Pintadera

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Pintadere of the Cucuteni-Tripolje culture
The 8000 year old Pintadera from Abri Arconciel in Switzerland
Pintadera with the imprint on fresh clay in the Museo Canario Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Pintadere of Gran Canaria

A pintadera is a stamp made mostly of clay , which has been made since the Neolithic , perhaps also occasionally during the Mesolithic. Pintaderas were perhaps used to decorate clothes , ceramics , bread or the skin .

The term is derived from the Spanish word pintar , painting. It was used in Mexico, where people used clay stamps to decorate their skin and to trace the patterns for tattoos.

Neolithic

distribution

Clay stamps have been documented in the Anatolian and Southeast European Neolithic and Eneolithic periods . They spread from the Middle East via Anatolia to Greece and over the Balkan Peninsula to Hungary , Austria ( Hadersdorf am Kamp , Lower Austria), the Czech Republic ( Prague -Bubeneč, Hlavní město and Boskovštejn ), Italy and Switzerland ( Arconciel / La Souche ). The Turkish stamps come from Çatal Höyük , Hacılar Höyük , Bademağacı , Kurukçay and Höyücük.

In Italy, clay stamps from an early Neolithic context come mainly from southern Italy, Basilicata and the Adriatic coast of Apulia . Occasionally they are also known from Sardinia , Sicily and from the Serra d'Alto context of Lipari . The northern Italian stamps mostly come from the Vasi-a-bocca-quadrata culture of the 6th millennium and were found mainly in Veneto and Liguria . Runners also come from the brands . 26 pintadere alone come from the Arene Candide cave in Liguria. O. Cornaggia Castiglioni wants to trace the origin of the Italian stamps via the Danube basin to Thessaly and western Anatolia .

Large numbers of pintaderas have been found on the island of Gran Canaria , but not on any other island in the Canary Islands. The Museo Canario owns more than 200 pieces. The sites are spread over the entire island. The Canarian pintaderas were used by the Canarios, the indigenous people of the island of Gran Canaria, who lived in the period from around 500 BC. Lived isolated on the island until 1400 AD.

morphology

The stamps are usually round, oval or rectangular. But there are also rectangles, rhombohedra , wave, foot, hand, clover leaf and theriomorphic shapes. In Çatal Höyük , among other things, bear and leopard shaped stamps were found. The stamps usually have a small handle, which can be conical or rounded and sometimes pierced.

The motifs of the stamps mainly include wavy lines, zigzag patterns , concentric circles , spirals, S-spirals, dots and crosses. There are also stamps without a pattern on the stamp surface. The stamps are usually quite small and fit in the palm of your hand. They may have been worn around the neck as personal property. The objects are mostly found in municipal waste. Grave finds are known from Pilismarót -Basaharc in Hungary and Sofia -Slatina in Bulgaria.

material

In the Middle East , stamps made of steatite and jadeite were also found, stone stamps are also known from Greece. In addition to the pintaderas made of fired clay, some wooden objects were found on Gran Canaria, but their allocation is controversial.

chronology

The oldest clay stamps come from the Middle East, for example from Ras Shamra / Ugarit , Byblos and Tell Bouqras . The stamps from Çatal Höyük come from the ceramic Neolithic. János Makkay distinguished four chronological groups:

The dotted Pintadera from Arconciel / La Souche comes from a Mesolithic context, which is unique so far.

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

The oldest Italian pieces come from the Neolithic of Northern Italy (" Vasi-a-bocca-quadrata culture ").

use

No Neolithic or Eeolithic stamp impressions have been found so far, traces of color on the stamps are very rare. Robin Skeates assumes that the Pintaderas are personal property that served the protection of the person concerned and represented their own identity and "strengthened relationships with other people, their material world and the supernatural". Mihale Budja points out the similarities of the pintaderas to theriomorphic amulets and so-called plugs on the other hand. The pintaderas found in Gran Canaria are now believed to have been used to mark personal property or that of the family. According to another theory, the stamped images of the pintaderas were a type of amulet that was stamped on the skin, the walls of the dwelling and granaries, or the pelts in which the mummies were wrapped to deter evil spirits.

Bronze Age and Iron Age

Clay stamps are also known from the Urnfield Period in southern Germany and Bohemia . These are round. In the late Hallstatt period of the Hungarian lowlands and southwestern Slovakia, clay stamps appear more frequently. Their socialization with paint residues in graves proves their function of stamping paint - however, it is questionable what was stamped on, as there are no relevant finds. The ornamentation of the skin is obvious, as the reports of ancient authors speak for. In Sardinia, stamps were often found in Bronze Age settlements (e.g. Genna Maria , Serra Orrios ).

A discussion is currently underway as to whether the northern Italian and Balkan bread loafs should also be viewed as pintadere.

Pintadere were also found in the wetland settlement of Bad Buchau.

Modern times

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Pintadere were still in use in Sardinia in the 20th century and have recently been used especially for the design of baked goods etc. They reached the Canary Islands via Africa .

literature

  • Valeska Becker: Chalcolithic clay stamps from Bulgaria. Studia Praehistorica 14 , 2011, 283-302.
  • János Makkay: Early stamp seals in south-east Europe. 1984
  • János Makkay: Supplement to the Early Stamp Seals of South-East Europe. Budapest 2005.
  • T. Dzhanfezova: Neolithic Pintaderas in Bulgaria, Typology and comments on their ornamentation. In: Lolita Nikolova (Ed.), Early symbolic systems for communication in southeast Europe. BAR International Series 1139. Oxford, BAR 2003, 97-108.
  • Ş. T. Eduard: A few remarks concerning the clay stamp seals from the Gumelniţa culture. Studii de Preistorie 6, 2009, 149–163.
  • Franka Schwellnus: Pintadere: Overview of the group of clay stamps found on the basis of two finds from Sopron-Krautacker (West Hungary). Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 40/2, 2010, 207–226.
  • Robin Skeates: Neolithic stamps: Cultural Patterns, Processes and Potencies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17, 2007/2, 183-198.
  • María Dolores Cámalich Massieu: Pintaderas . In: Armando del Toro García (ed.): Patrimonio histórico de Canarias, Gran Canaria . tape 3 . Dirección General de Patrimonio Histórico, Viceconsejería de Cultura y Deportes, Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deportes, Gobierno, Las Palmas 1998, ISBN 84-7947-241-3 , p. 55-57 (Spanish).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Valeska Becker, Chalcolithic clay stamps from Bulgaria. Studia Praehistorica 14, 2011, 283
  2. ↑ a distribution map for Greece and the southern Balkans can be found in Mihale Budja 2004, The transition to farming and the "revolution of symbols in the Balkans, from ornament to entoptic and external symbolic storage. Documenta Praehistorica 31, fig. 24, arheologija.ff .uni-lj.si / documenta / pdf31 / 31budja.pdf
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Robin Skeates, Neolithic stamps: Cultural Patterns, Processes and Potencies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17, 2007/2, 184
  4. ↑ M. Mauvilly, Christian Jeunesse, T. Doppler. A clay stamp from the late Mesolithic site of Arconciel / La Souche (Canton of Friborg, Switzerland). Quaternary 55, 2008, 151–157
  5. ↑ Budja, M., 2003. Seals, contracts and tokens in the Balkans Early Neolithic: wherein the puzzle. Documenta Praehistorica 30, 119, arheologija.ff.uni-lj.si/documenta/pdf30/30budja.pdf
  6. ^ A b Robin Skeates, Neolithic stamps: Cultural Patterns, Processes and Potencies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17, 2007/2, 186
  7. ^ Robin Skeates, Neolithic stamps: Cultural Patterns, Processes and Potencies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17, 2007/2, 188
  8. ^ O. Cornaggia Castiglione, Origini e distribuzione delle pintaderas preistoriche »euro-asiatiche«. Contributi alla conoscenza delle culture preistoriche della valle del Po. Rivista Science Preistoria 11, 1956, 109-192
  9. ↑ María del Carmen Cruz de Mercadal, Teresa Delgado Darias, Javier Velasco Vázquez: Pintaderas del Museo Canario . El Museo Canario, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 2013, ISBN 978-84-695-6874-3 , p. 117 (Spanish, [1] [accessed March 23, 2017]).
  10. ↑ Ali Umut Türkcan 2005, Clay Stamp Seals, Çatalhöyük 2005 archive report, Figure 94, seal11652.X1. http://www.catalhoyuk.com/archive_reports/2005/ar05_30.html , with good pictures
  11. ↑ a b Valeska Becker, Chalcolithic clay stamps from Bulgaria. Studia Praehistorica 14, 2011, 284
  12. ↑ Valeska Becker, Chalcolithic clay stamps from Bulgaria. Studia Praehistorica 14, 2011, 284-290
  13. ↑ Valeska Becker, Chalcolithic clay stamps from Bulgaria. Studia Praehistorica 14, 2011, 291
  14. ^ Robin Skeates, Neolithic stamps: Cultural Patterns, Processes and Potencies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17, 2007/2, 195
  15. ^ Robin Skeates, Neolithic stamps: Cultural Patterns, Processes and Potencies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17, 2007/2, 185
  16. ↑ María del Carmen Cruz de Mercadal, Teresa Delgado Darias, Javier Velasco Vázquez: Pintaderas del Museo Canario . El Museo Canario, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 2013, ISBN 978-84-695-6874-3 , p. 28 (Spanish, [2] [accessed March 23, 2017]).
  17. ↑ Budja, M., 2003. Seals, contracts and tokens in the Balkans Early Neolithic: wherein the puzzle. Documenta Praehistorica 30, 115-30
  18. ^ Elisabeth Ruttkay, New clay stamps of the Kanzianiberg-Lasinja group. Communications of the Anthropological Society Vienna 123/124, 1993/94, 221–238
  19. ↑ Valeska Becker, Chalcolithic clay stamps from Bulgaria. Studia Praehistorica 14, 2011, 296
  20. ↑ Skeates 2011, 184, my translation Sommerx2015
  21. ↑ Budja, M., 2003. Seals, contracts and tokens in the Balkans Early Neolithic: wherein the puzzle. Documenta Praehistorica 30, 115-130.
  22. ↑ María Dolores Cámalich Massieu: Pintaderas . In: Armando del Toro García (ed.): Patrimonio histórico de Canarias, Gran Canaria . tape 3 . Dirección General de Patrimonio Histórico, Viceconsejería de Cultura y Deportes, Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deportes, Gobierno, Las Palmas 1998, ISBN 84-7947-241-3 , p. 55-57 (Spanish).
  23. ^ Soraya Jorge Godoy, Daniel Becerra Romero, Carlota Mora Chinea: ¿Decoración o simbología? Signos mágicos de la antigüedad en la cerámica pintada prehispánica de Gran Canaria . In: Francisco Morales Padrón (ed.): XV Coloquio de historia canario-americana . 2004, ISBN 84-8103-379-0 , pp. 2265-2275 (Spanish, [3] [accessed April 8, 2017]).
  24. ↑ Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 4, p. 51