Cloth factory Müller

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LVR-Industriemuseum Tuchfabrik Müller
Tuchfabrik Mueller general view Hauptgebauede.jpg

Inner courtyard and main building (1801) of the cloth factory
Data
place Euskirchen , Germany Coordinates: 50 ° 38 ′ 56.9 ″  N , 6 ° 49 ′ 23.9 ″  EWorld icon
Art
Industrial museum, textile museum
opening 2000
Number of visitors (annually) approx. 28,000
operator
Regional Association of Rhineland
Website
ISIL DE-MUS-989215

The LVR-Industriemuseum Tuchfabrik Müller is a museum location of the decentralized LVR-Industriemuseum in Euskirchen - Kuchenheim . The museum shows a fully preserved full cloth factory with machinery from the early 20th century . Essential production steps are shown with the historical machines in demonstration operation.

The cloth factory Müller is the anchor point of the European route of industrial culture and the central point of the wool route .

history

The historical ensemble with the warehouse and business house (front left) and the machine and boiler house including the chimney (front right). Aerial photo 2012
Steam engine from 1903
Look into the weaving mill

The Müller cloth factory worked with machinery from around 1900 until it was closed in 1961. At the beginning of the 1960s, the owner Kurt Müller was forced to stop production because he no longer received enough orders. However, he hoped that he would be able to resume production and received the entire factory equipment - as it was left on the last day of operation. In the following time, the facility fell into a " slumber " that lasted a good 20 years.

In the early 1980s, conservationists discovered the ensemble as a testament to technological and social history. Due to the authentic tradition of the entire factory ensemble, the cloth factory was soon referred to as a “stroke of luck in the (...) Rhenish-Westphalian industrial history” and a “monument of national standing” and placed under monument protection. In 1988, the Rhineland Regional Council took over the factory in order to turn it into a location for the decentralized Rhenish Industrial Museum (now the LVR Industrial Museum), which was then being built.

In this way, the entire ensemble of buildings of the cloth factory remained almost untouched for posterity: the factory building from 1801, the machine and boiler house, the entrepreneur's house, the wool and cloth warehouse, the office, the steam boiler, the steam engine, the power transmission via transmission shafts and - belts and the approx. 60 large machines for producing woolen cloth. The kitchen garden and the orchard, which are directly adjacent to the factory complex and were cultivated by the entrepreneurial family, have also been preserved.

The machine park reflects "almost lexically the ... textile machine production of the first three decades of the 20th century". The complete tradition is also remarkable. “There is nowhere in Europe such a completely preserved factory (...) from the turn of the century. Everything has been preserved. ”In addition to the machines,“ almost the entire workplace inventory ”remained: materials, spools of thread, tools, self-made aids, spare parts, signs, notes from the workers, work instructions on the walls. Personal belongings of the workers were also found at the workplaces and in the lockers: for example coffee cups, combs, hand brushes, shards of mirrors, headache tables, cigarette boxes, a worn shoe. All of these inventory parts contribute significantly to the special appearance and monument quality of the cloth factory, which is not only nourished by the buildings and the large machines, but also from the entire ensemble with a total of over 5000 inventory parts. In this dense tradition, the simple and supposedly unimportant everyday objects take on a special meaning because they have a "testimony to historically lost working methods" and thus contribute significantly to the expressiveness of the object.

The history of the cloth factory was first meticulously documented as part of a research project relating to the technology, the work and the inventory. In 2000, after extensive but careful restoration, the museum opened the factory for museum visitors as the last location of the decentralized LVR industrial museum. The aim of the museum presentation was "to completely preserve the factory in its unique overall context and to explain and supplement the historical inventory only very cautiously and directly in relation to the object." In terms of construction and restoration, the museum endeavored to preserve the condition of the previous year of operation, 1961 and restore if necessary. The machines and all inventory parts are presented in the same place and in the condition of the last day of operation. The "collection of the exhibits and their arrangement was, so to speak, determined by history itself."

Technology of the cloth factory

Production of roving in the carding shop
Cloth press in the final finish

The cloth factory Müller was a typical small full cloth factory. She was referring washed wool and put it woolen cloths for civilian use, but also for uniforms ago. Streichgarntücher are robust, loden - or tweed-like woolen cloth, which still after weaving fulled be. This makes the cloth thicker. The wool fibers combine to form a particularly robust and hard-wearing surface. The cloth factory shipped the finished cloth to cloth dealers, department stores, and clothing factories.

The production technology procured around 1900 has hardly been modernized. The attempt to electrify the factory failed in the 1920s. Therefore, the drive via the steam engine and the shafts and belts of the transmission remained in place until the factory was closed in 1961.

The following production units and facilities for carded yarn production have been preserved and can be viewed to this day:

  • Machine house ( steam boiler and steam engine )
  • Dyeing (dyeing of wool)
  • Mining (loosening, cleaning and mixing of the wool)
  • Carding (production of roving)
  • Spinning mill (yarn production from roving)
  • Weaving preparation (twisting, Kettschären warping (making the warp ), glues the chain)
  • Weaving (manufacture of the fabric)
  • Wet finishing (washing, fulling , roughening the cloth)
  • Piece dyeing (dyeing of the cloth, to achieve an even dyeing, e.g. for uniform cloth)
  • Drying equipment (finishing or final treatment of the cloth: knobs, steaming , shearing , pressing, decatizing )
  • Final inspection with hanging devices and nap tables.
  • Office and cloth warehouse

Reactivation of historic machines and demonstration operations

Reactivated spinning machine

Some of the central machines have been restored to working order and are regularly running as part of demonstration operations:

  • the "steam engine" (Otto Recke, Rheydt, 1903)
  • the " Krempelwolf " (Oscar Schimmel & Co. A. G., Chemnitz, 1898)
  • a " card set " (C. E. Schwalbe, Werdau, 1913)
  • a " self-actuator " for spinning (Oscar Schimmel, Chemnitz, 1897)
  • four " looms " (including the company Sächsische Webstuhlfabrik, formerly Louis Schönherr, Chemnitz, company Großenhainer loom and machine factory, Großenhain)

In the demonstration operation on the reactivated machines, products are manufactured that are sold or further processed: wool fleece , wool yarn, wool cloth. From this "Müller cloth" z. B. blankets, hats, coats and jackets made. The following machines are also working again, but are usually not demonstrated during the public tours: the twisting machine (company Peter Thieron Sohn, Eupen, 1919) and the warp warping machine (company Sächsische Loomfabrik, formerly Louis Schönherr , Chemnitz, 1907).

In addition to the maintenance of the machines, the museum sees an essential task in the preservation of the (non-representational) knowledge that is required to keep the historical textile technology in operation. First, the former employees were questioned in detail about the historical work processes, working conditions and working circumstances.

The practical knowledge for the operation of the historical machines (operation, adjustment, maintenance, repair) was also developed by the museum technicians on the machines - almost comparable to the process of experimental archeology . This knowledge is continuously expanded in a "learning-by-doing" process and passed on to new employees in the museum.

Regular demonstrations and explanations of the machines for visitors help the public on site to understand how these machines work.

Another step in imparting knowledge about the function of historical technology consists in the film documentation of central steps in woolen cloth manufacture and the drive system. These films are not site-specific and show ideally essential techniques of a historical cloth factory.

Restoration concept

Old dye recipes could be saved on a door.

The aim of the restoration of the building and the inventory was to restore the cloth factory to the state it was in when it closed in 1961. Only changes and signs of decay that occurred after 1961 should be traced back. If repairs or renewals were necessary, these were carried out strictly according to historical models in terms of material and design. Where modern installations and additions were essential for demonstration operations and the safety of visitors, they were highlighted in color to make them recognizable as an intervention.

For the restoration of the machines, the restoration concept resulted in three states in which the machines were put

  • Standstill condition: machines that were shut down before 1961 and that were only used as spare parts stores, for example, were cleaned of construction debris, but not of rust and decay. In this case, the restorers were instructed to ignore damage or missing parts, precisely because they also document the state of non-use.
  • Operational condition: Objects used up to the decommissioning, however, have been restored to a well-maintained condition. This meant thorough cleaning and derusting, especially those areas that were clean and bare during operation. Old surfaces and paints, improvisations and makeshift solutions were left as they were. Damage caused by the long standstill, such as rotten wood or moth damage, was carefully repaired.
  • Reactivated state: Some central machines have been put back into operation. As little as possible intervention in the machines is made. The proportion of replaced parts that are kept as documents relating to the company's history is between two and five percent and is mostly limited to wearing parts.

Museum concept

Since it was the intention of the museum to put the “factory cosmos” at the center of a realistic presentation, all museum interventions were designed cautiously. The most important information medium is the oral tour, which is supplemented by demonstrations on the historical machines, which is part of every visit to the cloth factory.

Text boards, showcases and modern media only play a subordinate and supportive role in the cloth factory: Brief excerpts from interviews with former workers on individual machines and items of inventory provide information on the workflow and operational life. Wooden hands with tools and work materials on the card set symbolize, for example, the daily tasks and tasks on this machine. A model of the complex transmission system illustrates the historical power transmission from the steam engine to the production machines via shafts and belts.

The classification in the economic and socio-historical context takes place with a small exhibition in the former living rooms of the Müller family opposite, in which pictures and objects are shown on the company history, from the everyday life of the employees and on the history and crisis of the Rhenish cloth industry. There you can find out what it looked like in other, larger, more modern cloth mills, and the reasons and consequences of the death of many cloth mills in the region are analyzed there.

In 2017, the museum furnishings of the cloth factory Müller from 2000 received a media addition. In the factory building, sound and image recordings support the effect of the historical machine park. In the adjoining building, an architectural model explains the entire facility. Two audio stations offer stories and information about everyday factory life and the history of the regional cloth industry.

The fundamental decision to keep the cloth factory in as authentic a condition as possible gave rise to the need for a supplementary new museum building for the modern museum functions. In the upstream new building - on the area of ​​the former Jacob Koenen cloth factory (1808 to 1982) - changing special exhibitions of the museum on cultural-historical topics can be seen. There are also rooms for the modern museum functions from museum education, the museum cash desk, the museum shop, the cafeteria to the building services and administration.

Historical development

From the paper mill (1801) to textile processing

Letterhead from the Müller cloth factory, around 1910

The oldest of the buildings in the ensemble that still exist today date from 1801. At that time, the Fingerhut brothers had a grain mill on the Kuchenheimer Erftmühlenbach demolished in order to build a paper mill there. They erected a spacious factory building with a mansard hipped roof - the sheets of paper could be hung up to dry under the spacious roof structure. In 1843 the Fingerhut brothers had to give up production because of the water that was too polluted for paper production and the competition with modern machines.

The plant was then used as a wool spinning mill and a wool laundry. Step by step, various owners expanded the spinning mill into a full cloth factory, in which all cloth production processes took place under one roof: from preparing the loose wool to shipping the finished material. The first steam engine was installed in 1860 because the water power of the stream was no longer sufficient for the production of cloths. With the expansion of production, an office and a cloth warehouse became necessary, which was built opposite the cloth factory in 1867 and soon expanded to include a residential building. Together with the L-shaped factory building, the buildings form the still characteristic inner courtyard of the cloth factory.

The Müller era (1894–1961)

Box of yarns from production until 1961 that have been preserved

In 1894, Ludwig Müller bought the cloth factory and modernized the entire machine park. In 1903 Müller bought a new steam engine, and in 1913 a new Francis turbine , which from then on together powered the transmission . The last extension was the construction of a shed hall in 1922/23 , in which the spinning mill was located.

Müller only produced carded yarn , a very durable and robust woolen material. Up until the First World War , the cloth factory enjoyed a stable boom and supplied cloth shops and department stores throughout Germany, including Wertheim , Karstadt and Peek & Cloppenburg . At the same time, Müller succeeded in getting into uniform cloth production by initially supplying the navy and army with cloths. Over time, the Müller Tuchfabrik became more specialized in uniform fabrics.

Ludwig Müller died in 1929 and his son Kurt Müller took over the factory. From now on there was hardly any further modernization of the factory; Attempts at electrification also failed. In 1942 the Müller cloth factory had to close because the Nazi regime sought to rationalize and concentrate cloth production in times of war.

Production picked up again in 1947; initially with yarn, a year later with cloth production again. However, the company did not reach the prime of earlier years; The majority of the production was made up of smaller uniform orders (for example for local transport companies, the German Red Cross and the Federal Border Guard ).

Closure of the factory (1961)

A wall calendar hanging in the weaving mill shows the sheet of the last week in operation in the summer of 1961.

Problems for the continued maintenance of the factory became apparent even in the post-war period. Ultimately, various reasons can be identified for the closure of many small woolen cloth factories around 1960.

  • New competition from the EEC : In the post-war period, economics minister Ludwig Erhard saw the liberalization of the markets, which found its clearest expression with the entry into force of the European Economic Community in 1958. The German cloth mills now had to face not only unfamiliar national but also European competition. The attempt by some Euskirchen cloth manufacturers through petitions to the Federal Chancellor, Finance Minister and Economic Committee to work towards punitive tariffs for Italian woolen goods was unsuccessful. The cloth industry was "sacrificed" in favor of other industries that benefited from the free economic space.
  • Changed consumer behavior : In times of the economic miracle , the long-lasting carded yarn cloths in muted colors that the Müller cloth factory produced were no longer in demand. Consumers wanted inexpensive, fashionable, colorful fabrics. The cloth industry of the Italian Prato grew up to the strongest competition: instead of the expensive new wool it used the cheaper and lower quality shredded wool , which was woven in fashionable patterns and colors. In addition, the raw material wool went out of fashion and cotton and man-made fibers increasingly conquered the clothing market. Instead of trousers and wool coats, people now wore jeans and parkas.
  • Low wages in other countries : In Italy they worked in a publishing system in which most of the work was done by homeworkers. These worked as independent small businesses, so no social security contributions had to be paid and collective agreements had to be adhered to. Because of this “ social dumping ”, the working hour there was around a quarter cheaper. The German cloth industry resisted by trying to sharpen the consumer's sense of quality (for example with the wool seal Tessuti crop.jpg) and modernizing the processing steps with new machines.
  • Lack of modernization : Small firms could not afford the financial effort to modernize. At the Müller cloth factory, the factory building, which had been built to meet the requirements of a paper mill, also made modernization difficult. In addition, there was the lack of electrification of the factory - until the last working day, all machines were powered by the steam engine and the transmission system.

In 1961 Kurt Müller closed the factory due to a lack of orders before the company suffered major losses. Hoping to be able to put the factory back into operation at some point, Müller looked after the machines and left the factory in its old condition until the Landschaftsverband Rheinland discovered the cloth factory in the 1980s, took it over and took care of its preservation and museum presentation began.

Museum activities

Special exhibitions

The LVR-Industriemuseum Euskirchen regularly shows special exhibitions, in particular on social and cultural history. One focus of the exhibition is (together with the LVR-Industriemuseum Ratingen) the cultural history of clothing. Previous special exhibitions

  • People make clothes (2002)
  • Clothes make the man (2003)
  • Euskirchen Economic History (2003/2004)
  • Meal Times (2004/2005)
  • The woman in white (2005/2006)
  • Body and clothes since 1850 (2006/2007)
  • Bedtime. (On the cultural history of sleep and dream) (2007/2008)
  • In the magic of the night - evening dresses from two centuries (2008/2009)
  • Lingerie - 150 years of underwear cultural history (2009/2010)
  • The main thing is a hat. 150 years of hat history (2010–2012)
  • Shine and horror. Fashion in the " Third Reich " (10 / 2013–12 / 2014)
  • The pepita virus. Production and distribution of a fabric sample. (June 21, 2015– April 3, 2016)
  • City, country, garden. On the cultural history of the kitchen garden. (May 8 - December 18, 2016)
  • Is that possible? (February 5 - December 17, 2017)
  • The world in miniature - construction sets from the Griebel collection. (May 13th - December 2nd, 2018)
  • Myth of the New Woman. Fashion between the German Empire, World War I and the Republic. (February 17 - November 17, 2019)

Museum education

In cooperation with independent museum educators, the museum offers offers for children and young people of all school types and ages. The spectrum ranges from felt workshops and the commissioning of model steam engines to tours of discovery through the factory and ecological projects on the Erftmühlenbach. For adults there are daily public tours through the factory where the historical textile machines are demonstrated.

The Mottenburg museum guest house and the remains of the Upper Castle

Mottenburg museum guest house

The museum guest house "Mottenburg" also belongs to the LVR industrial museum. It is made of bricks ( field fire bricks ) from the former Jacob Koenen cloth factory next to the remains of the medieval Upper Castle in Kuchenheim and the remains of a moth . As an out-of-school learning location, it offers children and young people an intensive insight into industrial and social history and the opportunity to stay for several days.

Rhenish wool market

Shortly after the LVR took over the factory building, the Wollmarkt was established in 1990. It takes place annually on the first Sunday in June on the premises of the museum, the adjoining museum guest house Mottenburg and around the Kuchenheim church. The market with almost 10,000 visitors annually, offers not only an animal show by the Rhenish sheep breeders, but primarily textile arts and crafts, handmade goods with a sustainable character and a variety of products made from wool, sheep's milk, etc.

literature

  • Andreas Dix: Industrialization and water use. A historical-geographical environmental history of the Ludwig Müller cloth factory in Kuchenheim (=  Rheinisches Industriemuseum, contributions to industrial and social history . Volume 7 ). Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1997, ISBN 978-3-7927-1600-7 .
  • Bettina Bab: Cloth factory Müller. Place of work - monument - museum . Ed .: Landschaftsverband Rheinland / Rheinisches Industriemuseum (=  Rheinisches Industriemuseum, small series . Issue 17). Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1997, ISBN 3-7927-1624-0 .
  • Landschaftsverband Rheinland / Rheinisches Industriemuseum Euskirchen (Hrsg.): Memorabilia of a factory world. The Müller cloth factory . Catalog of the Rheinisches Industriemuseum Euskirchen (=  Rheinisches Industriemuseum, writings . Volume 19 ). Klartext Verlag, Essen 2000, ISBN 3-88474-900-5 .
  • Landschaftsverband Rheinland / LVR-Industriemuseum (Ed.): Cloth factory Müller. A tour . Self-published, Euskirchen 2013, ISBN 978-3-945060-00-1 (with the comic Jakob rocks the cloth factory ).
  • Detlef Stender: At the end of an era. The closure of the Müller cloth factory in the face of structural change in the industry . In: Rainer Wirtz (ed.): Industrialization, de-industrialization, museumization? (=  Rheinisches Industriemuseum, contributions to industrial and social history . Volume 8 ). Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1998, ISBN 3-7927-1702-6 , p. 98-126 . , online
  • Detlef Stender: Cloth factory Müller, Euskirchen. Work on a factory world . In: Industrial monuments present themselves: Three locations of the Rheinisches Industriemuseum (=  Rheinisches Industriemuseum, Schriften . Volume 18 ). Klartext Verlag, Essen 2000, ISBN 3-88474-902-1 , p. 31-51 . , online
  • Detlef Stender: Leave the chimney in the village. Preservation of monuments as a museum concept: The Müller cloth factory in Euskirchen . In: Hartmut John, Ira Manzoni (ed.): Industrial and technical museums in transition. Perspectives and location assessments . Bielefeld 2005, ISBN 3-89942-268-6 , p. 53-70 . , online
  • Clemens Frhr. v. Fürstenberg: 150 years of the Jacob Koenen cloth factory in Kuchenheim . In: Local calendar of the Euskirchen district 1961 . Euskirchen 1960, p. 167-169 ( wisoveg.de ).

Web links

Commons : Tuchfabrik Mueller  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Hermann Eckstein: A monument of national standing . In: Kölnische Rundschau . February 26, 1985.
  2. ↑ Karl Goebel: Time stopped at Erftmühlenbach . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . March 23, 1985.
  3. ↑ a b Landschaftsverband Rheinland / Rheinisches Industriemuseum Euskirchen (ed.): Memorabilia of a factory world. The Müller cloth factory . Catalog of the Rheinisches Industriemuseum Euskirchen. Food 2000.
  4. ↑ Axel Föhl: Buildings of industry and technology in North Rhine-Westphalia. Berlin 2000, p. 134.
  5. ^ Roland Günter: Visiting an Age. Industrial culture in North Rhine-Westphalia. Essen 2001, p. 161.
  6. ↑ a b Norbert Lambert: The stuff of which traditions are made. The Müller cloth factory in Euskirchen-Kuchenheim. Factory, monument, museum? In: Culture & Technology . No. 2 , 1993, p. 52-56 .
  7. ↑ Memorabilia from a factory world. 2000.
  8. ^ Lambert: The stuff of which traditions are made. P. 53.
  9. ↑ a b c d Detlef Stender: Cloth factory Müller, Euskirchen. Work on a factory world . In: Industrial monuments present themselves: Three locations of the Rheinisches Industriemuseum (=  Rheinisches Industriemuseum, Schriften . Volume 18 ). Food 2000.
  10. ↑ a b Detlef Stender: Leave the chimney in the village. Preservation of monuments as a museum concept: The Müller cloth factory in Euskirchen . In: Hartmut John, Ira Manzoni (ed.): Industrial and technical museums in transition. Perspectives and location assessments . Bielefeld 2005, p. 53-70, 63 .
  11. ^ Andreas Dix: Industrialization and water use. A historical-geographical environmental history of the Ludwig Müller cloth factory in Kuchenheim. Cologne 1997.
  12. ↑ Norbert Lambert, Bettina Bouresh, Martina Wirtz: Work in memory. Experience with oral history in the reconstruction of an old factory. One method and its limits . In: Archive advice center of the Rhineland Regional Association (Hrsg.): Oral history in the Rhineland (=  archive books . Volume 22 ). Cologne 1991, p. 173-187} .
  13. ↑ Kornelius Götz: On the Art of Conserving a Factory . In: Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties (Ed.): Conservation of Industrial Collections . S. 77-89 .
  14. ↑ Markus Krause: Making the industrial monument “speak”. Basics of the museum concept . In: Landschaftsverband Rheinland (Ed.): Tuchfabrik Müller. Place of work - monument - museum . S. 100–111 (here p. 100).
  15. ↑ Detlef Stender: Communication instead of text. For information transfer in the industrial museum and monument "Tuchfabrik Müller" . In: Stiftung Zollverein (Ed.): What future do museums of work have? Presentation of history of work in the museum . Essen 2002, p. 71-75 .
  16. ↑ Vision 2020 for the cloth factory Müller , guided tours in the LVR industrial museum are made more lively with new media, March 10, 2017
  17. ↑ Detlef Stender: paper manufacture - cloth factory - industrial museum. The factory history in fast motion . In: Cloth factory Müller. Place of work - monument - museum . S. 24–31, here p. 28 f .
  18. ↑ Monika Wilhelm: Eight cloth factories hit with a stone's throw. On the history of the Euskirchen cloth industry . In: Cloth factory Müller. Place of work - monument - museum . S. 14-23 .
  19. ↑ Detlef Stender: At the end of an epoch, The closure of the cloth factory Müller in the structural change of the branch . In: Rainer Wirtz (ed.): Industrialization, de-industrialization, museumization? (=  Rheinisches Industriemuseum, contributions to industrial and social history . Volume 8 ). Cologne 1998, p. 98-126, pp. 98 f .
  20. ^ Regional Association of Rhineland. Rheinisches Industriemuseum (Ed.): People make clothes. Life stories, jobs, “good pieces” / clothes make the man. Bourgeois fashions of the 19th century . Euskirchen / Ratingen (exhibition catalog).
  21. ↑ "Meal Times". Eifel table scenes from 100 years . Book accompanying the traveling exhibition of the Eifel museums working group. Cologne 2002.
  22. ^ Regional Association of Rhineland. Rheinisches Industriemuseum (Ed.): Juniper, potatoes and crayfish. From eating and drinking in the Eifel . Accompanying book in six volumes for the joint exhibition "Matters of Taste". tape 5 . Essen 2004.
  23. ^ Friends and sponsors of the Cromford Industrial Museum e. V. (Ed.): The woman in white . Exhibition catalog. Ratingen 1999.
  24. ^ Regional Association of Rhineland. Rheinisches Industriemuseum (Ed.): Charm and shame. An exhibition at two locations of the Rheinisches Industriemuseum: Lingerie . 150 years of cultural history of underwear (Ratingen scene) / clothes and bodies since 1850 (Euskirchen scene). Euskirchen / Ratingen 2006.
  25. ↑ a b Landschaftsverband Rheinland, Rheinisches Industriemuseum (Hrsg.): Nacht.aktiv. Between day and dream . Book accompanying the joint exhibition at six locations. Food 2007.
  26. ^ Regional Association Westphalia-Lippe / Regional Association Rhineland (ed.): Hut & Co. 150 years of hat history (s) . Bocholt 2007.
  27. ^ Regional Association of Rhineland / LVR-Industriemuseum Ratingen (ed.): Shine and gray. Fashion in the “Third Reich” . Ratingen 2012.
  28. ↑ Tuchmacher Museum Bramsche (ed.): The Pepita virus. Production & distribution of a fabric sample . Bramsche 2012.
  29. ↑ LVR-Industriemuseum (Ed.): City, Country, Garden, On the cultural history of the kitchen garden . Bergisch Gladbach / Euskirchen 2015.
  30. ↑ Cloth factory Jacob Koenen in Kuchenheim - history (PDF)