Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge
Coordinates: 40 ° 36 '24 " N , 74 ° 2' 38" W.
 Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge
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| use | Road bridge | |
| Convicted | Interstate 278 | |
| Subjugated | Hudson River | |
| place | Staten Island / Brooklyn , New York City , USA | |
| Entertained by | Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority | |
| construction | two-story suspension bridge | |
| overall length | 2039 m | |
| width | 31 m | |
| Longest span | 1298 m | |
| height | 211 m | |
| Clear height | 69.8 m | |
| start of building | 1959 | |
| opening | November 21, 1964 | |
| planner | Ammann & Whitney | |
| toll | toll | |
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The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge is a two-story suspension bridge that connects the New York boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn across the Narrows Strait . The strait spanned by the bridge separates the sheltered Upper New York Bay , which extends as far as Manhattan , from the Lower New York Bay, which lies seaward .
Its span between the pylons of 1298 m is 18 m larger than that of the Golden Gate Bridge . The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge was therefore the longest suspension bridge in the world from its completion in 1964 until it was replaced by the Humber Bridge in 1981 . Since 2012 it is still the twelfth longest suspension bridge in the world and still the longest in America .
Surname
The bridge is named after the Italian navigator da Verrazzano Giovanni designated to the service of the French in 1524 King Francis I was the first European, the New York Bay and the Hudson River reached. New Yorkers often refer to the bridge as the Verrazzano Bridge or simply The Verrazzano .
New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller signed a law in March 1960 that officially changed the name of the Narrows Bridge to Verrazano-Narrows Bridge . The naming was not contradicted until 1963, until the assassination of President John F. Kennedy , which followed a series of proposals to name structures, monuments and buildings in the United States after the late president. A petition to rename the Verrazano Bridge to Kennedy received thousands of signatures. LaCorte then contacted the President's brother, United States Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , who told LaCorte that he would see to it that the bridge kept the Verrazano name. Therefore, the Idlewild Airport in Queens was renamed after Kennedy.
Based in part on discrimination against Italian-Americans, the bridge's official name has been largely ignored by local news outlets in the years following its dedication. Some radio announcers and newspapers called the bridge "Narrows Bridge" or "Brooklyn-Staten Island Bridge".
Since the navigator's name was Verrazzano , the governor of the state of New York Andrew Cuomo signed a law by which the bridge will be renamed Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge from October 1, 2018 . This was preceded by public discussions about a costly change in signage. Since then the official name of the bridge has been spelled with two 'z'. The name on traffic signs will be corrected over the next few years if they are routinely changed.
description
General
The bridge is owned by the City of New York and is operated by the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority , which acts as the MTA Bridges and Tunnels . The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, as part of Interstate 278, is one of the most important connections in the extensive network of city highways in the New York metropolitan area . On the Brooklyn side, the bridge merges into Belt Parkway and the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway , and on the Staten Island side into the Staten Island Expressway . It is a toll road towards Staten Island . The MTA has emphatically contradicted the modern myth that toll payments will end when the bridge has been paid off.
The double-decker bridge has six lanes on both levels, divided into three lanes for each direction of travel. Around 190,000 vehicles cross it every day. Bicycles and pedestrians are not allowed. However, since 1976 it has been the start of the New York City Marathon . Efforts have been made since around 1993 to insert a footpath and cycle path in the space between the suspension cables. In 2013, the MTA committed to include a feasibility study in its long-term financial plan.
Their overall length, which is regularly reported as 4176 m (13700 ft ), includes the 1,310 m (4300 ft) long driveways between the bridge and 92nd Street in Brooklyn and the approximately 1,100 m (3,600 ft) driveway between Fingerboard Road and the bridge on Staten Island a.
The length of the bridge between the anchor blocks is 2039 m (6690 ft), divided into the span of the main opening of 1298 m (4260 ft) and the relatively short spans of the side openings of 370 m (1215 ft). The deck girders are 31 m wide. The anchor blocks are 40 m (130 ft) high, 49 m (160 ft) wide and 91 m (300 ft) long concrete blocks.
Technical details
The 211 m high pylons stand on granite-clad concrete foundations that extend 32 and 52 m deep into the ground. Due to the curvature of the earth and the large span of 1298 m, the pylons are approx. 4 cm larger at the top than at the base. Its full-walled steel shafts have a cross-section of 15 × 11 m (49 × 36 ft) at the base and consist of 92 vertical cells with a cross-section of 1.06 × 1.06 m, which are arranged in overlapping rectangles. Up to the pylon head, the shafts taper to 52 cells. All cells are accessible, in each shaft there is an elevator up to the pylon head. The shafts are only connected in the uppermost area by a high, portal-like bar and below the road girder by a cross bar, which also consist of individual cells. The shafts and the portal bolt are slightly profiled for architectural reasons. Around the pylon foundations, large walls of boulders were piled up at a distance of a few meters, which serve as ship deflectors .
The bridge has four suspension cables, each 91.44 cm thick, two on each side of the girder. They have a sag of 1/11 the span of the main opening. The suspension cables are parallel wire ropes produced on the bridge using the air-jet process . Each of the cables consists of 26,108 individual, 5 mm thick galvanized wires . 428 wires were combined into 61 strands, which were arranged in a hexagonal profile and formed into round suspension cables by hydraulic presses and then coated to prevent corrosion.
The carriageway girder consists of conventionally constructed steel lattice girders , which are subdivided for the main opening and the side openings and suspended from the pylons on pendulum rods. Their width is 31.40 m between the cable pairs. The upper deck is 23.80 m wide, the lower one has two lanes of 11.30 m each. The height of the deck girders between the middle of the upper and lower chords is 7.31 m. Together with two wind braces, they form a torsion- resistant box girder . Due to the height of the girder due to the two floors, the width required for the six lanes and its own weight, the girder has the required rigidity without having to take special precautions against vibrations caused by the wind. Contrary to the construction method customary in America until then, the individual sections of the deck girder were not hung on the pylons, but first with the middle section. The pavement beam, which is slightly curved upwards, facilitates its expansion due to temperature; its height above the water can change by up to 3.6 m between summer and winter due to the temperature-related change in the lengths of the suspension cables and hangers. The roadway itself consists of a concrete slab on a steel grating.
According to the nautical chart, the clearance at the pillars is 55.8 m and in the middle 69.8 m. On the middle 609.6 meters of the carriageway, the clearance is greater than 66.2 m. It is 1.2 m higher than the Golden Gate Bridge , but over 9 m lower at the pillars. The longitudinal slope of the roadway on the Verrazzano Narrows Bridge is therefore much greater. The Queen Mary 2 was equipped because of the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge with a relatively short stack so that remain between him and the bridge is usually still about 4 m.
history
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The first ideas to replace the time-consuming and weather-dependent ferry traffic with a fixed link go back to 1888 when a railway tunnel was proposed. A monumental steel arch bridge proposed in 1910 with a span of 762 m (2500 ft) and a clearance height of almost 80 m failed due to opposition from the Navy, which feared that the rubble of a bridge destroyed in the war would damage the port of New York and the shipyard Navy in Brooklyn could block. A subway tunnel was started in the 1920s but abandoned because of the cost. A suspension bridge proposed by David B. Steinman in 1926 was never implemented, as were later tunnel projects. The Great Depression and the Second World War ended all further planning.
In 1946, Robert Moses , head of the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA), began campaigning for a suspension bridge that was cheaper than a tunnel solution. In the 1950s, Moses initiated a joint study by the TBTA and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , in 1955 the construction of the Throgs Neck Bridge , the execution of the second level of the George Washington Bridge and a suspension bridge over the Narrows similar to that later built was proposed. The construction of the bridge in New York was not without controversy, as several blocks had to be cleared for the extensive access roads on the Brooklyn side of the bridge. In addition, the coastal fortification Fort Lafayette , built in 1812 on a headland on the edge of Brooklyn, had to be demolished because it stood in the way of the pillars of the bridge access. In 1957, the permits to build the bridge and purchase the necessary land were finally granted. The actual building permit was issued in 1959.
Ammann & Whitney , the office of the 80-year-old Swiss-American civil engineer Othmar Ammann , who had already planned a number of the New York bridges, including the George Washington Bridge, was commissioned with the planning . A committee made up of the three well-known architects Aymar Embury II, JB Perkin and Edward Durell Stone was appointed to advise him on the architectural design of the pylons and anchor blocks.
Construction lasted from 1959 to 1964 and cost $ 320 million. At peak times, around 1,000 people were working on the bridge at the same time; added up over the construction period, it was around 12,000 people. 142,000 t of structural steel , 25,000 t of reinforcing steel and 436,000 m³ of concrete were used for the bridge .
The opening took place on November 21, 1964. As planned from the outset, the bridge initially only had the upper deck in the stiffening girder, which was already at full height for aerodynamic and economic reasons, but was prepared to receive a second deck later. According to the original estimate of traffic development, this was planned for 1975. In fact, this lower floor had to be added back in 1969.
In 2009, the previous mercury vapor lamps along the suspension cables and the road surface were replaced by LED lamps with significantly lower power consumption.
In March 2015, MTA started to install lighter orthotropic plates in the upper deck as the basis for the roadway, which are imported from China.
toll
The bridge is subject to a toll . The costs for this in 2018, for a two-axle car, amount to 17.00 US dollars for payment on account or 11.52 US dollars with the E-ZPass . Like all bridges in New York City, the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge has been "cashless" since 2017. This means that it is no longer possible to pay the toll directly. If there is no E-Z passport in the vehicle, an invoice will be sent to the owner of the vehicle.
In culture
The bridge is, among other things, the setting in the feature films
- Saturday Night Fever by John Badham (alternate title: Saturday Night Only ) from 1977,
- Requiem for a Dream by US director Darren Aronofsky from 2000 and
- The Tree of Life by Terrence Malick from 2011.
literature
- Gay Talese : The Bridge. In Frank Sinatra has a cold. Two thousand and one , Frankfurt am Main 2009, ISBN 978-3-86150-910-3
- Gay Talese: The Bridge . Walker, New York 2003
Individual evidence
- ↑ Cuomo finally fixes a 50-year-old typo. New York Post, October 1, 2018, accessed October 2, 2018 .
- ↑ New York corrects decade-old spelling mistakes. Spiegel Online, October 2, 2018, accessed October 2, 2018 .
- ↑ a b c d e Verrazano-Narrows Bridge - Historic Overview
- ^ Anne Marie Calzolari: Urban legend about Verrazano Bridge debunked: You still gotta pay. Article from the Staten Island Advance on February 21, 2009 on silive.com
- ↑ A Greenway Plan for New York City, 1993 ( Memento of the original dated December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of NYC Planning
- ^ The Harbor Ring , a citizens' initiative
- ↑ a b c d e Othmar Ammann: The Narrows Bridge in New York. In: Steel construction , 1960, n ° 10 BC. 29, p. 297
- ↑ a b c d e Gabriel A. Pàll: The Verrazano-Narrows-Bridge - the most spanned suspension bridge in the world. In: Der Stahlbau , 1965, n ° 5 v. 34, p. 129 and n ° 7 v. 34, p. 193
- ^ Verrazano-Narrows Bridge on the MTA website
- ↑ Jerry Adler: The History of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, 50 Years After Its Construction. Smithsonian Magazine, November 2014, on Smithsonian.com
- ↑ James Barron: This Ship Is So Big, The Verrazano Cringes. The New York Times, April 18, 2004 article on nytimes.com
- ↑ For comparison: The Upper Steel Arch Bridge , the largest arch bridge at the time, had an arch 256 m wide; the largest arch bridge today is the Chaotianmen Yangtze Bridge with a span of 552 m.
- ↑ Verrazano-Narrows Bridge LED Necklace Lights Add "Green" Sparkle to New York Harbor Entrance MTA press release of October 29, 2009
- ↑ Verrazano-Narrows Bridge Upper Level Replacement Work Moves To Roadway Construction Phase Announcement of the MTA from February 27, 2015
- ↑ Verrazano-Narrows Bridge Deck Reconstruction: Contract VN80B. Video on MTA's YouTube channel
- ↑ What's the deal on Verrazano-Narrows Bridge steel? Editorial of the Staten Island Advance from June 19, 2014: The American company Tutor Perrini was commissioned , which, due to a lack of adequate American offers, commissioned the China Railway Shanhaiguan Bridge Group with the production of the plates that obtain the steel from Angang Steel Group (Ansteel) .
