TR 440

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TR 440 (pronounced: TR-4-40) is the name of the of AEG-Telefunken , Department of Information Technology, from the " T elefunken- R Fechner TR 4 " advanced mainframe . AEG-Telefunken delivered the first computer to the German data center in Darmstadt in 1969 . When the TR 440 came out, it was the fastest computer ever developed in Europe. By 1974 a total of 46 TR 440 systems had been built.

The overall system consisting of hardware , OS 3 and programming system was also marketed under the name TNS 440 (subscriber system 440) .

The (also: die ) TR 440 or TR440 (spelling inconsistent) was used at many German universities , including Ruhr University Bochum (1970), University of Düsseldorf , RWTH Aachen , Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich and Technical University of Munich at Leibniz University Computing center of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, University of Würzburg , University of Hamburg , Technical University of Berlin , Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , University of Regensburg , Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen , University of Stuttgart , University of Konstanz , University of Saarland , University of Kaiserslautern , University of Marburg , Clausthal University of Technology , and at research institutions such as the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig or the GKSS in Geesthacht . The Erlangen computer was the only one equipped with a triple processor , the others partly ran with double processors in the final phase.

A successor product, the TR 550 , was designed but no longer developed.

Efficiency

When it was completed in 1969, the TR 440 was one of the first large computers with integrated circuits to be the fastest machine developed and produced in Europe to date. The performance of the processor was just under 1 Mips; the GAMM mix was 4.4 µs (assembler) to 6.4 µs (Algol 60). The main storage capacity was up to 1.5 MB with an average access time of 0.125 µs for writing and 0.375 µs for reading.

The users' appreciation of the TR 440, which is designed for subscriber operation, was largely due to the system software: the operating system offers virtual memory management with memory protection and multiple access , the programming system a flexible, clear command language , a good range of programming languages and innovative test aids for program development .

hardware

Computer core RD 441

Technical details

The RD 441 computer core is a representative of the CISC architecture and accordingly has registers with different functions. In the calculator , most registers 48 bits + hold type identifier , in detail, the accumulator RA , the quotient register RQ , the multiplicand RD and the auxiliary register RH , plus get the Schiftzähler RY with 8 bits and the trademark register RM with 1 bit. Transport and arithmetic operations are carried out in RA; RA and RQ can be connected for multiplication and division to the double-length register RAQ ; RH contains the second operand for comparisons and otherwise serves as a short-term buffer. In the command system there is the ready address register BB (24 bits), the command sequence register BF (24 bits), the index base register BXB (22 bits), the flag register BK left (8 bits), the subroutine register BU (8 bits), the alarm clock BW (16 Bit), the clock BG (24 bit) and the test register BT (24 bit). BF always contains the address of the command that is to be executed next. BXB contains the start address of an area of ​​256 half-words of the main memory, which are used as index memory for a program; BU contains the level of a cell for subroutine return addresses, which can be created within this index memory. The content of BK on the left is continuously displayed on the console.

The command unit works independently of the arithmetic logic unit: while the latter is executing a time-consuming command, such as a floating point operation or a table search command, the command unit can already execute the following commands if these do not require the arithmetic unit. The input / output unit works independently of the command and arithmetic logic unit and can only be addressed in system mode.

Information display

The information display shows some architectural features. The whole word has 52 bits in the memory: two for the test of three , two for the type identifier and the remaining 48 bits for the actual information. Numbers are shown in one's complement , floating point numbers with an 8-bit exponent to the base 16 and 39-bit mantissa (85 bits with double precision), each including the sign. With fixed and floating point numbers, two bits are provided in the arithmetic unit registers to represent the sign ; the additional sign bit is used to detect an arithmetic overflow . In contrast to the arithmetic logic unit registers, this overflow protection is unnecessary in the memory; Here, the additional sign stands as a brand , like for instance to identify the last coefficients of a polynomial.

The Type identifier (TK) shows how the content of the whole word is to be interpreted: Floating-point numbers and the higher-order part of double-precision floating-point numbers have TK = 0; Fixed point numbers and the lower part of double precision floating point numbers have TK = 1; Whole words that contain two commands have TK = 2; Strings or any bit matter have TK = 3; Whole words that contain two addresses have any type identifier. An architectural peculiarity are type ID-dependent machine commands: some commands work differently depending on the type ID of the operands, others can only be used for operands with a certain type ID. Examples:

  • The command B (for bring ) copies a word from the memory into the RA register. If this word has TK = 0 or TK = 1, its mark bit is copied into the RM and the left sign bit in the RA is adjusted to the right one; with TK = 2 or TK = 3, however, RM remains unchanged and all bits of the operand are transferred to RA.
  • The SG instruction (for jump if greater ) compares the contents of registers RA and RH. If at least one of these registers has TK = 2 or TK = 3, the contents are compared as an unsigned binary number; if one of the two registers has TK = 1 and the other TK = 1 or TK = 0, as fixed point numbers (taking into account the sign); if both registers have TK = 0, as floating point numbers (with consideration of the sign and exponent).
  • The command S (for jump ) must lead to a half word in a word with TK = 2, otherwise a program interruption, the so-called command alarm, is triggered; the GA command (for floating point addition ) expects two operands with TK = 0, otherwise the so-called TK alarm is triggered.

In addition to whole words, half and double words, bytes (optionally of 4, 6, 8 or 12 bits) or (controlled by a mask) any excerpts of a whole word can be transported using special commands.

addressing

Every half word in the main memory can be addressed directly; a whole word is assigned two consecutive addresses, of which the smaller, which is always even, is considered a whole word address. The commands BNZ and CNZ (bring / store next character) work with a combination of whole word address and position within the word; only the instruction TOK (transport octades), which corresponds to the COBOL instruction MOVE , uses sixth- word addresses.

The address portion of the machine instructions is 16 bits long, so therefore can 2 15 All words, a so-called bulk side , are addressed; Commands and operands (constants and variables) can be stored in different large pages, each with its own 16-bit address space. Indirect addresses are 22 bits long and are held in half-words (24 bits); While the 16-bit address space for operands is always at the beginning of the 22-bit address space, the 16-bit address space for commands can also be at higher 22-bit addresses if required.

The RD 441 knows four different addressing modes: the system mode uses real main memory addresses , the other three use virtual memory addresses with access protection; In system mode, only the system core (main memory management, input and output) runs, so the other parts of the operating system are also protected against unauthorized memory access (due to possible programming errors).

In normal mode , in which the user programs are processed, the address spaces of the individual users are sealed off from one another in order to rule out mutual influences - accidental or deliberate. Commands and constants of programs that are used simultaneously by several user jobs (such as command decoders or compilers, but also user-specific programs) are only stored once in the real main memory (so-called multiple access ); the variable parts of all active programs are of course individually available to each user order.

Satellite computer

Communication with the dialog peripherals (teleprinter and display devices ) and remote data processing is carried out by a TR 86 process computer . This satellite computer buffers the character-by-character inputs and outputs, exchanges only complete jobs and dialog inputs or output jobs and dialog outputs with the central computer, thereby relieving it of the time-consuming reaction to the transmission of individual characters. In addition, the satellite computer encodes the inputs from the different device codes in the standard ZC 1 and, accordingly, the outputs from the ZC 1 in the different device codes.

Peripherals

Display devices and teleprinters are connected via the satellite computer, drum, disk storage and magnetic tape units are connected directly to the central computer. Punch card readers and punches, tape readers and punches, high-speed printers and plotters can either be connected to the central computer or - for remote data processing - via the satellite computer.

The central control element for the surgeons and at the same time a log printer is an IBM Selectric ball-head typewriter , which is connected directly to the RD 441 via the so-called test channel . To restart the computer , the tape reader can be switched from a standard channel to the test channel.

Operating system OS 3

The operating system manages the user jobs and assigns them the resources (storage areas, computing capacity, magnetic tape and removable disk drives). The BS 3 simultaneously processes several parallel jobs in batch processing (so-called sections ) and up to 48 jobs in dialog mode (so-called conversations ).

The operating system also manages the data of the users in the storage media. The data is organized in files on drum and disk storage media . User files can be stored in the so-called LFD (long-term data storage) and thus transferred between the jobs of the same user and optionally made accessible to other users. Input of punched cards and strips, as well as output on punched cards, strips, printer and plotter are decoupled from the user order; the BS 3 takes over the recoding of the data streams. The BS 3 also optionally organizes the files on magnetic tapes and does the transcoding.

Character encoding

Within the operating system and the programming system running below it , character strings are coded consistently in central code 1 (ZC 1). This code was the first 8-bit code to provide different code positions for umlauts and square or curly brackets; programs in Algol 60 (square brackets) can be formulated with German-language comments and character string literals (strings). Here, too, the TNS 440 was ahead of its time: the compilers from other manufacturers suffered from the ambiguity of the code positions for the brackets and umlauts until the 1990s.

Central code ZC 1 according to works standard 2N 0812.511 (July 1972)
code … 0 …1 … 2 … 3 … 4 … 5 … 6 … 7 …8th … 9 … A … B ... C … D … E ... F
0 ... NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK DLE NAK SYN ETB
1… NL CR NF VT
2… SUB EM CAN TE HT BS ESC SO SI
3… BEL DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 FL IS4 IS3 IS2 IS1
4…
5…
6… " ' ´ ` ^ ° ~ \ ʿ ʾ _ ¯
7… % § # $ ¢ @ & * ⯏ π
8th… ∧ ∨ ¬ ↑ | ⏨
9 ... + - / = ≠ < > ≤ ≥
A ... ( ) [ ] 〈 〉 } . , : ; ! ? SP
B ... 0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 {
C ... A. B. C. D. E. F. G H I. J K L. M. N O P
D ... Q R. S. T U V W. X Y Z Ä Ö Ü
E ... a b c d e f G H i j k l m n O p
F ... q r s t u v w x y z Ä ö ü ß DEL


Some signs not in use today
7C: pillow ⯏ (or diamond ◊); legible representation of the escape symbol
6C: String clip opening in Algol 60
6D: in Algol 60 closing string bracket
8D: in Algol 60 separator between mantissa and exponent of a floating point number in decimal notation
Control characters, unless the ASCII known
NF: New form (like ASCII character FF)
FL: Escape symbol, marks the beginning of a command or the end of a foreign string in the command language
IS1 – IS4: correspond to the ASCII characters FS, GS, RS and US
TE: End of text (programming system convention, is no longer in the ZC1 standard in 1972)

File system

OS 3 supports files in main memory, on drum and disk storage and on magnetic tapes. Every user has a disk storage area in the long-term data storage (LFD) in which they can save files outside of their jobs and transfer them between jobs. No files are supported on the other peripheral devices: input data are part of the user job in section or interactive mode; Results of the individual program runs can be written to the process log , sent as output jobs to a printer, punch card or tape punch or plotter, or displayed directly in a dialog. Files according to the Telefunken, ISO and IBM standards are supported on magnetic tapes; a file can also extend over several magnetic tapes (so-called tape row ).

In OS 3, files are organized in data records (storage records); In the case of texts, one data record corresponds to one line. The system differentiates between the following types of data records:

  • Output character: text line with feed control for the printer
  • Octades: line of text,
  • Whole words: Whole words with type identifier ,
  • Quarter words: Quarter words with type identification,
  • Whole words or octades (different for each record),
  • Quarter words or octades (different for each record).

The system allows sequential or random access to the data sets (on magnetic tapes, of course, only sequential access), in particular:

  • SEQ: sequential access,
  • RAN: random access via record numbers (from 1, with small gaps),
  • RAM: random access via sentence markers (one whole word each with TK = 3 ),
  • RAS: random access via sentence key (more than one whole word),
  • PHYS: Access to data blocks (regardless of the data set organization).

The OS 3 can also read the records sequentially (from any position) from files with random access; it can also write sequentially to RAN files.

Intermediary

The components of BS 3, which handle the input and output of orders in section and call operation, are called intermediaries . There are four different codes to choose from on punch cards, three different codes on 5-track punched tapes and teleprinters; the code is fixed for 8-track punched tape and display devices.

The input and call intermediaries are controlled with so-called intermediary commands and instructions . The syntax of the intermediary commands is similar to the action commands of the programming system , but is simplified.

Two different mediator commands mark the beginning of the order entry in section or dialog operation, one at the end (whereby any pending processing steps in section operation are completed). An operator command defines the code for subsequent entries; This means that the code can be changed as often as required within an order entry.

An intermediary instruction allows any character to be entered via its position in the ZC 1 . Two broker instructions allow the entry of a shortened or lengthened line of punch cards. An intermediary instruction terminates the partial entry on the teletype and thus transfers control of the dialogue to the BS 3; Instead, the partial input on the display unit is terminated by pressing an enter key . Other operator commands and instructions allow the termination of an output at the terminal and the correction of typing errors on the telex.

Programming system

The programming system carries out the actual data processing under the direction of the user; this includes the command decoder, the tools for program development and the application programs.

Command language

The user controls the order process using the command language . In the section, the entire order entry, in the dialog the first partial entry, consists of a sequence of commands in this language. The so-called decryptor interprets all commands and initiates the corresponding processing steps. In interactive mode, every program (not just the decoder) can request inputs from the terminal while it is running; When an entered command sequence has been processed, the decoder requests further commands.

If an error occurs while processing a command in interactive mode, the decryptor goes to the so-called priority level , in which the user can give instructions on how to rectify the error or insert additional commands. In section operation you can determine the behavior in the event of an error with the commands ERROR STOP and JUMP .

The command language is unformatted: spaces and line breaks are meaningless; Instead of changing lines (as in other contemporary systems), the beginning of a command is marked by the so-called escape symbol , which appears in the documentation as a diamond »◊«.

The actual data processing is triggered by so-called activity commands. An activity command consists of an activity name, optionally followed by specifications separated by commas. The specifications can be identified by their name or by their order. Activity and specification names can be abbreviated if they are unambiguous. Each specification value is "-" (meaning "nothing"), "−STD−" (meaning "something") or a series of partial values ​​separated by apostrophes (with specific meanings). The following examples show different notations for the same command that fetches two files from the LFD , next to it, separated by "◊ =", the explanation:

  • ◊KOPIERE, DATEI=JORINDE'JORINGEL, QUELLTRAEGER=LFD, ZIELTRAEGER=−STD−, PROTOKOLL=−
  • ◊KOPIERE, JORINDE'JORINGEL, LFD, −STD−, PROTOKOLL=−   ◊= Spezifikationsnamen können entfallen, wenn die Reihenfolge eingehalten wird
  • ◊KOPIERE, JORINDE'JORINGEL, LFD, PROTOKOLL=−   ◊= Für die fehlende Spezifikation wird eine Voreinstellung eingesetzt
  • ◊KOP., JORINDE'JORINGEL, LFD, P.=−   ◊= Tätigkeits‑ und Spezifikationsnamen können abgekürzt werden

If the same activity is then to be carried out with changed specifications, this can optionally be requested using a secondary sub-command (but also by a further, complete activity command ). If, for example, a file is to be fetched from the LFD and from a magnetic tape, this can be expressed as follows:

  • ◊KOP., ASCHENPUTTEL, LFD, -STD-, P.=− ◊D.=RAPUNZEL, MB(GRIMM)   ◊= ZIELTRAEGER und PROTOKOLL wie im primären Teilkommando

Any character string that does not meet the syntax of the command language and for which spaces and line breaks are relevant, such as a source program in a programming language, can also be a specification value or partial value. Such a string is called a foreign string ; it is enclosed between "/" and "◊ /", for example:

  • ◊UEBERSETZE, QUELLE=/BEGIN print(("Grüß Gott!", new line)) END◊/, SPRACHE=ALG68   ◊= Fremdstring gelb markiert

Only certain specifications are possible for each activity, only certain values ​​for each specification. For example, only the specification »-STD−« (that means: all files on the source medium) or a list of file names are permitted for the specification FILE of the COPY command; when specifying PROTOKOLL, a protocol can either be requested (»P. = - STD−«) or canceled (»P. = -«). The decoder checks compliance with these rules, reports any syntax errors and forwards the specification values ​​in a uniform, internal form to the program to be started.

The set of activities, specifications, possible specification values ​​and default settings is not rigid, but can be modified, restricted, extended, and archived (and thus made accessible to other orders) with effect for the current order, as well as archived using the GEDAECHTNIS command .

Programming languages

One focus of the TNS 440 is on user development of application programs. The most important tools for this are the compilers for the following programming languages :

  • TAS (Telefunken assembly language , for machine-level programming)
  • Algol 60 (mainly for mathematical and scientific applications)
  • FORTRAN IV (mainly for scientific applications)
  • COBOL (mainly for administration applications)
  • RPG (for simple administration applications)
  • BCPL (for system programming)
  • from 1976 also PL / I (as successor for Algol 60, FORTRAN and COBOL)

These compilers fit into a common framework: they are called by the same command , offer similar test aids , and program parts from different source languages ​​can be combined (with restrictions).

Three programming languages ​​have a special position: they are not compiled, but interpreted:

  • BASIC (for simple programming tasks)
  • FORTRAN can either be compiled or interpreted
  • GPSS (simulation of queue network models)

Data centers and users have made additional programming languages ​​available for the TNS 440, including:

The following language is interpreted and should enable "hurdle-free" access to the computer :

  • AIDA has a desktop calculator mode, but also allows programming with Algol ‑ 60 language elements

Tools for program development

Program development and troubleshooting is supported by static (when compiling) and dynamic help (when running the program); here too the TNS 440 was way ahead of its time. The test aids can be requested individually during compilation or canceled (except for the syntax error messages) and activated or deactivated individually during the program run. All messages from test aids refer to the names and line numbers of the source program in the nomenclature of the respective source language.

The static test aids in detail:

  • all compilers deliver clearly localized and understandable syntax error messages ;
  • the compilers also provide warnings against typing errors and similar errors, e.g. B. in FORTRAN a variable that occurs only once in the program;
  • FORTRAN and COBOL compilers report if TR440-specific language elements are used that go beyond the relevant language standard;
  • The so-called reference list shows the declaration and use of all identifiers (e.g. constants, variables, procedures) in the source program, which is particularly useful for programming languages ​​with implicit declarations (e.g. FORTRAN) in which variables are unintentionally declared due to typing errors can, or with a block structure (e.g. Algol), in which different variables or procedures can be named the same;
  • the so-called equalization brings Algol-60 sources into a clear form that emphasizes the block interleaving.

The dynamic test aids in detail:

  • the dynamic controls check rule violations that cannot be detected during compilation, e.g. B. Access to uninitialized variables, exceeding of index limits or (in Pascal) of declared value ranges, incompatible parameter supply when calling the procedure;
  • the trace logs the course of the program (value assignments, jumps, procedure calls and closings, case distinctions);
  • the monitor for TAS and PS440 programs logs the executed machine commands and the resulting register statuses;
  • The tracer logs the current nesting of the subroutine calls in the event of a program abort or on request, even across language boundaries;
  • the backtrace logs the last 20 trace steps when the program is aborted or on request;
  • the source language-related dump logs the current values ​​of all or individual variables in the event of a program termination or on request, or changes the values ​​of individual variables on request;
  • A control event is a point in the program which, when reached during the program run, can be used to activate or deactivate the other dynamic test aids individually.

Compilers with precise messages, tracers and source language-related dumps were already available on TR 4; New on the TR 440 were the dialog-oriented test aids such as querying and setting individual variables, backtrace and, above all, the control event with its control options.

Further software offers

The mathematical program library includes numerics, statistics and graphics subroutines for Algol-60 and FORTRAN programs (in addition to the standard functions of these languages). In detail:

The database management system DBS 440 is preferably controlled by COBOL and TAS programs. The following database applications are based on this:

  • Documentation system TELDOK
  • Production planning and control system PSS '
  • Computer-aided teaching PLANIT
  • Network plan program system BKN
  • Personal data information system PDI

User participation

In the STARG user group , representatives of the TR440 data centers and the manufacturer met regularly to exchange experiences with the TNS 440 and wishes for its further development.

The data centers were able to access the program sources of the operating and programming system, as well as documentation of the internal interfaces of the programming system (Chapter IV of the development documents, status IV for short ). This enabled them to make significant contributions to expanding and supplementing the programming system. Some examples:

  • from the Technical University of Munich the definition of the programming language PS440 including compiler ( trace from the University of Stuttgart );
  • from the Ruhr University Bochum the Algol 68 compiler;
  • Adaptation of the TORRIX package from the University of Konstanz ;
  • from the Ruhr University Bochum EDIERE , a programmable, line-oriented text editor;
  • For version MV 20 (1979) of the TNS 440, a joint working group of STARG and the manufacturer revised the help system: together, the way it works was redesigned, the manufacturer expanded the relevant INFORMIERE command and STARG designed the structure of the information and formulated the individual help texts.

Trivia

The computer core, main memory and satellite computer were housed in cupboards with doors made of rosewood. On TR 4 it was still teak, which gave it the nickname Teak Calculator 4 ; Despite the different wood color, the TR 440 was occasionally referred to as a teak calculator . After the Stuttgart TR 440 was scrapped, an employee converted such a cupboard into a wardrobe for his private apartments.

The BS 3 was - despite its name - not the third operating system for the TR 440. The development of the BS 1 was canceled in 1969; the BS 2 was announced, but did not make it to market readiness. The first TR 440 delivered in Darmstadt ran an operating system that emulated two TR 4s running in parallel, each with its own peripherals; because it enabled the TR 440 to operate temporarily, it was nicknamed the parachute system . The maintenance system WV1 , which was actually intended to test the peripheral devices, served as a test framework for the compiler development ; the BS 3 was developed on this basis. To be fair, BS 3 should be called BS 5 .

Some good ideas for designing the programming system are said to have originated in the Hörnle , Germany's most beautiful lido.

The COBOL instruction MOVE copies a sequence of bytes from any location in the variable area to any other location. With the memory of the TR 440, which is structured as a whole word , this is somewhat difficult to implement; As a result, the machine command TOK (for Transport Octades ) was created in an integrated hardware-software development . Since then, the software (in the form of the COBOL compiler or the TAS assembler) has been multiplying the half-word addresses by 3 to calculate octad addresses , and the hardware of the RD 441 divides by 3 again to execute the TOK command ...

The drum store of the Stuttgart TR 440 worried the technicians so much that they nicknamed it the Gypsy Baron .

After the Hamburg machine was scrapped, its console survived as "art in construction" and adorns the stairwell of the data center.

literature

From the TR 4 to the TR 440 - AEG-Telefunken and the mainframe computers . ibid. p 110-114 ( online ).
The case (of) AEG-Telefunken . ibid. p 203-204 ( online ).
Operating system development of the TR 440 - a German software crisis . ibid. p 204-207 ( online ).
The foundation of the user group STARG 440 . ibid. p 207-208 ( online ).
Looking for partners - AEG-Telefunken, Nixdorf and ultimately Siemens . ibid. p 208-210 ( online ).
STARG 440 and life after the end of Telefunken . ibid. p 210-212 ( online ).
  • Hans-Joachim Albinus: The Hardware Museum (XII): AEG-Telefunken TR440 - A German mainframe computer . In: The time . November 8, 1996, ISSN  0044-2070 ( Scan [PDF; 179 kB ; accessed on May 31, 2020]).
  • Gernot Gwehenberger: Use of a binary reference chain method when building lists . In: Electronic computing systems . tape 10 , no. 5 . Oldenbourg, June 26, 1968, ISSN  0013-5720 , p. 223–226 ( Scan [accessed on July 13, 2020] describes a search method and data structure that was developed for the implementation of the TAS assembler).

Web links

  • Dr. Bernd Ulmann: Historic Computers: Telefunken TR-440 . August 18, 2013, accessed on May 31, 2020 (English, page under construction, so far only an image from the computer center of the University of Kaiserslautern).
  • Data processing . In: Supplements to the technical communications AEG Telefunken . 3rd year, issue 3, 1970 ( scan [PDF; 8.2 MB ; accessed on May 31, 2020]). The booklet contains detailed descriptions of the TR 440 system and its components.
  • Technical documents. (PDF FTP) Retrieved May 31, 2020 . Contains various digital copies of technical documentation.
  • TR440 / Docu. (FTP) University of Stuttgart, Department of Computer Science, accessed on July 8, 2020 . Contains various digital copies of technical documentation and brief descriptions.
  • Rainard Buchmann: TR440 emulator. for Windows. Software Development Buchman, June 13, 2018, accessed May 31, 2020 .
  • Gerd Isenberg: TR 440. In: Chess Programming Wiki. Mark Lefler, May 28, 2018, accessed June 23, 2020 .
  • Joachim Backes: TR440 / BS3 - a success story? (PDF; 1,425 kB) July 27, 2009, accessed on July 13, 2020 .
  • Trivia from the Usenet. (PDF TXT; 10 kB) Retrieved May 30, 2020 .

Remarks

  1. ↑ from 1971: Telefunken Computer GmbH , from 1974 Computer Gesellschaft Konstanz
  2. ↑ When a core memory cell is read out, its information is deleted and must therefore be rewritten; therefore, the read cycle takes longer than the write cycle. In the TR 440, the hardware command BL (bring and delete) reads out a memory cell without writing back its original content, and the hardware command BC (bring and store) writes a new one back into the memory cell instead of the original content.
  3. ↑ More precisely: if the marker bit is set in the memory, RM is set after the transport, otherwise RM remains unchanged; RM is set by the transport of numerical values ​​and only deleted by the explicit command LA M.
  4. ↑ Since the type of comparison depends on both operands, it is not transitive! Example: if a  = +1 & b  = −1 & c  = "1" (TK = 3), then the SG command means that a  >  b & b  >  c & c  >  a . The programmer must therefore ensure that only operands with the same type identifier are compared.
  5. ↑ IBM tapes from December 1972, ISO tapes and tape series from December 1974
  6. ↑ RAS files from June 1974
  7. ↑ The system assigns the record numbers in steps of 1
  8. ↑ Depending on the input device and code, the escape symbol is entered as a pillow »⯏«, hash »◊«, dollar »$« or number sign »#«; the respective mediator ironed out this minor difference.
  9. ↑ ◊/ can be omitted at the end of a command.
  10. ↑ The PL / I compiler was taken over from the Multics system at MIT and consequently supports - in contrast to the compilers developed in Konstanz - neither source language-related dumps nor dynamic test aids.
  11. ↑ to be called somewhat surprisingly with the command »◊COMPRESS, MODE = EN«
  12. ↑ so-called triplex numbers , since in addition to the lower and upper bound, the result of normal floating point arithmetic is also included

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Elke Jessen, Dieter Michel, Hans-Juergen Siegert and Heinz Voigt: The AEG-Telefunken TR 440 Computer: Company and Large-Scale Computer Strategy . In: IEEE Annals of the History of Computing . tape 32 , 2010, p. 20–29 , 20 , doi : 10.1109 / MAHC.2009.65 : At its start, the TR 440 was the fastest computer ever designed in Europe, with system software features far ahead of its competitors.
  2. ↑ TR 440 data . Issue May 1970. AEG Telefunken, Konstanz May 1970 ( Scan [PDF; 410 kB ; accessed on July 1, 2020]).
  3. ↑ a b Friedrich von Sydow: The central computer of the TR 440 . In: Supplements to the technical communications AEG Telefunken . 3rd year, issue 3, 1970, p. 104–109 ( scan [PDF; 8.2 MB ; accessed on May 31, 2020]).
  4. ↑ a b TR 440 - Properties of the RD 441 from the point of view of system programming . AEG Telefunken, Department of Information Technology, Constance March 1970 ( Scan [PDF; 2.8 MB ; accessed on July 2, 2020]).
  5. ↑ a b TR 440 - Command Lexicon . AEG Telefunken, Konstanz ( Scan [PDF; 5.3 MB ; accessed on July 14, 2020]).
  6. ↑ a b Buneß, Dr. Höhenwarter, Pfrang, Sievers: Effect of the TR440 commands - the empty computer . Preliminary description. 3. Edition. AEG Telefunken, Konstanz July 29, 1968 ( Scan [PDF; 13.8 MB ; accessed on July 8, 2020]).
  7. ↑ a b c d TR 440 - TAS manual - Telefunken assembly language . 19th edition. Telefunken Comuter GmbH, Konstanz June 1972 ( Scan [PDF; 29.5 MB ; accessed on July 8, 2020]; Page N2-4 missing).
  8. ↑ a b Gunter Stadie: Addressing in RD 441 . In: Supplements to the technical communications AEG Telefunken . 3rd year, issue 3, 1970, p. 109–111 ( scan [PDF; 8.2 MB ; accessed on May 31, 2020]).
  9. ↑ a b Manfred Evers & Werner Hoheisel: The satellite system of the Telefunken computer system TR 440 . In: Datenverarbeitung - Supplements of the technical communications AEG Telefunken . 3rd year, issue 3, 1970, p. 122–124 ( scan [PDF; 8.2 MB ; accessed on May 31, 2020]).
  10. ↑ a b RD 186 digital computer as a satellite computer of the RD 441 . Telefunken Computer, Konstanz July 1973 ( Scan [PDF; 249 kB ; accessed on July 8, 2020]).
  11. ↑ a b c d Display units SIG 100, SIG 50; Telegraph FSR 105; DAS 3200 data station . Telefunken Comuter GmbH, Constance March 1972 ( Scan [PDF; 1.6 MB ; accessed on July 13, 2020]).
  12. ↑ Ralf Bülow: On the trail of the German computer mouse. In: heise online . April 28, 2009, accessed July 10, 2020 .
  13. ↑ a b TSP 500 drum storage system . Information sheet. AEG-Telefunken, Konstanz April 1969 ( Scan [PDF; 829 kB ; accessed on July 13, 2020]).
  14. ↑ a b Disk storage PSP 600 . Information sheet. AEG-Telefunken, Konstanz January 1969 ( Scan [PDF; 873 kB ; accessed on July 13, 2020]).
  15. ↑ a b Magnetic tape digital memory MDS 252 . Telefunken Computer, Konstanz March 1972 ( Scan [PDF; 1.1 MB ; accessed on July 14, 2020]).
  16. ↑ a b Punch card reader LKL 720 . Information sheet. AEG-Telefunken, Konstanz March 1969 ( Scan [PDF; 606 kB ; accessed on July 13, 2020]).
  17. ↑ a b Jürgen Piper, Herbert Meißner, Franz Stetter & Michael Heinz: The subscriber operating system BS 3 . In: Supplements to the technical communications AEG Telefunken . 3rd year, issue 3, 1970, p. 115–122 ( scan [PDF; 8.2 MB ; accessed on May 31, 2020]).
  18. ↑ a b Command Pocket Book - System TR440 . Status: MV 19. Computer-Gesellschaft Konstanz mbH, Constance August 1978.
  19. ↑ Otto Stolz: Striving for Source Code Integrity . In: Proceedings SHARE Europe Spring Meeting . Lausanne, Switzerland. SHARE Europe (SEAS) , April 1991, ISSN  0255-6464 (English).
  20. ↑ Otto Stolz: Pifalls in converting source programs in EBCDIC, ISO and PC code-Enhancing Character Data Representation Architecture . In: Proceedings of SHARE 77 . SHARE Inc. , Chicago August 1991, p. 63-76 (English).
  21. ↑ System TR440 - system services . Issue 0175-VS43 / Ni. 9th edition. Computer-Gesellschaft Konstanz mbH, Konstanz January 1975 ( scan [PDF; 7.0 MB ; accessed June 25, 2020]; the descriptions of SSR 1 4 and SSR 1 8 are interchanged).
  22. ↑ a b Enno Schmidt, Norbert Linn, Andreas Schwald, Hanno Kreiner: On the programming system of the Telefunken computer system TR 440 . In: Supplements to the technical communications AEG Telefunken . 3rd year, issue 3, 1970, p. 124–131 ( scan [PDF; 8.2 MB ; accessed on May 31, 2020]).
  23. ↑ a b c d command language . 10th edition. Computer Gesellschaft Konstanz mbH, Konstanz November 1975 ( scan [PDF; 67.7 MB ; accessed on July 8, 2020]).
  24. ↑ PL1 compiler for TR 440. Computerwoche , January 9, 1976, accessed on July 12, 2020 .
  25. ↑ Tom Van Vleck: Telefunken TR440. The Multicians web site, November 8, 1994, accessed July 12, 2020 .
  26. ↑ a b Andreas Schwald: Amalgamation of procedures in different languages . In: Supplements to the technical communications AEG Telefunken . 3rd year, issue 3, 1970, p. 128 ( scan [PDF; 8.2 MB ; accessed on May 31, 2020]).
  27. ↑ Karl-Heinz Mohn, Manfred Rosendahl, Hanspeter Zoller: AIDA, a dialogue language for the TR440 (=  work reports of the data center . No. 7101 ). Ruhr University Bochum , Bochum February 1971 ( scan [PDF; 1.6 MB ; accessed on August 24, 2020]).
  28. ↑ a b Dialog mode, test aids . Telefunken Computer GmbH, Konstanz March 1972 ( Scan [PDF; 385 kB ; accessed on July 8, 2020]).
  29. ↑ a b TR 440 Time-Sharing Computing System - Introduction . AEG-Telefunken, Konstanz, March 1971 (English, 33 pp., Scan [accessed on June 23, 2020] Contains a detailed example for the application of the program development tools in dialogue): “The brief description is to familiarize the reader with the most important characteristics of the computing system and to give him a general survey of the programs connected with the time-sharing computing system ”
  30. ↑ a b Heinz Kääb: The mathematical program library of the TR 440 . In: Supplements to the technical communications AEG Telefunken . 3rd year, issue 3, 1970, p. 136 ( scan [PDF; 8.2 MB ; accessed on May 31, 2020]).
  31. ↑ a b Mathematical Statistics . Telefunken Computer GmbH, Konstanz October 1972 ( scan [PDF; 257 kB ; accessed on July 8, 2020]).
  32. ↑ a b graphics software . Telefunken Computer GmbH, Konstanz March 1973 ( Scan [PDF; 269 kB ; accessed on July 8, 2020]).
  33. ↑ Basic software . In: CalComp Software Reference Manual . California Computer Products Inc., Anaheim, CA October 1976, chap. 3 (English, scan [PDF; 6.8 MB ; accessed on July 14, 2020]).
  34. ↑ a b DBS 440 database system - use in public administration . Telefunken Computer GmbH, Constance February 1972 ( Scan [PDF; 478 kB ; accessed on July 9, 2020]).
  35. ↑ a b DBS - user description . 2nd Edition. Telefunken Computer, Konstanz February 1973 ( Scan [PDF; 9.5 MB ; accessed on July 8, 2020]).
  36. ↑ a b c Hannspeter Voltz: Application systems for the TR 440 . In: Supplements to the technical communications AEG Telefunken . 3rd year, issue 3, 1970, p. 136–140 ( scan [PDF; 8.2 MB ; accessed on May 31, 2020]).
  37. ↑ a b PLANIT - Computer-aided teaching in the participant's computing system . Telefunken Computer GmbH, Konstanz March 1973 ( Scan [PDF; 284 kB ; accessed on July 8, 2020]).
  38. ↑ a b BKN - network plan program system . Telefunken Computer GmbH, Konstanz March 1973 ( Scan [PDF; 537 kB ; accessed on July 8, 2020]).
  39. ↑ a b PDI - Personal Data Information System . Telefunken Computer GmbH, Konstanz March 1973 ( Scan [PDF; 223 kB ; accessed on July 8, 2020]).
  40. ↑ Wilhelm Held: History of the cooperation of the computer centers in research and teaching - Volume II . In: Scientific writings of the WWU Münster Series XIX . tape 4 . readbox unipress, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-8405-0177-7 , chapter 2.1 STARG 440, p. 47–55 , urn : nbn: de: hbz: 6-69149692319 ( Online [PDF; 14.5 MB ; accessed on August 23, 2020]).
  41. ^ Sietse G. van der Meulen, Marinus Veldhorst: Torrix: a programming system for operations on vectors and matrices over arbitrary fields and of variable size . Vol. 1 (=  Mathematical Center tracts . No. 86 ). Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam 1978, ISBN 90-6196-152-1 (English).
  42. ↑ a b Günter staircase: For operating system BS 2 (=  Beihefte the technical bulletins AEG-Telefunken . No. 3 ). AEG Telefunken, Konstanz 1970, p. 112–115 ( scan [PDF; 8.2 MB ]).
  43. ↑ Gerd Sapper: Leibniz-Rechenzentrum 1974. June 19, 2007, accessed on August 17, 2020 .
  44. ↑ Gerd R. Sapper: Telefunken operating systems for TR4, TR440. DARC , Lüneburg-Ilmenau local association, June 18, 2007, accessed on July 28, 2020 .
  45. ↑ Jürgen Klöckler: Germany's most beautiful lido turns 100 . In: Südkurier . tape 76 , no. 180 , August 6, 2020, ZDB -ID 1411183-4 , p. K-17 ( suedkurier.de [accessed on August 6, 2020]): "The Horn outdoor pool is the most beautiful lido in Germany"
  46. ^ Friedrich von Sydow: The TR-440-Staffel . In: Supplements to the technical communications AEG Telefunken . 3rd year, issue 3, 1970, p. 101-104 ( scan [PDF; 8.2 MB ; accessed on May 31, 2020]).
  47. ↑ Gunter Stadie: The TR 440 with two computer cores and mass core memory . In: Supplements to the technical communications AEG Telefunken . 3rd year, issue 3, 1970, p. 132-133 ( scan [PDF; 8.2 MB ; accessed on May 31, 2020]).
  48. ↑ System configuration of a subscriber computing system TR 440 . In: Supplements to the technical communications AEG Telefunken . 3rd year, issue 3, 1970, p. 135 ( scan [PDF; 8.2 MB ; accessed on May 31, 2020]).