Miniature painting
Miniature painting is an expression for small and very small paintings . Miniature painting has developed - depending on the painting ground and subject - into an independent style in three forms:
- Miniatures as part of medieval book illumination
- Miniatures as a decorative element in jewelry , on small equipment such as boxes and jars , on crockery and the like
- Miniatures in the form of small, independent pictures, as curiosities , as souvenirs , to initiate marriage and also in early pornography
Medieval book illustrations
→ Main article Illumination .
Miniatures are pen and brush drawings in the form of ornamentation (e.g. decorations on the edge of the sheet, design of the initial letters) and figurative representations that decorate valuable manuscripts from the Middle Ages. The name is derived from minium , the Latin word for the red pigment red lead . The use of minium in manuscripts can be traced back to the Egyptian books of the dead. It was applied to parchment as a covering color, a kind of tempera painting . With the possibility of paper production , the paintings were designed with opaque ( gouache ) or glazed ( watercolor ) watercolors - also as grisaille and sometimes with the use of gold leaf .
Famous in this context is the Islamic miniature painting , which actually only existed in profane manuscripts, since the Koran always focused on calligraphy - but sometimes with ornamental decoration. The oldest examples of Arabic miniature painting are around 1000 years old. Profane manuscripts were decorated here with scenic miniatures - sometimes from edge to edge. This art form reached its peak in the 13th century AD. The school of Baghdad was important here, the artistic influence of which extended to northern Iraq and Syria. In the 14th and 15th centuries, this art form flourished again under the Mamlukes in Egypt and Syria.
Persian miniature painting has been found in manuscripts since the 13th century and reached its peak in the 15th century under the Timurids . One of the masterpieces of Ottoman miniature painting is the Surname-i Hümayun , which was produced by Nakkaş Osman in 1582 in collaboration with the court historian Seyyīd Loḳmān.
Small pictures
Miniatures here are small pictures, mostly portraits , often painted on ivory and framed.
Collections
One of the well-known larger German collections of miniatures is the Tansey Collection managed by the Bomann Museum in Celle .
Miniature masters
Germany
- Peter Mayr (* approx. 1758; † 1836), Freiburg, Augsburg
- Heinrich Anton Dähling (* 1773; † 1850)
- August Grahl (* 1791; † 1868)
- Johann Michael Holder (* 1796; † 1861), Stuttgart
- Minna Pfüller (* 1824; † 1907)
England
- Nicholas Hilliard (around 1547; † 1619)
- Samuel Cooper (* 1609; † 1672)
- Anne Chéron (* 1663; † 1718)
- Richard Cosway (* 1742; † 1821)
- John Smart (* 1741/1742; † 1811)
- George Engleheart (* 1752; † 1829)
- Andrew Plimer (* 1763; † 1837)
- Lorenzo Theweneti (* approx. 1797; † 1878)
France
- Jean Baptiste Jacques Augustin (* 1759; † 1832)
- Jean Urbain Guérin (* 1760; † 1836)
- Peter Adolf Hall (* 1739; † 1793)
- Jean Baptiste Isabey (* 1767; † 1855)
Italy
- Domenico Bossi (* 1767; † 1853)
- Giovanni Antonio de 'Beltrami (around 1630–1680)
Austria
- Heinrich Friedrich Füger (* 1751; † 1818)
- Josef Kreutzinger (* 1757; † 1829)
- Carl Hummel (* around 1769; † 1840)
- Bernhard von Guérard (* 1771 or 1776; † 1836)
- Karl Agricola (* 1779; † 1852)
- Moritz Michael Daffinger (* 1790; † 1849)
- His portrait of Princess Melanie Metternich, the third wife of the former Austrian Foreign Minister Klemens Wenzel Metternich , was sold to a Russian collector at Christie's in London at the end of November 2007 for £ 36,500.
- Alois von Anreiter (* 1803; † 1882)
- Adolf Theer (* 1811; † 1868)
- Albert Theer (* 1815; † 1902)
- Robert Theer (* 1808; † 1863)
- Johann Richard Schwager (* 1822; † 1880)
- Josef Tschiedel (born November 27, 1870 Neustadt ad Tafelfichte (Nove Mesto); † October 23, 1954 Vienna)
- August Tschiedel (born February 19, 1901 Vienna; † June 9, 1982 Vienna)
- Josef Tschiedel jun. (* June 2, 1902 Vienna; † July 11, 1981 Vienna) probably made the last two miniature portraits of ivory worldwide using this technique in 1970/71.
Russia
- Woldemar Hau (* 1816; † 1895)
Sweden
- J.-F. Léauté (active 1790 to 1830)
Switzerland
- Salomon-Guillaume Counis (* 1785; † 1859)
- Louis-Ernest Reguin (* 1872; † 1948)
Persia
- Behzād (born between 1460 and 1466; died 1535/1536)
Ottoman Empire (present-day Turkey)
- Nakkaş Osman (16th century) illustrated a Turkish edition of Shāhnāme (1581) and Surname-i Hümayun (1582)
Ethiopia
In ancient Ethiopia , painting, which offered an unmistakably unique style, was of great importance in contrast to sculpture. Religious painting was also predominant in miniature painting and book writing until the middle of the 19th century. The early (anonymous) masters of Ethiopian miniature painting were therefore primarily monks who knew how to write in monasteries and at the imperial court.
literature
- Claude-Henri Watelet : The Isabey for Amateurs. Or elementary lessons in watercolor and miniature painting. Gropius, Berlin 1840 ( digitized version ).
- Leo R. Schidlof : The miniature in Europe in the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. 4 volumes. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1964 (English edition) = La miniature en Europe aux 16e, 17e, 18e et 19e siècles. 4 volumes. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1964 (French edition).
- Stefanie Kristina Werner: Miniatures. Large painting on a small area, exhibition and inventory catalog of the Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum . Braunschweig 2010, ISBN 978-3-922279-64-8 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Otto A. Jäger: Miraculous healings in the representation of earlier Ethiopian miniature painting. In: Materia Medica Nordmark. Volume 20, No. 12, December 1968, pp. 653-671.