State forest Goehrde
The state forest of Göhrde (short: the Göhrde ) is the largest contiguous mixed forest area in northern Germany and is located in the districts of Lüchow-Dannenberg and Lüneburg .
description
The Göhrde includes the entire community-free area of Göhrde , parts of the community Göhrde (both district Lüchow-Dannenberg ) and parts of the communities Nahrendorf and Boitze ( district Lüneburg ). The forest is part of the Elbhöhen-Wendland Nature Park and extends over a high plateau in the north-west of Drawehn, an average of 80 meters above sea level (about 50 to 110 m above sea level) .
The state forest of Göhrde is around 75 km² and its core areas are overgrown with very old trees. Many of these giant trees (especially common oaks ) are designated and protected as natural monuments. The main tree species in the forest on mostly sandy, undulating relief are Scots pine as well as European beech , spruce and oak. The long-stemmed oaks are important for silviculture and are among the most profitable in Germany. This is due to the fine annual rings that are created by the warm, sunny and low-rainfall climate. In the Breeser Grund in the south of the Göhrde, a 37 hectare hat forest with old solitary oaks and heathland has been preserved.
In the woods live deer , deer and wild boar . The European mouflons became extinct with the return of the wolf . The mouflons of the Göhrde formed one of the last pure-bred populations - including the regions of origin Corsica and Sardinia - and represented an irretrievable gene pool.
The Breeser Grund and the beech forests in the Göhrde, southeast of the town of Göhrde, have been reported to the EU as FFH areas that are particularly worthy of protection .
history
Prehistory and early history
Archaeological finds suggest that the Göhrde was already settled in the Neolithic . The archaeological monuments include, above all, two Neolithic large stone graves near Grünhagen (Leitstade I and II), which were built before 2500 BC. And the sacrificial stone from Plumbohm . Grave fields from the Bronze Age indicate that the early settlements were around today's Göhrde.
Between the 6th and 7th centuries, the Göhrde lay in the border area between Saxony and Wenden , which had penetrated from the east across the Elbe. The name Göhrde is probably derived from the Slavic word gora for "mountain" or "(mountainous) forest".
Middle Ages and Modern Times
From the 12th century an administrative division was introduced in the Wendland with the first counties . At that time, settlements formed in the Göhrde itself. The former village of Krötz (then: Croitz ) is first mentioned in a document from 1289, a contract between Duke Otto II of Braunschweig and Lüneburg and the Uelzen Abbot Johann on the transfer of Salt from the Lüneburg saltworks . However, these villages, mainly the places Lütz, Krötz and Vieschau, were destroyed and their inhabitants expelled in the first half of the 15th century on behalf of the ruling princes, because the Göhrde was a preferred hunting area for the Dukes of Braunschweig-Lüneburg . In 1456, the Göhrde became a ducal ban forest and thus closed to everyone who did not belong to the court. The Dannenberger Amptbuch from 1559 writes about another Göhrde village with the name Vickow (also Viekau or Wiekau): Vickow is now a desert and the people in the Ampte Hitzacker are there . The name "Viekau-Kuhle" in Jagen 210 refers to this former settlement.
At that time, the oak and beech forests on the edge of the Göhrde were used by the surrounding farmers to fatten their cattle. This happened within the framework of strict "mast orders", which regulated taxes to the noble landowner in return. Hence names like Boecker Kuhtrift , Eichdorfer Rindertrift or Schweinsgrund . The Lüneburg princes also used the Göhrde for forest mast, which was also the subject of contracts between them.
The logging rights remained with the Lüneburg dukes and allowed only a few exceptions for logging. A wood bailiff supervised the use of the forest as a princely official and was supported by peasant taxes. The main house of the Holzvogte, known as the "Lusthaus", was built around the middle of the 16th century as a hunting lodge. It was a two-story wooden house with the ducal bedroom and other rooms on the ground floor. On the upper floor there were two small rooms for hunting trophies. Outbuildings were a stable building with a servant's room and a net house with deer, hare and deer nets. At that time, the hunting area was surrounded with nets to prevent the game from escaping. The hunting lodge was the forerunner of the later hunting lodge in Göhrde.
Georg Ludwig, Duke of Braunschweig and Lüneburg , as George I from 1714 King of Great Britain and Ireland, commissioned the construction of a three-story hunting lodge in Göhrde from 1706 . In 1709 the most stylish and largest baroque building in the Lüneburg area was completed according to plans by the court architect Louis Remy de la Fosse .
From 1766 the Göhrde was still royal hunting property, but was no longer hunted when Georg III. ordered the hunt to be leased in the Göhrde, but no tenant could be found. The castle, too, remained unused and was left to decay. In 1827 George IV had the castle demolished. Only the large stables and a cavalier's house were repaired to occasionally serve hunting purposes. In the village of Göhrde, in the core area of the state forest, there are still buildings from the former Göhrde hunting lodge.
19th century
In 1813 the Battle of the Göhrde took place during the Wars of Liberation in the area of what is now the state forest of Göhrde, which at that time belonged to the department of Aller in the Kingdom of Westphalia .
In 1866 Prussia annexed the Kingdom of Hanover and made it the Prussian Province of Hanover. Prince Pleß was the new Oberstjägermeister in Göhrde. On December 3, 1871, the Prussian King Wilhelm I - now German Emperor - came to Göhrde for the first time and decided to hold annual court hunts here, which Emperor Wilhelm II also adhered to. It was also Wilhelm II who released mouflons in the Göhrde, which were declared huntable game as early as 1910. On the northern edge of the forest in the village of Breese am Seißelberge is the Göhrde station of the Wendlandbahn, named after the state forest . Since the emperors of Germany drove through this station to hunt in the forest, it also bears the colloquial name Kaiserbahnhof . Shortly before the First World War in 1913, the imperial hunt ended, and in 1934, during the Nazi era , the Göhrde became a state hunting ground and finally a state forest.
20th and 21st centuries
The state forest Göhrde in Nieperfitz and Pommoissel since the 1980s, often site of clashes between protesters and the police to transport of with nuclear waste filled Castor containers in the nuclear waste storage facility was.
In the summer of 1989 the state forest suddenly became known nationwide as a result of the Göhrde murders as two double murders .
In 2011 there were several reports about wolf sightings in the Göhrde. In July 2017, the Lower Saxony State Hunting Association announced that nine puppies had been detected in the Göhrde area.
See also
- Nature reserve " Oak and beech forests in the Göhrde "
literature
- Wilhelm von dem Bussche -Münch: News about the former Jadgschloß and the Jagdhaus zur Göhrde. In: Patriotic Archives . Born in 1842, pp. 80-100 ( digitized version ).
- Carl Ernst von Malortie : Historical news about the Göhrde. In: ders .: Contributions to the history of the Braunschweig-Lüneburg house and court. Volume 2, Hahn, Hannover 1860, urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb10020385-3 , pp. 145–167 ( digital copy ).
- Jürgen Prüser: The Göhrde. A contribution to the history of hunting and forestry in Lower Saxony (= sources and representations on the history of Lower Saxony. Volume 74). Lax, Hildesheim 1969.
- Ernst Andreas Friedrich : Natural monuments of Lower Saxony. Schlueter, Hannover 1980, ISBN 3-7842-0227-6 .
- Nicolaus Neumann: The Göhrde - A forest and its history. Lüchow, undated
Web links
Footnotes
- ↑ Peer Körner: In the north: existence extinguished! Wolf destroys Germany's oldest mouflon population. April 17, 2019, accessed on April 17, 2019 (German).
- ↑ Endangered Wild Sheep: The strange escape behavior of German mouflons during wolf attacks . In: Spiegel Online . April 17, 2019 ( spiegel.de [accessed April 17, 2019]).
- ↑ Hans-Dieter Pfannenstiel: The wolf (Canis lupus L. 1758) - statement on the handling of this animal species in the cultural landscape of Germany. Expert opinion on behalf of the Westphalian-Lippian Agricultural Association, 2017, p. 57.
- ↑ Battle of the Göhrde. 1813 , from goehrdeschlacht.de, accessed on August 6, 2015.
- ↑ The Legacy of the Imperial Hunt. In: State newspaper for the Lüneburg Heath . 21st October 2013.
- ↑ spiegel.de: Göhrde double murders cleared up after 28 years
- ↑ www.forstpraxis.de
- ↑ ndr.de
Coordinates: 53 ° 6 ′ 43 ″ N , 10 ° 49 ′ 52 ″ E