Oehringen Collegiate Church
The Protestant collegiate church of St. Peter and Paul is the landmark of the city of Öhringen that can be seen from afar . The late Gothic, three-aisled hall church was built between 1454 and 1497.
history
Main article: Canons' Monastery of Öhringen
The first documentary mention of a church in Öhringen took place in 1037, when the parish church, which was already there at that time, was donated by Bishop Gebhardt III. was converted into a canon monastery by Regensburg and his mother Adelheid . The document about this foundation is the Öhringer foundation letter .
In the place of today's collegiate church there was originally a wooden chapel or church , which may have been replaced by a single-nave stone building before the foundation in 1037. The local cemetery was originally located next to the collegiate church, but it was moved to the city gates in 1520. The square by the church then became the market square.
Self Kirchherr the Collegiate Church was the diocese of Regensburg , the church received the Holy Peter and Paul as patrons. The church was conceived from the beginning as a collegiate and parish church , that is, the eastern part was reserved for the canons and the western part for the laity. The canon monastery was a monastery following the so-called Aachen form without community of property, which granted each of the canons their own residence and household. The canons originally carried out their worship duties themselves, but were later represented by lower-paid vicars . The convent of the canons elected a provost from among its members , who represented the canon externally. Even the provosts often did not live on site. In 1509 no provost had lived in Öhringen for 100 years.
Building history
In 1454 the church began to be renovated from the east. The first building bill dates from 1453, a stone inscription on the north buttress states March 31, 1454 as the date of the laying of the foundation stone. In 1457 the bell tower had already been built and three altars were erected in the crypt when the other tower on the west side collapsed after a storm and thereby ruined part of the nave, whereupon the complete renovation of the church became necessary. The first construction phase with the consecration of the upper choir altar was completed in 1467. After that, the construction of the church was interrupted for almost 20 years and only continued from 1486. In 1494 ten altars in the nave could be consecrated, in 1497 the construction of the church should have been completed with the vaulting of the nave, the furnishings were completed in 1501. The total construction costs amounted to 10,000 to 12,000 guilders . The builder of the choir is unknown; Hans von Aurach and the Heilbronn native Bernhard Sporer , a student of Aberlin Jörg , whose school is responsible for the entire building, are considered to be the builders of the rest of the complex .
The roof of the choir was erected in 1462, that of the crossing in 1469. The roof of the nave was erected in 1489, as dendrochronological studies have shown. What is remarkable about the roof of the collegiate church is that it is almost identical to the old construction of the roof of the Stuttgart collegiate church . The entire roof structure was extensively renovated between 1985 and 1987.
In the years 1502 to 1507 the church was completed by the master builder Sporer with the monastery building and the three-winged cloister. This was probably built in place of a Romanesque predecessor. The exterior of the monastery building appears to the west, towards the market square, as a gabled house with a pointed arched portal to the cloister and an archway to the monastery courtyard. The fruit house to the north, which no longer exists today, was built in 1589 in the Renaissance style.
The granary , which is directly adjacent to the church and faces the market square , did not belong to the monastery building ensemble. It was first mentioned in 1568 as a council drinking room and also served as a bread and grain house .
Canon monastery
As early as the late 15th century, the monastery experienced a financial and moral decline. The secularization of customs in the monastery led to "annoying excesses" and "carefree enjoyment". In 1514, due to financial difficulties, the monastery sold old property in Eichach, Pfahlbach and Ernsbach to Count Kraft VI. from Hohenlohe. With the Reformation , the monastery administration including the monastery church was completely taken over by the Hohenlohe family in 1556 . The monasteries were allowed to hold catholic mass in the choir until the end of their lives, for which a wall separated the choir and nave until 1581. After the mediatization , the foundation assets of Württemberg were confiscated, so that the collegiate church is still owned by the state of Baden-Württemberg .
high school
The earliest school in Öhringen in the 16th century goes back to the Canon Monastery. The Öhringen grammar school was housed in the monastery building until 1956 , which was converted into a state grammar school after the canon monastery was dissolved. In the monastery building there are, among other things, event rooms for the Protestant parish ( Weizsäcker-Saal ) and the Diaconal District Office .
The tower keeper was of particular importance . The oldest document that mentions a tower keeper on the blow tower dates from 1521. Since the end of the 16th century, the tower keepers have been almost completely documented. The position was occupied until the death of the last tower keeper in 1902. The tower watcher watched over the city. He had to "blow" the time (until a mechanical tower clock was installed in the 18th century) and ring the fire bell when there was a fire . The Reformation increasingly included the tower keeper as a musician in the church. The former town piper became more and more a “town musician” who, together with his journeymen, provided the music for various occasions. Over the centuries, today's Stadtkapelle Öhringen developed from this , the conductor of which is still employed by the town of Öhringen. Brass players from the town band are still on duty today to play a few chorals on the blow tower after the Sunday service . The tower's apartment was used as an observer for the air defense during the Second World War and as an emergency apartment for displaced persons after the end of the war. In 1991 it was converted into a museum.
description
Blow tower and bell tower
The collegiate church has two towers, the blow tower with the tower house in the west and the bell tower called Läutturm in the east. The blow tower is 56.16 meters high. It was completed in 1494 when the church was rebuilt. In 1498 an "alms-house" was added to the tower, which no longer exists today. The first structural change to the blow tower was made in 1614 when the colored tile roof was replaced by a slate roof. The stone walkway of the tower at a height of 32 meters was provided with an iron railing in 1727.
The blow tower consists of seven floors and the roof structure. Above the main entrance to the collegiate church, which is located in the lower part of the tower, the statues of the patrons Peter and Paul are attached. The tower is equipped with a tower clock, which has a dial on all four sides of the tower. In addition to two archives, the upper floors contain the high clock room with an old clockwork, the music chamber, the so-called “Verschlooch” (shed, bedroom of the doorman's assistant) and the doorman's apartment with access on the seventh floor. The handling enables visual contact to all towers of the Öhringen city wall.
Since the beginning of the 16th century, the second and third floors of the blast tower have housed the Hohenlohe House Archive (founded in 1511) and the Hohenlohe-Neuensteiner Line Archive (founded in 1609). With the renovation of the tower in 1956, the archive location was given up. The two archives have since been located in the Hohenlohe Central Archive in Schloss Neuenstein , where all the other Hohenlohe archives are kept and can be used.
The 54.56 meter high Läutturm in the east houses four bells: Gloriosa (1961), Dominica (1416, cast by bell caster Seitz from Nuremberg ), Kreuzglocke (1951, "In memory of our fallen and missing") and morning bell (1428) .
Nave
The collegiate church is a three-aisled hall church of the late Gothic . Each of the naves, open to the east to the five-sided choir, has cross vaults. The vault rests on pillars, giving the impression of a wide pillar hall. At the western end of the central nave, a gallery has been drawn in, on which the organ is located.
Today's church building contains only a few remains of a previous building; for example, the former transept including the crossing in the large eastern bays of today's church can be recognized.
- Pulpit bearer
The pulpit carrier is a sandstone figure about 1.15 meters high and has been in the possession of the Staatliche Museen Berlin ( sculpture collection ) since 1937 . It is attributed to the master builder and sculptor Anton Pilgram , who is said to have created the figure as a self-portrait around 1485–90.
High choir
The choir in the east of the church is a high choir above the crypt below and is illuminated by tracery windows. In the Middle Ages, the high choir was reserved for canons. After the Reformation, the Counts of Hohenlohe reserved the high choir as a box seat to commemorate their deceased.
The artistically carved high altar in the high choir represents the greatest treasure of the collegiate church from an art-historical point of view. The work from 1498 comes from an unknown master and was given as thanks for the completion of the building by the ruling couple Count Kraft VI. and his wife Helena. The high altar shows five carved figures: Mary with the baby Jesus on a crescent moon, the patrons of the church ( Peter and Paul ) as well as Hieronymus and Vitus . The five unmounted figures are in a new case; the original case was destroyed in 1945. The carved Jesus figure on the cross comes from the same time as the high altar.
On the side walls of the choir there are four ornate tombs of the Hohenlohe house , which were created within 40 years of the Renaissance . The tomb of Ludwig Casimir von Hohenlohe-Neuenstein from 1568 shows the count with his life-size wife kneeling in front of the Savior and surrounded by a row of 16 family coats of arms. The tomb opposite is that of his brother Eberhard von Hohenlohe from 1575, shown with his wife and seven children in prayer. Both tombs were created by Johann von Trarbach. The tomb for Georg Friedrich I von Hohenlohe, which shows him together with his widow Dorothea von Reuss-Plauen , who later married Wilhelm Schenk von Limpurg , was completed in 1600 by Melchior Schmidt from Heilbronn. The tomb of Philipp von Hohenlohe was created by Michael Kern in 1606 and was initially in the center of the nave before it was moved to the choir wall in the 18th century. It shows him together with his wife Maria von Orange-Nassau .
The plaque commemorating the golden wedding of Ludwig Friedrich Karl and Amalie von Sachsen-Hildburghausen from 1799 was made by the classicist sculptor Johann Gottfried Schadow .
Tomb of Ludwig Casimir v. Hohenlohe-Neuenstein
Tomb Eberhard v. Hohenlohe
Tomb of Georg Friedrich I. v. Hohenlohe ∞ Dorothea von Reuss-Plauen
Tomb of Philip v. Hohenlohe ∞ Maria v. Orange
crypt
Under the high choir is a crypt with a late Romanesque sarcophagus from the 13th century, in which the founder of the monastery and imperial mother Adelheid was reburied on February 10, 1241, around 200 years after her death. The sarcophagus is inscribed with the words: Hujus fundatrix templi jacet hic tumulata, Conradi regis genetrix Adelheida vocata (This church founder is buried here, Konrad the king's mother, called Adelheid).
In the crypt there is also the burial place of the Hohenlohe-Oehringen house, which is still in use today, with several ornately decorated sarcophagi, including the children's tomb of Georg von Erbach, which shows the dead four-year-old boy framed by four putti. The tomb was created by Michael Kern in 1609. In the crypt there is a pair of stone lions with scared faces from the time of the church foundation around 1050, which once adorned the portal of the church.
Children's sarcophagus
Hohenlohe burial place
Löwentörle (replicas of the lions placed in the crypt)
organ
The organ of the collegiate church was built in 1975 by the organ builder GF Steinmeyer & Co (Öttingen). The instrument has 48 registers on slider drawers . The game actions are mechanical, the stop actions are electropneumatic. The organ is located behind the historic organ front of an instrument that was built in 1888 by Eberhard Friedrich Walcker . In 1996 the planning of Orgelbau Mühleisen (Leonberg) was changed slightly.
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- Coupling : II / I, III / I, III / II, I / P, II / P, III / P
- Playing aids : free combinations, crescendo roller
Cloister and monastery building
The three-winged monastery building with a farmyard connects to the north of the nave of the church and forms with it an inner courtyard with a cloister . The buildings were built in 1506 by Bernhard Sporer. The cloister is not closed, but forms a passage on the northern side. The vault of the cloister has a decorative rib pattern, the tracery is sometimes of better quality than that of the church. Numerous historical tombstones and a war memorial have been placed in the cloister.
Cloister seen from the blow tower
Rib pattern in the cloister vault
literature
- 950 years of Öhringen Abbey . Special print. Historical Association for Württembergisch Franconia, Schwäbisch Hall / Öhringen 1989
- Wilhelm Mattes: Oehringer Heimatbuch . Reprint of the original edition from 1929. Hohenlohe'sche Buchhandlung Rau, Öhringen 1987, ISBN 3-87351-010-3
- Adolf Erdmann: Collegiate Church of St. Peter and Paul Öhringen . 1st edition. Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2000, ISBN 3-7954-6298-3 (Small art guide, 2432)
- Öhringen. City and pen. Published by the city of Öhringen. Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1988, ISBN 3-7995-7631-2 (research from Württembergisch-Franken, 31)
Individual evidence
- ^ Hermann Berkenhoff: State of construction and renovation measures . In: 950 years of Öhringen Abbey (see literature). P. 71f.
- ↑ Internet presence of the Baden-Württemberg State Archives
- ↑ Christa Schaper: bell founder. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 6, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1964, ISBN 3-428-00187-7 , p. 459 f. ( Digitized version ).
- ^ Residences Commission Academy of Sciences in Göttingen
- ^ Marianne Schumm: Adelheid von Öhringen, about 970 to 1041 . In: 950 years of Öhringen Abbey (see literature). P. 15.
- ↑ organ of the collegiate church ; see also orgel-information.de , accessed on February 12, 2020.
Web links
Coordinates: 49 ° 12 ′ 2 ″ N , 9 ° 30 ′ 10 ″ E