T2K

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T2K ( English Tokai to Kamioka ) is a particle experiment, which neutrino of at one accelerator produced neutrinos measures. The experiment is located in Japan and is operated by an international collaboration of approximately 500 scientists and engineers from over 60 research institutions and universities in Europe, Asia and North America. T2K is a recognized CERN experiment (RE13).

T2K was the first experiment that was able to detect electron neutrinos in a muon neutrino beam. The results were the world's best measurement of the oscillation parameter θ 23 and indications of strong matter-antimatter asymmetry in neutrino oscillations. Measuring this asymmetry could be part of the explanation for a matter- dominated universe .

The high-intensity muon neutrino beam is generated at J-PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex) in Tokai-mura on the east coast of Japan. The beam is aimed at the Super Kamiokande Observatory , 295 km away . Shortly after generation in Tokai-mura, the properties and composition of the neutrino beam are measured by several near-range detectors 280 m from the point of generation. Another measurement in Super-Kamiokande enables oscillation parameters to be determined by comparing the new composition of the beam with the original one. Super-Kamiokande can detect and differentiate between muon and electron neutrinos, which means that vanishing muon neutrinos and emergent electron neutrinos can be counted.

Research program

The T2K experiment was proposed in 2003 with the following research objectives:

  • Discovery of ν μ → ν e oscillations and thus the confirmation that the last oscillation angle θ 13 not yet measured at that time cannot be vanishing.
  • Precise measurement of the oscillation parameters Δ m 2 23 and θ 23
  • Look for sterile neutrinos
  • Measurement of different interaction cross-sections of the generated neutrinos in different materials in the energy range of a few GeV .

Since the start of the experiment in 2010, T2K has been able to deliver the following outstanding results:

  • Confirmation of electron-neutrino emergence in a muon-neutrino beam (ν μ → ν e ), and thus for the first time the detection of neutrinos (electron neutrinos) which were originally generated and detected in a different way (muon neutrinos).
  • Most accurate measurement of the mixing angle θ 23 .
  • The first significant limitation of δ CP , and thus of the magnitude of the matter-antimatter asymmetry for neutrinos.
  • Limits for the possible oscillation parameters of sterile neutrinos in studies in the near detector ND280 and in the remote detector Super-Kamiokande.
  • Measurement of several interaction cross-sections of electron and muon neutrinos and their antiparticles with inclusive charged currents (English charged current CC) interactions, CC interactions without produced pions and with a pion, coherent pion production, neutral currents interactions, etc. in different materials, for example Carbon , water and iron .

Future extensions and improvements of T2K will improve the measurement of the δ CP phase, as well as the measurement of Δ m 2 23 and θ 23 . The projected improvement of the interaction cross-section measurements should help to improve theory predictions of neutrino interactions and their simulation.

Neutrino beam

Bird's eye view of J-PARC with marked accelerators.
Superconducting dipole magnets for beam guidance in the main ring of J-PARC (under construction, 2008). The magnets shown steer the beam from the circular path towards Super-Kamiokande.

In T2K, a muon-neutrino beam or an anti-muon-neutrino beam is generated at the J-PARC research center by accelerating a proton beam in three stages to a particle energy of 30  GeV through connected particle accelerators: first to 400 MeV energy in the Linac , then to 3 GeV through the Synchrotron RCS (Rapid Cycle Synchrotron), and finally in another synchrotron with a larger scope, the MR (Main Ring) to 30 GeV. Protons are collided with a graphite target, where mesons , mainly pions and kaons , are created. Magnetic horns focus these particles in a tunnel, the decay tunnel, where they can then decay in free flight. Due to the horn polarity , either positively or negatively charged particles can be focused into the decay tunnel. Positively charged pions mainly decay into μ + and ν μ , which creates the muon-neutrino beam. Selecting negatively charged mesons would generate an anti-neutrino beam. All the remaining particles are stopped by a 75-ton graphite block so that only the neutrinos that hardly interact can reach the near and far detector.

Minor axis beam

Focusing the beam just before it reaches the graphite target.

T2K is the first experiment to use a so-called off-axis neutrino beam. The beam guidance of J-PARC is built in such a way that the generated neutrino beam can be steered 2 to 3 degrees away from the direct connection to Super-Kamiokande and ND280. The included angle was chosen to be 2.5 °, since mainly neutrinos with around 600 MeV are emitted at this angle. With this energy and the distance of 295 km to Super-Kamiokande, the probability of an oscillation of the neutrinos is maximum. At these energies neutrinos interact mainly in quasi-elastic charged currents, where it is possible to reconstruct the energy of the interacting neutrino only from the momentum and the direction of the generated, charged lepton. Higher neutrino energies are suppressed by the minor axis configuration, which means that fewer interactions with associated meson production take place, which are to be considered as the background for T2K.

Proximity detectors

The near-detector complex is located 280 meters away from the graphite target where the proton beam is converted. The task is to measure the original neutrino flux before oscillation and to investigate neutrino interactions on various built-in materials. The complex consists of three main detectors:

  • INGRID (Interactive Neutrino GRID) is located in the center of the neutrino beam, i.e. not next to the axis,
  • ND280 stands 2.5 ° next to the neutrino axis, as does the remote detector.
  • Wagasci-BabyMIND is a magnetized neutrino detector at an angle of 1.5 ° next to the axis, built to measure the change in the energy spectrum of neutrinos at different angles and to measure interactions with the higher neutrino energies there.

Signal readout

With the exception of the trace drift chambers in ND280, only plastic scintillator is used as the active material. In scintillators, light is generated when charged particles fly through them. Wavelength-shifting fibers bundle and convert these photons. Hamamatsu MPPCs are installed at one or both ends of the fibers , which convert photons into electrical signals. Scintillator bars are arranged in layers that are rotated by 90 degrees from one layer to another, which means that particle tracks can be reconstructed in 3D.

INGRID detector

The main task of the INGRID detector is to monitor the directional profile and the intensity of the neutrino beam through direct detection of the neutrinos. INGRID consists of 16 identical, cross-shaped modules. The ten meter long horizontal and vertical each consist of seven modules with two further modules a little off to one side. A module consists of alternating layers of iron and plastic scintillator . The module is surrounded by four additional plastic scintillator layers as a veto for particles penetrating from the outside, as opposed to particles generated inside by neutrino interactions. Each module weighs 7.1 tons in the iron alone, which makes up 96% of the total weight. Along the neutrino beam axis, which goes through the intersection of the arms, there is a module made entirely of plastic scintillator. This module, called the proton module, has a mass of 550 kg and is used to study quasi- elastic interactions and thus to verify simulation predictions.

Detector ND280

UA1 magnet opened before ND280 was installed.

The ND280 detector is used to measure the flux, the energy spectrum and possible electron-neutrino contamination at the same angle as the remote detector shortly after generation. ND280 is also used to study different types of interactions between electron and muon neutrinos and their respective antineutrinos. All of this is necessary to predict the expected number and type of neutrino interactions in the remote detector and thereby reduces the systematic error of the oscillation measurement due to inaccuracies in the modeling of the neutrino interactions and the flow.

The ND280 itself consists of several sub-detectors: the pi-zero detector and the two track-mapping fine-grained detectors (FGD) with three track drift chambers between them . All of these detectors are installed in a common steel frame, which is also called a basket. Electromagnetic calorimeters are placed around the basket . The basket and the calorimeter are in a magnet (formerly used in the UA1 experiment ) with a homogeneous, horizontal field of strength 0.2 T. The yoke of the magnet is instrumented with scintillator plates, the side muon range detectors SMRD), which detects particles, mainly muons, which leave the detector or enter from outside.

Detector pi-zero

The pi zero (π 0 ) detector (P0D) consists of 40 plastic scintillator module layers, which are alternately layered in a central region with 2.8 cm wide pockets that can be filled with water and bronze plates. In the front and rear areas, plastic scintillator sheets are layered with lead plates. By comparing the interaction rates with and without water in the pockets, conclusions can be drawn about the number of interactions in the water and thus the active medium of the remote detector. The P0D is approximately 2.1 m × 2.2 m × 2.4 m (X × Y × Z) and weighs 15.8 t with or 12.9 t without water filling.

As the name suggests, the main task of the P0D is the measurement of neutral pions, which are preferably generated in interactions with neutral currents :

ν μ + N → ν μ + N '+ π 0

These interactions can be incorrectly reconstructed as electron-neutrino interactions, since photons of the π 0 decay produce very similar signatures in super-kamiokands as electrons. The reconstruction of isolated electrons, in turn, is the signature of an electron-neutrino interaction, which makes π 0 decays a background process of the electron-neutrino emergence.

Trace drift chambers

Three trace drift chambers (Time Projection Chamber TPC) are gas-filled, rectangular chambers with a bisecting cathode plate and MicroMegas on the two opposite levels. The trace drift chambers are filled with a mixture of 95% argon , 3% tetrafluoromethane and 2% isobutane at atmospheric pressure . High-energy charged particles traversing the trace drift chambers leave a trail of ionized gas atoms and molecules behind. The electric field is created in such a way that the electron tracks drift to the anodes and the MicroMegas located there, where a 2D projection of the tracks is generated and digitized. The third spatial coordinate can be reconstructed by merging tracks that leave the track drift chambers and generate signals in the surrounding detectors. Due to the magnetic field , which is generated parallel to the electric field, and therefore by the resulting Lorentz force , charged particles are forced onto helical trajectories . The radius of these orbits and the handedness determine the charge and momentum of the ionizing particles. The amount of ionized gas atoms and molecules is a measured value for the energy loss according to Bethe-Bloch . The combination of momentum and energy loss in gas is characteristic of every particle and can therefore be used to identify the particles.

Fine-grain detector

The two fine-grained detectors (FGD) are each installed once between the first and second and the second and third trace drift chambers . Together, the trace drift chambers and the fine-grained detectors form the trace imaging part of the ND280. Most of the active target mass for neutrino interactions is built into the FGDs. This is also where the relatively short traces of protons repelled by neutrinos are reconstructed. The first FGD consists purely of scintillator layers, while the second has alternating chambers filled with water between the scintillator layers. Again, the reason is that water is the active medium of the remote detector Super-Kamiokande. Interaction cross-sections of neutrinos with carbon and water can be determined by comparing the neutrino interaction rates in the two FGDs.

Electromagnetic calorimeter

The electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) surrounds the internal detectors (P0D, TPCs and FGDs). It is made up of scintillator layers alternating with lead plates . The task is to detect neutral particles, especially photons , and to determine the energy and direction of these particles. Charged particles are also stopped and measured, which can provide additional information for particle identification.

Lateral muon range detectors

The Side Muon Range Detector (SMRD) consists of many individual scintillator modules that are inserted into gaps in the magnet yoke. The SMRD record muons escaping from the internal detectors and electromagnetic calorimeters. They are also used to identify external muons from strange cosmic radiation or through neutrino interactions in the surrounding sand , rock or the magnet itself.

Super Kamiokande

The Super Kamiokande detector is located at a depth of 1000 m in the Mozumi mine under Mount Ikeno in Kamioka , Hida . The central piece is a 40 m high stainless steel cylinder with 40 m diameter with 50,000 tons of high purity water is filled with 13,000 photoelectron multipliers (engl. Photo Multiplier Tube PMT) was fitted. The PMTs are used to detect the light cones of the Cherenkov effect . One of the central tasks is to distinguish between electrons and muons , both of which can be generated in quasi-elastic interactions by ν μ and ν e . Due to the significantly higher mass of muons, they are less often deflected from their original direction. The light electrons, on the other hand, are often scattered and almost always generate electromagnetic showers . As a result, the cones of electrons appear smeared out and those of muons appear sharp-edged. The original neutrino energy is calculated based on the direction and energy of the generated lepton. In this way, spectra for ν μ and ν e can be measured, which in turn enables the measurement of oscillation parameters .

history

T2K is the successor to the “KEK-to-Kamioka” (K2K) experiment , which ran from 1999 to 2005. In the K2K experiment, a muon neutrino beam was generated in the KEK research center in Tsukuba ( Japan ) and directed to the Super-Kamiokande detector at a distance of 250 km. K2K was able to demonstrate the loss of muon neutrinos by oscillation with a statistical confidence of 99.9985%, corresponding to 4.3 σ , which was in agreement with measurements of super-Kamiokande on atmospheric neutrinos at that time.

The construction of the neutrino beam guidance at J-PARC began in 2004 and was completed in 2009. In the same year INGRID and the internal detectors of ND280 were completed. The electromagnetic calorimeter, construction of which also began in 2009, was completed in 2010. Super-Kamiokande has been in operation since 1996 and has also achieved measurements without neutrinos, for example limits on the lifetime of protons , during this time .

The first neutrinos were detected in January 2010 with an originally incomplete ND280 detector. From November of the same year the detector is fully expanded. The measurements were temporarily interrupted by the Tohoku earthquake in March 2011. The proton beam power increases steadily and with it the intensity of the neutrino beam. In February 2020, an output of 515 kW was achieved with an integrated number of protons of 3.64 · 10 21 with 55% in neutrino mode and 45% in anti-neutrino mode.

plans

The T2K experiment is currently scheduled to run until the end of 2020. In the following year, extensive upgrades of the detectors are carried out and the neutrino beam guidance is improved. From 2022 to 2026, neutrinos will be recorded again in the second phase of the T2K experiment (T2K-II). The 250,000 tonne Hyper-Kamiokande detector is scheduled to go into operation from 2025, complementing Super-Kamiokande. It was also proposed to build an intermediate detector, the Intermediate Water Cherenkov Detector, at a distance of about 2 km from the neutrino production.

So see

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b T2K collaboration: The T2K collaboration. Retrieved April 14, 2020 .
  2. ↑ List of recognized CERN experiments. Retrieved April 14, 2020 (English).
  3. ^ RE13 / T2K: The long-baseline neutrino experiment. CERN Scientific Program, accessed April 14, 2020 .
  4. ↑ T2K Collaboration, K. Abe, N. Abgrall, Y. Ajima, H. Aihara: Indication of Electron Neutrino Appearance from an Accelerator-Produced Off-Axis Muon Neutrino Beam . In: Physical Review Letters . tape 107 , no. 4 , July 18, 2011, p. 041801 , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett.107.041801 ( aps.org [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  5. ↑ T2K Collaboration, K. Abe, J. Adam, H. Aihara, T. Akiri: Precise Measurement of the Neutrino Mixing Parameter from Muon Neutrino Disappearance in an Off-Axis Beam . In: Physical Review Letters . tape 112 , no. 18 , May 8, 2014, pp. 181801 , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett.112.181801 ( aps.org [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  6. ↑ T2K Collaboration, K. Abe, J. Adam, H. Aihara, T. Akiri: Measurements of neutrino oscillation in appearance and disappearance channels by the T2K experiment with protons on target . In: Physical Review D . tape 91 , no. 7 , April 29, 2015, p. 072010 , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD.91.072010 ( aps.org [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  7. ↑ K. Abe, R. Akutsu, A. Ali, C. Alt, C. Andreopoulos: Constraint on the Matter-Antimatter Symmetry-Violating Phase in Neutrino Oscillations . In: arXiv: 1910.03887 [hep-ex] . October 10, 2019, arxiv : 1910.03887 .
  8. ↑ M. Fukugita, T. Yanagida: Barygenesis without grand unification . In: Physics Letters B . tape 174 , no. 1 , June 26, 1986, ISSN  0370-2693 , pp. 45-47 , doi : 10.1016 / 0370-2693 (86) 91126-3 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  9. ↑ RN Mohapatra, S. Antusch, KS Babu G. Barenboim, M.-C. Chen: Theory of neutrinos: a white paper . In: Reports on Progress in Physics . tape 70 , no. 11 , October 11, 2007, ISSN  0034-4885 , p. 1757–1867 , doi : 10.1088 / 0034-4885 / 70/11 / r02 .
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k K. Abe, N. Abgrall, H. Aihara, Y. Ajima, JB Albert: The T2K experiment . In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment . tape 659 , no. 1 , December 11, 2011, ISSN  0168-9002 , p. 106–135 , doi : 10.1016 / j.nima.2011.06.067 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  11. ↑ K. Abe, N. Abgrall, H. Aihara, Y. Ajima, JB Albert: The T2K experiment . In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment . tape 659 , no. 1 , December 11, 2011, ISSN  0168-9002 , p. 106–135 , doi : 10.1016 / j.nima.2011.06.067 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  12. ↑ T2K Collaboration, K. Abe, N. Abgrall, Y. Ajima, H. Aihara: Indication of Electron Neutrino Appearance from an Accelerator-Produced Off-Axis Muon Neutrino Beam . In: Physical Review Letters . tape 107 , no. 4 , July 18, 2011, p. 041801 , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett.107.041801 ( aps.org [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  13. ↑ T2K Collaboration, K. Abe, N. Abgrall, H. Aihara, T. Akiri: Evidence of electron neutrino appearance in a muon neutrino beam . In: Physical Review D . tape 88 , no. 3 , August 5, 2013, p. 032002 , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD.88.032002 ( aps.org [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  14. ↑ T2K Collaboration, K. Abe, J. Adam, H. Aihara, T. Akiri: Precise Measurement of the Neutrino Mixing Parameter from Muon Neutrino Disappearance in an Off-Axis Beam . In: Physical Review Letters . tape 112 , no. 18 , May 8, 2014, pp. 181801 , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett.112.181801 ( aps.org [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  15. ↑ K. Abe, R. Akutsu, A. Ali, C. Alt, C. Andreopoulos: Constraint on the Matter-Antimatter Symmetry-Violating Phase in Neutrino Oscillations . October 10, 2019, arxiv : 1910.03887 .
  16. ↑ T2K Collaboration, K. Abe, J. Adam, H. Aihara, T. Akiri: Search for short baseline disappearance with the T2K near detector . In: Physical Review D . tape 91 , no. 5 , March 16, 2015, p. 051102 , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD.91.051102 ( aps.org [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  17. ↑ T2K Collaboration, K. Abe, R. Akutsu, A. Ali, C. Andreopoulos: Search for light sterile neutrinos with the T2K far detector Super-Kamiokande at a baseline of 295 km . In: Physical Review D . tape 99 , no. 7 , April 30, 2019, p. 071103 , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD.99.071103 ( aps.org [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  18. ↑ K. Abe, R. Akutsu, A. Ali, C. Alt, C. Andreopoulos: Measurement of the charged-current electron (anti-) neutrino inclusive cross-sections at the T2K off-axis near detector ND280 . February 27, 2020, arxiv : 2002.11986 .
  19. ↑ T2K Collaboration, K. Abe, J. Adam, H. Aihara, C. Andreopoulos: Measurement of the electron neutrino charged-current interaction rate on water with the T2K ND280 detector . In: Physical Review D . tape 91 , no. 11 , June 19, 2015, p. 112010 , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD.91.112010 ( aps.org [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  20. ↑ T2K Collaboration, K. Abe, N. Abgrall, H. Aihara, T. Akiri: Measurement of the inclusive charged current cross section on carbon in the near detector of the T2K experiment . In: Physical Review D . tape 87 , no. 9 , May 7, 2013, p. 092003 , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD.87.092003 ( aps.org [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  21. ↑ T2K Collaboration, K. Abe, C. Andreopoulos, M. Antonova, S. Aoki: Measurement of double-differential muon neutrino charged-current interactions on without pions in the final state using the T2K off-axis beam . In: Physical Review D . tape 93 , no. 11 , June 21, 2016, p. 112012 , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD.93.112012 ( aps.org [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  22. ^ T2K Collaboration, K. Abe, J. Adam, H. Aihara, T. Akiri: Measurement of the charged-current quasielastic cross section on carbon with the ND280 detector at T2K . In: Physical Review D . tape 92 , no. 11 , December 11, 2015, p. 112003 , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD.92.112003 ( aps.org [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  23. ↑ K. Abe, R. Akutsu, A. Ali, C. Alt, C. Andreopoulos: First combined measurement of the muon neutrino and antineutrino charged-current cross section without pions in the final state at T2K . February 21, 2020, arxiv : 2002.09323 .
  24. ^ T2K Collaboration, K. Abe, C. Andreopoulos, M. Antonova, S. Aoki: First measurement of the muon neutrino charged current single pion production cross section on water with the T2K near detector . In: Physical Review D . tape 95 , no. 1 , January 26, 2017, p. 012010 , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD.95.012010 ( aps.org [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  25. ^ The T2K Collaboration, K. Abe, C. Andreopoulos, M. Antonova, S. Aoki: Measurement of Coherent Production in Low Energy Neutrino-Carbon Scattering . In: Physical Review Letters . tape 117 , no. 19 , November 4, 2016, p. 192501 , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett.117.192501 ( aps.org [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  26. ↑ T2K Collaboration, K. Abe, J. Adam, H. Aihara, T. Akiri: Measurement of the neutrino-oxygen neutral-current interaction cross section by observing nuclear deexcitation rays . In: Physical Review D . tape 90 , no. 7 , October 31, 2014, p. 072012 , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD.90.072012 ( aps.org [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  27. ↑ K. Abe, R. Akutsu, A. Ali, C. Andreopoulos, L. Anthony: Measurement of the muon neutrino charged-current cross sections on water, hydrocarbon and iron, and their ratios, with the T2K on-axis detectors . In: Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics . tape 2019 , no. 9 , September 1, 2019, doi : 10.1093 / ptep / ptz070 ( oup.com [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  28. ↑ K. Abe, H. Aihara, A. Amji, J. Amey, C. Andreopoulos: Proposal for an Extended Run of T2K to POT . September 13, 2016, arxiv : 1609.04111 .
  29. ↑ Hyper-Kamiokande Proto-Collaboration, K. Abe, Ke Abe, H. Aihara, A. Aimi: Hyper-Kamiokande Design Report . November 28, 2018, arxiv : 1805.04163 .
  30. ↑ K. Abe, N. Abgrall, H. Aihara, Y. Ajima, JB Albert: The T2K experiment . In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment . tape 659 , no. 1 , December 11, 2011, ISSN  0168-9002 , p. 106–135 , doi : 10.1016 / j.nima.2011.06.067 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  31. ↑ K. Abe, N. Abgrall, H. Aihara, Y. Ajima, JB Albert: The T2K experiment . In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment . tape 659 , no. 1 , December 11, 2011, ISSN  0168-9002 , p. 106–135 , doi : 10.1016 / j.nima.2011.06.067 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  32. ↑ K. Abe, N. Abgrall, H. Aihara, Y. Ajima, JB Albert: The T2K experiment . In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment . tape 659 , no. 1 , December 11, 2011, ISSN  0168-9002 , p. 106–135 , doi : 10.1016 / j.nima.2011.06.067 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  33. ↑ K. Abe, N. Abgrall, H. Aihara, Y. Ajima, JB Albert: The T2K experiment . In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment . tape 659 , no. 1 , December 11, 2011, ISSN  0168-9002 , p. 106–135 , doi : 10.1016 / j.nima.2011.06.067 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  34. ↑ S. Assylbekov, G. Barr, BE Berger, H. Berns, D. Beznosko: The T2K ND280 off-axis pi-zero detector . In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment . tape 686 , September 11, 2012, ISSN  0168-9002 , p. 48–63 , doi : 10.1016 / j.nima.2012.05.028 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  35. ↑ N. Abgrall, B. Andrieu, P. Baron, P. Bene, V. Berardi: Time projection chambers for the T2K near detectors . In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment . tape 637 , no. 1 , May 1, 2011, ISSN  0168-9002 , p. 25-46 , doi : 10.1016 / j.nima.2011.02.036 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  36. ↑ P. -A. Amaudruz, M. Barbi, D. Bishop, N. Braam, DG Brook-Roberge: The T2K fine-grained detectors . In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment . tape 696 , December 22, 2012, ISSN  0168-9002 , p. 1–31 , doi : 10.1016 / j.nima.2012.08.020 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  37. ↑ D. Allan, C. Andreopoulos, C. Angelsen, GJ Barker, G. Barr: The electromagnetic calorimeter for the T2K near detector ND280 . In: Journal of Instrumentation . tape 8 , no. 10 , October 17, 2013, ISSN  1748-0221 , p. P10019 – P10019 , doi : 10.1088 / 1748-0221 / 8/10 / p10019 .
  38. ^ S. Aoki, G. Barr, M. Batkiewicz, J. Błocki, JD Brinson: The T2K Side Muon Range Detector (SMRD) . In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment . tape 698 , January 11, 2013, ISSN  0168-9002 , p. 135–146 , doi : 10.1016 / j.nima.2012.10.001 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  39. ^ S. Fukuda, Y. Fukuda, T. Hayakawa, E. Ichihara, M. Ishitsuka: The Super-Kamiokande detector . In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment . tape 501 , no. 2 , April 1, 2003, ISSN  0168-9002 , p. 418-462 , doi : 10.1016 / S0168-9002 (03) 00425-X ( sciencedirect.com [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  40. ↑ Yuichi Oyama: RESULTS FROM K2K AND STATUS OF T2K . In: Nuclear Science and Safety in Europe (=  NATO Security through Science Series ). Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht 2006, ISBN 978-1-4020-4965-1 , pp. 113–124 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-1-4020-4965-1_9 ( springer.com [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  41. ↑ K2K Collaboration, MH Ahn, E. Aliu, S. Andringa, S. Aoki: Measurement of neutrino oscillation by the K2K experiment . In: Physical Review D . tape 74 , no. 7 , October 12, 2006, p. 072003 , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD.74.072003 ( aps.org [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  42. ↑ K. Abe, H. Aihara, A. Amji, J. Amey, C. Andreopoulos: Proposal for an Extended Run of T2K to POT . In: arXiv: 1609.04111 [hep-ex, physics: physics] . September 13, 2016, arxiv : 1609.04111 .
  43. ↑ K. Abe, H. Aihara, C. Andreopoulos, I. Anghel, A. Ariga: Physics potential of a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment using a J-PARC neutrino beam and Hyper-Kamiokande . In: Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics . tape 2015 , no. 5 , May 1, 2015, doi : 10.1093 / ptep / ptv061 ( oup.com [accessed April 15, 2020]).
  44. ↑ a b Hyper-Kamiokande Proto-Collaboration, K. Abe, Ke Abe, H. Aihara, A. Aimi: Hyper-Kamiokande Design Report . In: arXiv: 1805.04163 [astro-ph, physics: hep-ex, physics: physics] . November 28, 2018, arxiv : 1805.04163 .