was added between 1687 and 1697. For this purpose, the roof of the church was pulled down over two supporting pillars, and the room was given a groin vault . The brickwork made of quarter stones with white joints made of lime mortar resembles that of the poor hospital from 1704. Originally, this room served as a burial place for Joachim Werner von Bülow and his wife Susanna Francina von Bodeck. The former crypt chapel is about 60 cm deeper in the ground. The coffins were placed in the tombs under the chancel in 1973. Since then, the room has been used as a sacristy.
Renovation in 1973
During construction work in 1973, the old brick floor was taken up, the foundations of the apse were exposed and the cobblestones that previously surrounded the altar were exposed. The apse was demolished between 1330 and 1335 and the altar house was extended. The floor plan of the old apse is indicated in the current floor.
Burial places
The crypt below the altar dates from early Romanesque times and is located between the foundations of the apse. It is completely bricked and equipped with a barrel vault . In it is the coffin of Major General Jacob von Bülow. A barrel vault was drawn in. Directly behind the choir arch there is a grave vault that extends from the choir wall to the choir wall. It was probably created during the Renaissance and existed between 1590 and 1595 before the patronage chair was built. During renovation work, the vault was demolished in 1973 and replaced with a reinforced concrete ceiling, and access to the ship was closed. Behind this crypt there are three more that have been filled with earth.
Furnishing
Coronation Altar of Mary
The altar originally stood in the Lüne monastery near Lüneburg, it didn't look like it does today. This winged altar came to Gudow in 1655. On the back you can read on a plaque: In 1655 the worthy, nobly born, devout, much venerable and virtuous virgin Catharina Margarita von Estorff, domina of the noble virginal presampling of the Closter Lüne, venerated this altar in this church in honor of God. Since the altar did not fit into the narrow apse, the side wings were removed and placed on the middle part of the shrine, the predella was shortened in height. Underneath the picture of the Last Supper from 1655 there is a much older depiction of the Last Supper, in which the heads of the figures are cut off or cut off. The turned columns, the Man of Sorrows and the coats of arms on the sides also date from around 1655. The carved altar is considered an excellent work, with an influence by the master Bertram . It was built around 1410.
The coronation of the Virgin Mary is depicted under Gothic canopies in the center of the original central shrine. Mary and Christ each sit on a precious throne, Christ is shown as ruler over heaven and earth, he, like Mary, wears a crown. The right hand is raised in blessing, the left rests on a globe. Christ is dressed in a stately robe, which is held by a clasp, he looks into the distance. His mother on his right turns slightly towards him, her lavish robe partially gathered on the seat and falling to the floor. Mary's hands have not been preserved, they were originally folded in prayer. To the left of Maria stands the Archangel Michael as a dragon slayer. The lance in his hand is from more recent times. He is followed by a figure who presumably represents St. Paul represents. His attribute, the sword, is no longer there. On the far left is Johannes. Next to Christ you can see St. Benedict with a monk's cap, he carries the rule of the order in his hand. On the far right you can recognize James the Elder by his attribute, the shell. Between the two stands Peter; the key he carried in his hand is lost. Of the eight apostles in the top row, i.e. in the former wings, only the second from the right can be clearly identified. It is Matthew, who holds an open book as an attribute with the beginning of his Gospel in Latin. The color versions of the figures are still in their original condition, mostly in the colors gold, blue and red.
Fragments of medieval panel paintings are preserved on the outside of the former altar wing, they come from the time the reredos were built. Their motifs can still be recognized: on the first wing there are the washing of the feet, Jesus before Caiaphas, Jesus before Pilate and the flagellation of Jesus and on the second wing the meeting of Jesus with Veronica carrying the cross, the crucifixion of Jesus, the descent from the cross and finally Jesus Resurrection.
Other equipment
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The two-storey wooden manor house of the von Bülow family from around 1600 is located on the north choir wall. On the ground floor it is adorned by two portals flanked by columns, the right one leading into the paneled interior, the left one via a staircase to the gallery. The upper floor, which is structured by columns, continues the architectural division of the substructure and is adorned with small ornamental attachments.
The Gudower pillory is located next to the north portal. Here evildoers were chained up and displayed during services.
The triumphal cross is a work from around 1320.
The altar table dates from the Middle Ages. It was built in brick with plaster of paris. The holy vessels were kept in the container cut out on the back during Catholic times . The consecration crosses on the cafeteria have not been preserved.
The Mother of God on the full moon was created around 1430. This motif refers to a text passage in the Revelation of John (12.1 EU ). The fact that the Madonna stands on a full moon is a rarity in art history, typically the Madonna is depicted on the crescent moon .
Joachim Werner von Bülow donated an organ in 1692, for which a gallery was built. The baroque instrument, which may have been the work of Arp Schnitger , was replaced in 1881 by one that was previously in Ratzeburg Cathedral . The current organ has 16 stops . It has two manuals and is a work by the organ building company Kemper from Lübeck.
The floating baroque baptismal angel is worth seeing.
Bells
The bell cage from the Baroque period is designed for three bells. One night in 1655, two bells were cast in the churchyard. One of the two, with a diameter of 56 cm and a weight of 130 kg, was in use until July 26, 1917 and was then melted down for purposes important to the war effort. The inscription read Anno Domini 1655
A new bell with a weight of 425 kg and a diameter of 95 cm was cast by the Lübeck council founder Peter Christoph Geier in 1704. The inscription read Peter Christof Geiger me fecit Lubecca Anno 1704 . This bell had to be handed in on September 9, 1918 and was probably melted down.
Another bell, the so-called death knell, was placed in the belfry in 1730. The council founder Laurentius Strahlborn from Lübeck made them. It is considered to be significant in terms of art history and has a high sound quality. The bell that has survived to this day weighs 730 kg and has a diameter of 108 cm. The inscriptions read SOLI DEO GLORIA and “God give if I ring my bells from now on, that his people will walk with joy to his churches That I will ring the bell for the last time in death the rest in Jesus gently in the cool bosom of the earth Oh God let me never when the storm bell is on fire, preserve the whole country and Gudow's theur common ” as well as “ Derrer beyden young, well- bored gentlemen Mr. Joachim Werner von Bülow and Mr. Detlev von Bülow, highly ordained, well-worn guardians Mr. Melchior Sigfried von Rantzau and Mr. Barthold Dietrich von Negendanck left them Manufacture the bell belonging to the Gudovian Church in 1730, the pastor there was Joachim Hinrich Donner ” . The Lachenmeyer company from Nördlingen renovated the bell in 2005 and then hung it back on the old oak yoke.
The Bachert brothers from Karlsruhe cast the Marienglocke in 1958 with a weight of 463 kg and a diameter of 91 cm. The inscriptions read Mich gossen Gebrüder Bachert - Karlsruhe for the Evangelical Luth. Church Gudow AD 1958 , SOLI DEO GLORIA and The goodness of the Lord is new every morning .
The so-called children's bell was also made by Bachert in 1959, it weighs 333 kg and has a diameter of 81 cm. The inscriptions read Mich gossen Gebrüder Bachert - Karlsruhe for the Evangelical Luth. Church Gudow AD 1959 , O REX GLORIAE CHRISTE VENI CUM PACE and He who does not receive the kingdom of God like a child will not enter .
literature
- Margarete Luise Goecke-Seischab: The most beautiful churches in Germany: 1000 churches and church treasures from the North Sea to Lake Constance. Anaconda Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7306-0013-3 .
- Ibo Ortgies: Recent Research on Schnitger Organs. New Findings and Attributions . In: Keyboard Perspectives. The Yearbook of the Westfield Center for Historical Keyboard Studies . tape 9 , 2016, ISSN 1943-0809 , p. 119–150 (Zu Gudow: pp. 128–133) (German: unknowns about Schnitger organs. Notes, finds, hypotheses, attributions . 2016. Translated by Ibo Ortgies and James F. Wallmann, Ndl. Version [transl . Jan Smelik]: Nieuws over Schnitger. Aanwijzigingen, vondsten, observaties, hypothesen en toeschrijvingen , in: Het Orgel 111, 2016, issue 1, pp. 3–11 (on Gudow: pp. 7–10), and issue 2 , Pp. 3-9).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Margarete Luise Goecke-Seischab: The most beautiful churches in Germany 1000 churches and church treasures from the North Sea to Lake Constance. Anaconda Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7306-0013-3 , page 39
- ↑ Pages of the parish
- ^ Foundation on the website of the Gudow Church
- ^ History up to the Reformation
- ↑ to the 17th century
- ↑ Field stones and roofing
- ↑ Ship on the website of the Gudow Church
- ^ Tombs on the website of the Gudow Church
- ↑ Mary's Coronation Altar on the website of the Gudow Church
- ↑ Dirk Jonkanski, Lutz Wilde : Village churches in Schleswig-Holstein . Wachholtz, Neumünster 2000, ISBN 3-529-02845-2 , pp. 105 .
- ^ Pillory on the website of the Gudow Church
- ↑ Triumphal Cross on the website of the Gudow community
- ^ Altar on the website of the Gudow Church
- ↑ Equipment and art treasures in the St. Marienkirche. Gudow parish, accessed June 7, 2014 .
- ↑ Ortgies 2016
- ↑ Organ on the website of the community of Gudow
- ↑ Baptism angel on the website of the community Gudow
- ↑ Bells on the website of the Gudow Church
Coordinates: 53 ° 33 ′ 18.4 " N , 10 ° 46 ′ 17.8" E