Stanisław Samostrzelnik
Stanisław Samostrzelnik (also: Stanisław z Krakowa (Stanisław from Kraków), Stanisław z Mogiły (Stanisław from Mogiły)) (* around 1485 in Kraków ; † 1541 in Mogiła (now Kraków)) was a Polish Renaissance artist and Cistercian monk of painting , Miniature painting and decorative painting .
He was the first Polish painter to paint in the Renaissance style. Many of the frescoes in churches in southern Poland are from him. The most characteristic fresco by Samostrzelnik is in the Mogila Monastery . He is also credited with the portrait of Bishop Piotr Tomicki , which is in the portrait gallery of the Franciscan Church in Kraków .
Life
Stanisław Samostrzelnik was the son of Piotr and Anna Samostrzelnik, who lived in Kraków in the house of the abbot of the Cistercians from Koprzywnica . His father probably made crossbows and bows, as the old Polish family name Samostrzelnik is derived from the Latin sagittator , which means crossbow manufacturer .
After passing all the necessary exams, Stanisław Samostrzelnik entered the Cistercian monastery in Mogiła, which was once an independent town and is now part of Kraków's Nowa Huta working-class district . Thanks to the support of the abbot, he was able to rise quickly in the monastery hierarchy and was soon producing illuminated manuscripts . The first recorded chronological information about him is from 1506, when he painted the cloister vaults. He is mentioned as the pictor de Mogiła (painter of Mogiła). From then on he used the new name Stanislaus Claratumbensis (Stanisław von Mogiła) - derived from the Latin name of the monastery Mogila Clara Tumba (Holy Sepulcher).
Around 1510 he was granted the right to live outside the monastery. He moved to Szydłowiec and worked for the mayor Krzysztof Szydłowiecki , the castellan of Sandomierz, who was a well-known patron of the arts. Stanisław Samostrzelnik is particularly known for his ornate illuminations in the ancestral book of the Szydłowiecki family ( Liber genesos illustris Familiae Shidlovicae ). In the course of his work as a court painter, he carried out numerous small commissions for the Szydłowiecki family and also painted the church and castle there. He also served as the castellan's chaplain from 1510 to 1530. From his sponsor he received the rectory in Grocholice near Ćmielów in 1513 . In 1514 he moved with Szydłowiecki to Opatów and after his death in 1532 he went back to Mogiła.
On his return he set up his own workshop in Kraków on Świdniecka Street, where he accepted orders from the local patricians, the clergy and the royal court - including Queen Bona Sforza's prayer book . For Bishop Piotr Tomicki he decorated the enumeration of the Bishops of Gniezno by Jan Dlugosz ( Catalogus archiepiscoporum Gnesnensium ) and his chapel in the Wawel Cathedral . In 1534 the bishop commissioned him to decorate wax figures, which were intended as votive offerings for the most important shrines of the kingdom. Samostrzelnik also decorated the prayer book of Princess Hedwig Jagiellonica (1535), a document of the peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire (1533) and the banner for Albrecht Hohenzollern . He also painted religious scenes in the church of Mogiła and painted the ceiling of the adjoining library. Stanisław Samostrzelnik died in Mogila Monastery in 1541.
Works and style
The main works of Stanisław Samostrzelnik include illuminations and decorations for prayer books by Sigismund I (1524, London, British Library ), Queen Bona Sforza (1527, Oxford, Bodleian Library ), Krzysztof Szydłowiecki (1527, meanwhile divided between the Archivio Storico Civico and the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan ) and Vaitiekus Goštautas (1528, Munich, University library) together with miniatures for Liber genesos illustris Familiae Shidlovicae (1531-1532, Kornik , Kórnik library of the Polish Academy of sciences ), Catalogus archiepiscoporum Gnesnensium (1530-1535, Warsaw , Polish National Library "Biblioteka Narodowa") and the Gospel for Piotr Tomicki (1534, Cracow, Archbishop's Archives).
Characteristic features of Samostrzelnik's miniatures are a lively, often contrasting color scheme and a renaissance style that refers to Gothic traditions. From around 1520 onwards, there are obvious influences from German masters such as Albrecht Altdorfer , Lucas Cranach the Elder and Albrecht Dürer in his work, as well as influences from the Danube School , which he appropriated during his stay in Vienna (1515) as Szydlowiecki's chaplain. In addition to these influences, his work also shaped Dutch patterns and decorations as well as indirectly also Italian painting through ornamental and heraldic motifs, which he acquired during his stay in Hungary in 1514.
Samostrzelnik's ornamental paintings combine figurative scenes with ornaments. All these figures do not claim excessive idealization, but are characterized by their high degree of individuality. Usually they are dressed in contemporary clothing and thus follow the artist's tendency to depict reality.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Stanisław Samostrzelnik on http://universal_lexikon.deacademic.com (German)
- ↑ a b c d e f g Grażyna Jurkowlaniec: Stanisław Samostrzelnik ( Polish ) In: www.culture.pl . Retrieved January 5, 2011.
- ^ Halina Andrzejewska: Polish painting . Auriga, 2006, ISBN 83-922635-3-7 , p. 19: "The first Pole to consciously use the new style was Stanislaw Samostrzelnik."
- ↑ a b Michael J. Mikoś: Renaissance Cultural Background . In: www.staropolska.gimnazjum.com.pl (English) . Retrieved September 26, 2008.
- ↑ Zabytki ( Polish ) In: Klasztor i Bazylika Franciszkanów św. Franciszka z Asyżu Klasztor i Bazylika Franciszkanów św. Franciszka z Asyżu . Archived from the original on July 7, 2013. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
- ↑ a b c d e Wincenty, OCist Zakrzewski: Rok 2006 Rokiem Samostrzelnika ( Polish ) In: mogila.cystersi.pl . Retrieved January 5, 2011.
- ↑ Ewa Deptuchowa: Felicja Wysocka, Ewa Deptuchowa (ed.): Mały słownik zaginionej polszczyzny ( Polish ). Lexis, 2003, ISBN 83-89425-20-3 , p. 229: "samostrzelnik 1. łucznik, kusznik 2. rzemieślnik wyrabiający kusze, samostrzały (samostrzelnik 1. archer, crossbowman 2. craftsman producing crossbows, samostrzałs)"
- ^ A b Joan Evans, Christopher Nugent, Lawrence Brooke (Eds.): The Flowering of the Middle Ages . Bonanza Books, 1985, p. 59: "At that time he is referred to as religiosus Stanislaus pictor de Mogila ."
- ^ Graham Pollard, Richard William Hunt, Ian Gilbert Philip, Richard Julian Roberts: Studies in the book trade: in honor of Graham Pollard . Oxford Bibliographical Society, 1975, ISBN 83-227-1925-6 , p. 320: "Though now known to be illuminated by the Polish Cistercian painter Stanislas of Mogila (Stanislaus Claratumbensis)."
- ^ Jan Białostocki: The art of the Renaissance in Eastern Europe: Hungary, Bohemia, Poland . Cornell University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-8014-1008-8 , p. 98: "Samostrzelnik was influenced by the Hungarian art milieu, where he probably was, and by German graphic art."
- ↑ Leszek Kolek: Polish culture: an historical introduction . Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Press, 2002, ISBN 83-227-1925-6 , p. 110.
literature
- Małgorzata Anna Quinkenstein: Stanisław Samostrzelnik ( Polish ). Biblioteka Kórnicka Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Kórnik 2006, ISBN 978-83-85213-46-8 .
Web links
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Samostrzelnik, Stanisław |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Stanisław z Krakowa; Stanisław z Mogiły |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Polish Renaissance artist and Cistercian monk |
| DATE OF BIRTH | around 1485 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Krakow |
| DATE OF DEATH | 1541 |
| Place of death | Mogiła (now Krakow) |