Lipari

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Lipari
coat of arms
Lipari (Italy)
Lipari
Country Italy
region Sicily
Metropolitan city Messina  (ME)
Local name Lípari
Coordinates 38 ° 29 '  N , 14 ° 57'  E Coordinates: 38 ° 28 '47 "  N , 14 ° 57' 18"  E
surface 88.61 km²
Residents 12,836 (Dec. 31, 2019)
Population density 145 inhabitants / km²
Factions Alicudi, Filicudi, Panarea, Stromboli, Vulcano, Lipari: Canneto, Acquacalda, Quattropani, Pianoconte
Post Code 98055
prefix 090
ISTAT number 083041
Patron saint San Bartolomeo

Lipari is an Italian island , comune and the capital of the municipality in the autonomous region of Sicily .

The island belongs with its neighboring islands Stromboli , Salina , Vulcano , Panarea , Filicudi and Alicudi to the archipelago of the Aeolian or Lipari Islands (Italian: Isole Eolie or Isole Lipari ) in the Tyrrhenian Sea . The island is located in the metropolitan city of Messina .

local community

View from Monte Guardia to Lipari (2014)

The municipality covers an area of ​​88.61 km² and has 12,836 inhabitants (as of December 31, 2019), of which 5000 live in the capital of the same name, Lipari. The districts Alicudi , Filicudi , Panarea , Stromboli and Vulcano on the islands of the same name also belong to the municipality .

The closest communities are Santa Marina Salina , Leni and Malfa , they are all on the island of Salina .

geology

Pumice mining at Acquacalda

The island of Lipari is of volcanic origin. The formation took place in several phases, whereby both the eruption centers and the erupted material were very different. While the south of the island was formed together with the neighboring island of Vulcano and has lava domes (e.g. Monte Guardia), the west and east were created by strombolian eruptions, in the middle are the stratovolcanoes Monte Chirica (highest point on the island, 602 m) and Monte S. Angelo, and in the northeast there are the pumice deposits up to 300 m thick and two obsidian streams of Monte Pilato (476 m).

Obsidian has been mined since the Neolithic ; Finds from this period can be found all over the western Mediterranean. The white pumice deposits were mined by 2007.

history

Settlement of the island can be proven from the Middle Neolithic (approx. 5500-5000 BC). The rich deposits of obsidian and the trade with it made Lipari an important economic center in the Neolithic Age . The island's importance and wealth decreased significantly in the Copper Age and at the beginning of the Bronze Age, as on the one hand obsidian deposits were also mined on the Greek island of Melos , on the other hand, metals increasingly appeared. From around 1700/1600 BC, during the Capo Graziano culture , Lipari again played a more important role as a trading post . This is shown above all by the finds on the so-called Acropolis of Lipari from the periods of the late Capo Graziano culture (up to approx. 1430 BC) and the subsequent Milazzese culture (approx. 1430–1270 BC). They testify to contacts with traders from Mycenaean Greece and partly also from Cyprus, who stopped at Lipari as a stopover on the journey to central Italy. Lipari also had ties to Malta.

Around 1270 BC The settlements on Lipari, like those on the other Aeolian Islands, fell victim to fire disasters. While the other islands apparently remained uninhabited for a long time, a new population settled on Lipari, whose culture reveals strong connections to the Italian mainland. Following the announcement, in the past would have Ausonen led by Liparos occupied the island, this culture is as Ausonische culture called. It existed until about 900 BC. When Lipari was abandoned and then remained uninhabited until the Greek colonization .

Meliguni developed in Greek times. Diodorus Siculus (Diodor) reports of a colonization of the Aeolian Islands at the time of the fiftieth Olympiad (580-576 BC) by emigrants of Greek origin from Knidos and Rhodes . The founder of the later polis , however, was the Ausone Liparos.

A specialty was supposedly the community among the residents. According to Diodorus, all property was common property. The men who were fit for work were divided into two groups: One group cultivated the land and thus secured the food supply. The other group fought at sea, defended the community against Etruscan pirates and later went on a raid themselves. The incomes of both groups were evenly distributed at Syssitien . This condition lasted until the danger from pirates was averted. This strict division of property then began to soften, first with the fixed division of Lipara, later with the redistribution of the arable land of the other islands every 20 years through a lottery procedure. This form of society was sometimes discussed in research as primordial communism . However, this opinion is highly controversial, especially since Diodorus, who wrote centuries later, is often considered unreliable.

After the Roman conquest of Lipari in the middle of the 3rd century BC. During the First Punic War , the island came under Roman rule. The Greek language was replaced by Latin in the period that followed . From the 5th to the end of the 8th century AD Lipari is attested as a late antique bishopric. The relics kept in the cathedral were venerated as the bones of St. Bartholomew .

838 Saracens attacked Lipari and destroyed u. a. the church building; they temporarily gained dominance over the Aeolian Islands and Sicily for two and a half centuries.

With the conquest of Sicily by the Normans , Lipari came under their rule in 1082. In 1131 the diocese of Lipari- Patti was re-established. In the Middle Ages and early modern times, Lipari was heavily fortified. The place Lipari was then near the cathedral. In the earthquake of 1783 the place was largely destroyed. Direct access to the castle and cathedral through the wall belt has only existed since 1939.

Like Ponza , Ventotene and the Tremiti Islands , the island of Lipari served fascism for years as the preferred deportation destination ( confino ) for thousands of anti-fascists . After Italy entered the war in June 1940, the fascist regime set up an internment camp ( campo di concentramento ) at the same location in 1941 . Shortly afterwards, the Ministry of the Interior ordered the deportation of " communist ex-Yugoslavs ". In November and December 1941, men and some women from Montenegro , Dalmatia , Albania and Slovenia arrived at Lipari. In December 1941 and June 1943 the camp was occupied by 383 and 289 inmates, respectively. A month later the camp was closed.

Cityscape and buildings

Fishing boats in the harbor and view of the castle hill
Amphorae in the Archaeological Museum in Lipari
  • The castle hill with the castle complex from the 16th century, inside the wall ring of the castle is also the cathedral of San Bartolomeo , today co- cathedral of the Archdiocese of Messina-Lipari-Santa Lucia del Mela
  • The archaeological museum , which is mostly housed in the castle, with finds from the prehistoric and early days of Lipari, inscriptions from necropolises, other departments deal with classical archeology and marine archeology, there is also a volcanological department.
  • Marina Corta with the Piazza Ugo di Sant 'Onofrio and the Anime del Purgatorio church
  • The archaeological zone outside the city

Sons and daughters

literature

  • Peter Amann: Aeolian Islands . Hiking and enjoying between Etna and Vesuvius. A travel companion. Rotpunktverlag, Zurich 2017, ISBN 978-3-85869-730-1
  • Santi Luigi Agnello: L'iscrizione di Proba. In: Luigi Bernabò Brea: Le isole Eolie dal Tardo Antico ai Normanni (= Biblioteca di Felix Ravenna. Vol. 5). Edizioni del Girasole, Ravenna 1989, ISBN 88-7567-192-3 , as an appendix.
  • Luigi Bernabò Brea : Le isole Eolie dal Tardo Antico ai Normanni (= Biblioteca di Felix Ravenna. Vol. 5). Edizioni del Girasole, Ravenna 1998, ISBN 88-7567-192-3 .
  • Wolfgang Krönig: Sul complesso architettonico normanno contiguo alla Cattedrale di Lipari. In: Archivio Storico Siracusano. NS Vol. 5, 1978/1979, ISSN  0044-8737 , pp. 91-99.
  • Roland Zoss : The island behind the moon. An Aeolian tale. 2nd edition Licorne, Murten 2002, ISBN 3-85654-853-X , also e-book in English and French.
  • Hans Pichler: Italian volcanic areas III - Lipari, Vulcano, Stromboli, Tyrrhenian Sea. (= Collection of Geological Guides 69 ). Verlag Gebr. Borntraeger, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-443-15052-7 .

Web links

Commons : Lipari  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Statistiche demografiche ISTAT. Monthly population statistics of the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica , as of December 31 of 2019.
  2. ↑ Maria Amalia Mastelloni: Tracciare le linee, dividere il territorio. Lo spazio suddiviso e la fondazione di alcune apoikiai d'Occidente. In: Thiasos 5, Supplement 2, 2016, p. 7.
  3. ↑ this and the following largely based on: Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri : The Bronze Age in Sicily . In: Harry Fokkens, Anthony Harding (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook often the European Bronze Age . Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 658-664; Moses I. Finley : Ancient Sicily . Beck, Munich 1979, p. 26ff.
  4. ↑ Diod. 5.7-11. See Diodorus Siculus. Greek world history. Book IX , trans. by Gerhard Wirth, Stuttgart 1993.
  5. ↑ Stefan Link: Lipara, the prey state. In: Laverna 13, 2002, pp. 45-55.
  6. ↑ Carlo Spartaco Capogreco, I Campi del duce. L'internamento civile nell'Italia fascista (1940-1943) , Torino 2004 (Einaudi), pp. 245-246.