Brodiaeoideae

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Brodiaeoideae
Bloomeria crocea

Bloomeria crocea

Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Asparagaceae (Asparagaceae)
Subfamily : Brodiaeoideae
Scientific name
Brodiaeoideae
Grape

The subfamily brodiaeoideae belongs to the family of asparagaceae (Asparagaceae) in the order of asparagus-like (Asparagales) within the monocots plants (monocots). It contains about ten to twelve genera with about 50 to 68 species and occurs only in the New World .

description

Illustration of Dichelostemma congestum

Habit and leaves

They are perennial herbaceous plants . These geophytes form tubers with a membranous or fibrous covering (tunic) as persistence organs; In contrast to the leek family (Alliaceae) , they do not form bulbs . The basal leaves are elongated and simple with a smooth edge.

Inflorescences and flowers

The inflorescence stem is leafless. The umbellate inflorescences are similar to those of the alliaceae , but with four or more membranous bracts that do not enclose all of the flowers.

The small, hermaphrodite, mostly radial symmetry flowers are threefold. The identical bloom cladding sheets ( tepals ) are more or less strongly fused or free. There are two circles with three stamens each; either all are fertile or those of a circle are converted to staminodes. The three pistils have become a top permanent ovary grown. The ovaries can sit on a gonophore.

Fruits and seeds

There are lokulizide fruit capsules formed. The seeds are mostly black.

Distribution map of the subfamily Brodiaeoideae

Distribution, taxonomic history and systematics

Its distribution area in western North America and Central America ranges from British Columbia to Guatemala . They have two centers of biodiversity: the western United States and Mexico.

Taxonomic history

According to APG III and Chase et al. In 2009 the order of the asparagus-like (Asparagales) is restructured. Family boundaries were shifted significantly. Some earlier families only have the rank of subfamilies. The former family Themidaceae is only a subfamily Brodiaeoideae in the asparagus family (Asparagaceae).

According to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICN; McNeill et al. 2006), the names of subfamilies may not be preserved. The name Brodiaeoideae was published by Hamilton Paul Traub in: Plant Life , Volume 28, 1972, p. 131.

The family name Themidaceae was published by Richard Anthony Salisbury in The Genera of Plants , 84 in 1866 . These genera were previously classified in the Liliaceae (most recently in Cronquist 1981) and, for example, still in Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985 as the tribe Brodiaeae in the Alliaceae or Amaryllidaceae (Traub 1963, Niehaus 1971, Keator 1989). Hamilton Paul Traub invalidly published a family Brodiaeaceae Order Alliales in 1982 , In: Plant Life , 38, 1982, pp. 119-132. Molecular genetic studies led to these eleven genera being placed in the Themidaceae family (Meerow et al. 1999, Chase et al. 2000, Fay et al. 2000, Pires et al. 2001). The Milleae Baker tribe was also incorporated into this family and thus expanded to twelve genera.

The genus Brodiaea in particular has a checkered taxonomic history: It was a collecting pot with around 45 species from North and South America (Baker 1896). In 1939 Hoover removed the South American species, which were then placed in 1963 by Traub in the genera Tristagma and Nothoscordum in the Subtribus Alliinae, all with an onion-like odor. The 30 to 35 North American species of different distribution and morphology remained in the genus Brodiaea in the subtribe Brodiaeinae. Both subtribes belonged to the tribe Allieae within the Amaryllidaceae . Further investigations showed that the remaining species could be easily divided into groups and Jepson established three sub-genera, the Hoover as its own three genera Brodiaea , Dichelostemma Kunth and Triteleia Douglas ex Lindl. classified. These three genera have been confirmed by many studies (in their scope as listed below in the genera list).

Brodiaea filifolia
Dichelostemma congestum
Muilla coronata
Triteleia grandiflora

Internal system

The subfamily Brodiaeoideae can be divided into two monophyletic groups the Milla complex ( Bessera , Dandya , Milla and Petronymphe ) with a center of biodiversity in Mexico and the Brodiaea complex ( Androstephium , Bloomeria , Brodiaea , Dichelostemma , Muilla , Triteleia and Triteleiopsis ) with a biodiversity center in the western United States. The position of the monotypical genus Jaimehintonia is still being discussed.

The Milla clade contains six genera that occur from Arizona to Guatemala. The three genera Behria , Jaimehintonia and Petronymphe are monotypical, so each contain only one species. The three other genera Bessera , Dandya and Milla each contain only a few up to eleven species.

The subfamily Brodiaeoideae includes about ten to twelve genera with about 50 to 68 species :

  • Androstephium Torr. : The threeor sospecies are distributed from the western USA to northern Mexico. It is the most widespread genus to the east,extendingto South Dakota and Texas .
  • Behria Greene : It contains only one species that was previously classified in Bessera :
    • Behria tenuiflora Greene (Syn .: Bessera tenuiflora (Greene) JFMacbr.). It occurs in northern Mexico.
  • Bessera Schult. f. : The maximum three species are common in Mexico.
  • Bloomeria Kellogg : The threeor sospecies are distributed from central and southern California to Mexican northern Baja California .
  • Brodiaea Sm .: The approximately 18 species since 2019 are distributed from western North America to Mexican northern Baja California.
  • Dandya H.E. Moore : The four or so species are distributed in northern and southwestern Mexico.
  • Dichelostemma S.Schauer (including Brevoortia Alph.Wood , Dipterostemon . Rydb , Macroscapa Kellogg , Stropholirion Torr. ): The five species from western North America to the northern Mexican states of Baja California and Sonora common.
  • Jaimehintonia B.L.Turner : it contains only one type:
  • Milla Cav. (Syn .: Askolame Raf. , Gyrenia Knowles & Westc. Ex Loudon , Diphalangium S.Schauer ): The eleven species since 2014 are distributed from the southwest USA via Mexico to Guatemala and Honduras .
  • Muilla S. Watson ex Benth. & Hook. f. (including Diphalangium S.Schauer ): The about three species are widespread in western North America.
  • Petronymphe H.E. Moore : It has contained two species since 2016:
  • Spring stars ( Triteleia Douglas ex Lindl .; Including Calliprora Lindl. , Hesperoscordum Lindl. , Themis Salisb. ): The approximately 15 species are distributed from western North America to northern Mexico.
  • Triteleiopsis Hoover : it contains only one species:

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  • The subfamily of the Brodiaeoideae on the AP website . (Sections Description and Systematics)
  • J. Chris Pires, Kenneth J. Sytsma: A Phylogenetic Evaluation of a Biosystematic Framework: Brodiaea and Related Petaloid Monocots (Themidaceae). In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 89, Issue 8, 2002, pp. 1342-1359: PDF. doi : 10.3732 / ajb.89.8.1342
  • Mark W. Chase, James L. Reveal, Michael F. Fay: A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 161, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 132-136. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
  • Etelvina Gándara, Chelsea D. Specht, Victoria Sosa: Origin and diversification of the Milla Clade (Brodiaeoideae, Asparagaceae): A Neotropical group of six geophytic genera. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , 2014. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2014.02.014

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Birgitta Bremer, Kåre Bremer, Mark W. Chase, Michael F. Fay, James L. Reveal, Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soltis, Peter F. Stevens et al .: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 161, Issue 2, October 2009 pp. 105-121. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
  2. ↑ Mark W. Chase, James L. Reveal, Michael F. Fay: A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 161, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 132-136.
  3. ^ Thad Monroe Howard: Bulbs for Warm Climates , University of Texas Press, 2001: Themidaceae pp. 211-225. ISBN 978-0-292-73126-4 .
  4. ^ J. Chris Pires, Kenneth J. Sytsma: A Phylogenetic Evaluation of a Biosystematic Framework: Brodiaea and Related Petaloid Monocots (Themidaceae). In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 89, Issue 8, 2002, pp. 1342-1359: PDF.
  5. ↑ a b Etelvina Gándara, Chelsea D. Specht, Victoria Sosa: Origin and diversification of the Milla Clade (Brodiaeoideae, Asparagaceae): A Neotropical group of six geophytic genera. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 75, 2014, pp. 118-125. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2014.02.014
  6. ↑ Jorge Gutiérrez, Teresa Terrazas, Isolda Luna-Vega: Morphometric analysis of Milla biflora (Asparagaceae: Brodieaoideae), with an identification key for Milla. In: Plant Ecology and Evolution , Volume 150, Issue 1, April 2017, pp. 76–86. doi : 10.5091 / plecevo.2017.1276
  7. ↑ Jorge Gutiérrez, Teresa Terrazas, Isolda Luna-Vega, Gerardo A Salazar: Phylogenetic analyzes of the Milla complex (Brodiaeoideae: Asparagaceae), with an emphasis on Milla. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 185, Issue 4, December 2017, pp. 445-462. doi : 10.1093 / botlinnean / box074 Pre-publication as PDF.
  8. ↑ Brodiaeoideae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
  9. ↑ J. Chris Pires, James L. Reveal: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 . Androstephium. , P. 333 - online with the same text as the printed work .
  10. ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts: World Checklist of Seed Plants , 2 (1, 2), 1996, 1-492, MIM, Deurne. In: Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Behria. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  11. ^ J. Chris Pires: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 . Bloomeria. , P. 336 - online with the same text as the printed work .
  12. ^ J. Chris Pires: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 . Brodiaea. , P. 321 - online with the same text as the printed work .
  13. ↑ Rafaël Govaerts: World Checklist of Seed Plants Database in ACCESS D , 2000, 1-30141. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Dandya. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved February 17, 2020.
  14. ^ J. Chris Pires: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 . Dichelostemma. , P. 328 - online with the same text as the printed work .
  15. ↑ BL Turner: Jaimehintonia (Amaryllidaceae: Allieae), a New Genus from Northeastern Mexico , in Novon , Volume 3, Issue 1, 1993, pp. 86-88.
  16. ^ Dale W. McNeal Jr .: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002 ISBN 0-19-515208-5 . Milla. , P. 346 - online with the same text as the printed work .
  17. ↑ J. Chris Pires, James L. Reveal: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002 ISBN 0-19-515208-5 . Muilla. , P. 334 - online with the same text as the printed work .
  18. ↑ a b Jorge Gutiérrez, Teresa Terrazas, Eloy Solano: Petronymphe rara a new species of Oaxaca, Mexico and the rediscovery of P. decora (Asparagaceae: Brodiaeoideae). In: Phytotaxa , Volume 269, Issue 2. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.269.2.4
  19. ^ J. Chris Pires: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 . Triteleia. , P. 338 - online with the same text as the printed work .
  20. ^ J. Chris Pires: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 . Triteleiopsis. , P. 332 - online with the same text as the printed work .

Web links

Commons : Brodiaeoideae  - collection of images, videos and audio files