raisin
Raisins (from old French roisin or East-Old French rosin , from Latin racemus 'wine berry ') are dried grapes. The term "raisins" is both the generic term for all dried grapes and the specific name for the dried fruits of a certain grape variety. They are harvested when they are ripe and then dried in the sun or in the shade until the moisture in the berries is only around 15 to 18%. This requires a concentration of the fructose content of around 33%. They are honey yellow to dark brown in color. Four to five kilograms of grapes make one kilogram of raisins.
The OIV report contains statistics on viticulture with information on raisin production.
species
Depending on the grape variety and origin, the following types of raisins have their own names:
- Smyrna raisins
- soft kernels, dark colored
- Sultanas
- (seedless, light) are obtained from the Sultana grape ( Thompson Seedless ), which is white, thin-skinned, particularly sweet and seedless. Sultanas are light golden yellow in color. Production countries are Turkey (→ viticulture in Turkey ), the USA , in particular California (→ viticulture in the United States ), Australia (→ viticulture in Australia ) and South Africa (→ viticulture in South Africa ).
- Currants
- (small berries, with and without a core) are made from the Korinthiaki grape variety ("Black Corinth"; Latin Vitis vinifera apyrena ). They are usually seedless, black-brown to black-blue and have a stronger taste. The Corinth was named after the Greek city of Corinth and is a new formation that has been documented in German since the 15th century, analogous to the French raisin de Corinthe ("Raisin from Corinth"). Besides Greece, the production countries are Australia, South Africa and the USA ( California ).
- Zibeben
- ( Arabic zabība , Sicilian zibibba ) are dry berries on the vine with seeds. In dry harvest years , they are processed into a Trockenbeerenauslese (a wine with a high residual sugar content). A typical representative of this production process is the Hungarian wine " Tokaji Aszú " (Tokaj erupted wine ), in which a certain amount of Zibeben is always added to the fresh must before fermentation.
In southern Germany and parts of Austria , "Zibebe" is a general term for dried grapes that are used to prepare food. According to the German dictionary , this expression is beginning to give way to the term “raisin”. According to the Duden , the word belongs to the southern German and Austrian peculiarities. In 2009, the dictionary of Austrian German contained the explanation "large reddish raisin" and noted that the word was "also southern German". '
Food law
Raisins may be sulphured to improve their shelf life . From an addition of 10 mg sulfite per kg, this must be stated on the packaging. From 500 mg sulphite per kg, the information must be: "Highly sulphurized". The maximum level is 1000 mg / kg. Raisins may be treated with cooking oil or glycerides of fatty acids (E 472a) to prevent them from sticking together. Bleaching or treatment with paraffin is not permitted.
use
Due to their high sugar content, raisins are popular for making desserts, but they can also be eaten unprocessed. They are baked in many desserts, including raisin rolls , raisin bread and Christmas stollen . For some recipes, raisins are soaked in fruit juice , alcoholic beverages, or water to make them plumper, softer, and fruity. But they are also used in many main dishes from the Arab world and in Rhenish sauerbraten . They are also found in many muesli mixes. The so-called trail mix gets its sweet taste by the large proportion of sultanas.
Average composition
Details per 100 g of edible portion:
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1 mg = 1000 µg
1 semi-essential
The physiological calorific value is 1242 kJ per 100 g of edible portion.
Others
- Raisins are non-toxic to humans and many animal species. Cats and dogs are an exception . In some dogs, grape poisoning occurs even if only 2.8 g of raisins per kg of body mass are consumed . Cats can become life-threatening even in small amounts.
- The German phrase "pick your raisins (from the cake)" means "take the best parts and leave the less good parts to the others". The same thing means in Austria the word "Zibebenpicker".
- An eloquent Korinthenkacker is someone who takes unimportant things too seriously and is opinionated towards other people, i.e. a pedant . (Similar terms are Kümmelspalter , bean counter , hair splitter , Krümelkacker , Kriacherlscheiber (Austrian, Styrian), I-Tüpfelischisser (Alemannic), I-Tüpfelreiter (Austrian).)
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Waldemar Ternes , Alfred Täufel, Lieselotte Tunger, Martin Zobel (ed.): Food Lexicon . 4th, comprehensively revised edition. Behr, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-89947-165-2 .
- ^ Situation and statistics of viticulture worldwide. ( Memento from June 23, 2009 in the Internet Archive ).
- ^ Kluges Etymological Dictionary of the German Language , 24th edition.
- ^ Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm: German Dictionary. Volume 31: Z-Zmasche . Leipzig 1956. Keyword “Zibebe”. Column 875. Line 35. Reprint Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 1991, ISBN 3-423-05945-1 . Structure quoted from: The digital Grimm - Electronic edition of the first processing . Version 12/04. Two thousand and one, Frankfurt am Main, ISBN 3-86150-628-9 .
- ↑ Duden Volume 1 - Spelling , 24th edition. 2006, p. 1140.
- ↑ Zibebe In: Jakob Ebner: How do you say in Austria. Dictionary of Austrian German. 4th edition. Dudenverlag Mannheim / Vienna / Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04984-4 , p. 427.
- ↑ German Research Institute for Food Chemistry (DFA), Garching (Hrsg.): Food table for practice . The little souci · specialist · herb. 4th edition. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-8047-2541-6 , p. 239 .
- ^ Botha CJ, Penrith ML: Potential plant poisonings in dogs and cats in southern Africa. , JS Afr Vet Assoc. 2009 Jun; 80 (2): 63-74. Review, PMID 19831265
- ^ Krümelkacker in Beolingus , TU Chemnitz