Administrative management (personal, Germany)

In the Federal Republic of Germany, the management of public administration , commonly also referred to as administrative management, which directly or indirectly affects the citizen in enforcing the law, follows a strictly hierarchical principle with which one person is determined at each administrative level, the corresponding administrative organization to direct and issue instructions. Public administration does not include inwardly acting administrations, e.g. B. in hospitals, universities, companies, state parliaments ( Landtag administration ) and the Bundestag ( Bundestag administration ).

The (public) administration is carried out by the federal government , the federal states , the districts and the municipalities , also known as municipalities .

Federation

The federal ministries are all structured similarly, so that reference can be made to those of the Federal Ministry of Finance for the management structure. For the sake of simplicity, the masculine notation is used below. All posts are also open to women.

Federal Ministry of Finance

The Federal Ministry of Finance (BMF) as the highest federal authority is politically and legally led by the respective minister . As a rule, he makes the political and legal fundamental decisions in addition to the other decisions. In order to carry out its tasks, it usually uses civil servants and parliamentary state secretaries . The civil servants state secretaries each have a certain number of the currently (as of 2017) nine departments (central department, department I for financial and economic policy issues; international financial and currency policy, II for the federal budget, III for customs, sales tax and consumption taxes, IV for direct taxes , V for federal financial relations, constitutional law and legal matters, VI is outsourced (BIMA), VII for financial market policy, VIII for privatizations, participations and federal real estate, E for European policy), each headed by a department head ( ministerial director ). Each department has sub-departments, each of which is led by a sub-department head ( ministerial director ). Each sub-department has a certain number of units, which are led by a head of unit ( ministerial councilor ). Its membership includes clerk assigned, mostly from the elevated service . They are the backbone of the FOM and all other ministries. As a rule, they prepare all draft bills with regard to financial policy and other decisions on instructions.

The Federal Ministry of Finance has its own substructure. The most important substructure is the customs administration . It is one of the most profitable administrative organizations because it contributes over € 100 billion to the financing of the federal budget through taxes from consumption taxes and import sales tax . It is part of the intervention management and deals with part of the tax collection ( consumption taxes , import sales tax and customs duties ). The costs for the staff deployed to generate this sum should be less than 2% and thus be one of the cheapest administrations.

The customs administration was restructured on January 1, 2016. Until the end of 2015, Department III of the BMF (Customs, Excise Taxes, Spirits Monopoly) in Bonn was the head of the Federal Customs Administration. The customs part of Department III was largely transferred to a General Customs Directorate (GZD). It is a higher federal authority whose supervisory authority is the BMF. Its headquarters are in Bonn. It has around 7,000 employees. It replaces the previous five federal finance offices. The customs administration now only consists of the General Customs Directorate and the "operational local level", i.e. the main customs offices (HZÄ) with their customs offices (ZÄ) and the customs investigation offices (ZFÄ). The General Customs Directorate is divided into nine directorates: two central directorates and seven specialist directorates. The central and technical directorates perform the following specialist tasks:

Directorate I: Personnel / Organization / Review of the organizational structure of the HZÄ in Hamburg / Maritime Tasks, Bonn, Directorate II: Budget / Central Information / Occupational, Health and Radiation Protection / Information Technology / Technical Service / Service Center, Bonn, Directorate III: General tax law and controls, Potsdam, Directorate IV: Excise tax, traffic tax law and auditing service, Neustadt adW, Directorate V: General customs law, Hamburg, Directorate VI: Law of cross-border goods traffic / Special customs law, Nuremberg, Directorate VII: Financial control of illegal employment, Cologne, Directorate VIII: Customs Criminal Police Office, Cologne, Directorate IX: Education and Science Center, Münster.

The directorates are headed by a directorate president.

The structuring of the specialist divisions (FD) is not likely to have fundamentally changed compared to the previous federal finance divisions. In order to fulfill their tasks, they therefore use the controlling, internal auditing and public relations departments as well as two departments, namely the "Legal and Technical Supervision" department and the "Central Technical Unit". The "central specialist units" are responsible for certain specialist topics (see above). Each department is then equipped with a certain number of units, headed by a unit head, usually from the higher service (salary group A 13-15). Depending on the task, each unit has clerks from the upper and, if necessary, from the middle service . Eight employees are regarded as a reasonable management margin.

The main customs offices are then directly subordinate to the FD . You will be headed by a chief customs officer. Depending on the size and importance of the main customs office, he can, for example, be the leading government director (salary group A 16), e.g. B. the HZÄ Singen and Lörrach on the Swiss third country border. In general, the main customs office superintendent are now (as of 2012) only as part of austerity measures with a post rated A 15th The chief customs officer uses a certain number of subject areas to fulfill his tasks, which are led by subject area managers, mostly of the higher service (mostly customs officers according to grade A 13). You are then assigned clerks of the middle and upper service with a management range from eight people upwards.

Integral part of the Main Customs Office are also today customs offices . They are led by chiefs of the customs office, mostly of the higher service. Handling officers of the middle and upper service are available to them to carry out their tasks. The largest customs office with a remaining third-country road border with Switzerland is the Weil am Rhein-Autobahn of the main customs office Lörrach near Basel on the BAB 5.Switzerland is not a member of the European Union , but in terms of goods traffic only via the free trade agreement , in passenger traffic via the Linked to the Schengen Agreement .

The customs investigation offices, on the other hand, are directly subordinate to Directorate VIII = Customs Criminal Police Office . Because of the management structure of the customs investigation offices, reference can be made to that of the main customs offices.

The BMF continues to have the highest authority, otherwise the GZD. As a rule, the top officials at all levels, especially in the BMF, are lawyers.

The federal administration in general is usually limited to a central level with the highest federal authorities ( ministries ) and the higher federal authorities such as the Federal Criminal Police Office or the Federal Cartel Office . But there are also ministries with their own sub-structure (e.g. the Federal Finance Administration or the Federal Police, which is subordinate to the Federal Ministry of the Interior and which emerged from the Federal Border Guard ).

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

For the management structure, see that of the Federal Ministry of Finance. The foreign missions, i.e. embassies , permanent missions and consulates, are subordinate to the Foreign Office .

Federal Ministry of the Interior

For the management structure of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI), see that of the Federal Ministry of Finance. The Federal Criminal Police Office (Germany) and the Federal Police (Germany) are subordinate to the BMI .

Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection

For the management structure of the Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection (BMJV) see that of the Federal Ministry of Finance. The Federal Office of Justice is subordinate to the BMJV as a higher federal authority. Some of the highest federal courts belong to the business area of the BMJV (see web link).

Federal Ministry for Economics and Technology

For the management structure of the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWT) see that of the Federal Ministry of Finance. The Federal Cartel Office , the Federal Network Agency , the Federal Institute for Materials Research , the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt , the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Raw Materials and the Federal Office for Economics and Export Control report to the BMWT .

Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs

For the management structure of the Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (BMAS) see web link. The Federal Labor Court and the Federal Social Court are subject to its official supervision . The Federal Office for Social Security and the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health report directly to the BMAS. The Federal Employment Agency and the Bavarian Supply Chamber are subject to legal supervision .

Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture

For the management structure of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, see that of the Federal Ministry of Finance. The Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food, the Federal Plant Variety Office, the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, the Federal Research Institutes for Cultivated Plants, for Animal Health, for Nutrition and Food as well as for Rural Areas, Forests and Fisheries are subordinate to the BMEL.

Federal Ministry of Defense

For the management structure of the Federal Ministry of Defense (BVM) with some special features due to the military and civil structure, see those of the Federal Ministry of Finance. The business area of the BVM includes the Federal Armed Forces, the Federal Office for Defense Administration, the Defense Division Administrations, the Federal Armed Forces Service Centers, the District Armed Forces Replacement Offices, the central teaching institutes, the Federal Language Office, the Federal Office for Defense Technology and Procurement and the Federal Office for Information Management and Information Technology.

Federal Ministry of Family Affairs

For the management structure of the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth (BMfFSFJ), see that of the Federal Ministry of Finance.

Federal Ministry of Health

For the management structure of the Federal Ministry of Health (BGM), see that of the Federal Ministry of Finance. It has the official and technical supervision of the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, the Federal Center for Health Education, the German Institute for Medical Documentation and Information, the Federal Institutes for Vaccines and Biomedical Medicines, as well as for Infectious Diseases and Non-Communicable Diseases.

Federal Ministry of Traffic, Construction and City Development

For the management structure of the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development, see that of the Federal Ministry of Finance.

Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety

For the management structure of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, see that of the Federal Ministry of Finance. The Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, the Federal Agency for Radiation Protection and the Federal Environment Agency are part of its portfolio.

Federal Ministry of Education and Research

For the management structure of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, see that of the Federal Ministry of Finance.

Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

For the management structure of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, see that of the Federal Ministry of Finance.

Federal Chancellery (Germany)

For the management structure of the Federal Chancellery, see that of the Federal Ministry of Finance.

countries

The Federal Republic of Germany consists of 16 federal states.

Baden-Württemberg

The state government of Baden-Württemberg currently consists of the Prime Minister and eleven ministries.

State Ministry of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Ministry of Economic Affairs Baden-Wuerttemberg, Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport Baden-Wuerttemberg, Ministry of Science, Research and Art Baden-Wuerttemberg, Ministry of Justice Baden-Wuerttemberg, Ministry of Food and Rural Areas Baden-Wuerttemberg, Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs Baden-Württemberg, Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Transport Baden-Württemberg, Ministry of the Interior Baden-Württemberg, Ministry for Integration

Ministry of Finance Baden-Württemberg

The Ministry of Finance (FM) as the highest state authority is classically structured in departments, sub-departments and units. Because of the personnel management structure, reference can therefore be made to that of the Federal Ministry of Finance. This structure essentially also applies to the other state ministries.

The FM is responsible for the State Statistical Office, the State Office for Salaries and Supply, the Regional Finance Directorate Karlsruhe (OFD), the State Office for Property and Construction Baden-Württemberg, the State Mints of Baden-Württemberg, Wilhelma, the Meersburg State Winery and the 65 tax offices and six state building construction offices. From the middle and substructure of the FM, the OFD and the tax offices are represented in their management structure in accordance with the Federal Ministry of Finance, because in this area in particular income and wage taxes are collected and set.

Oberfinanzdirektion

The Oberfinanzdirektion (OFD) is the intermediary authority and the link between the state government and the tax offices. The OFD is headed by a chief finance president. In order to carry out his duties he makes use of a certain number of departments, each of which is preceded by a finance president. The departments are then again divided into groups, headed by group leaders. The group leaders are usually senior government directors. Each group is then equipped with a certain number of units, most of which are headed by a unit head from the higher service. Depending on the task, each unit has clerks from the upper and, if necessary, from the middle service. For the rest, reference can be made to what has been said about the Federal Finance Directorate.

Tax offices

They are each headed by a head, the post is usually rated according to A 16. In order to fulfill his tasks, he has subject areas which are managed by subject area managers. The management structure roughly corresponds to that of the main customs offices (see Federal Ministry of Finance).

Regional councils

The management structure of the regional councils is represented by the regional council of Freiburg (RP), which is one of the four regional councils in Baden-Württemberg. It stands hierarchically as an intermediate authority between the rural and urban districts on the one hand and the state government on the other. It is subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior. The RP is headed by the District President. He has 9 departments and a staff unit at his disposal to fulfill his tasks. The departments are led by department directors. Each department is then equipped with a certain number of units, headed by a unit head. Depending on the task, each unit has clerks from the upper and, if necessary, from the middle service.

district

In contrast to the city-states, each state has administrative districts. Baden-Württemberg consists of 35 districts. A district is managed by the district administrator elected by the district council. His representative is the so-called First State Official. The district administrator has a certain number of departments at its disposal, which are preceded by a department head. Depending on the task, each department has clerks from the upper and, if necessary, the middle service. The district is subject to the legal and technical supervision of the regional council.

Communities

In addition to the 35 rural districts, there are 9 urban districts in Baden-Württemberg. These are Baden-Baden , Freiburg , Heidelberg , Heilbronn , Karlsruhe , Mannheim , Pforzheim , Stuttgart and Ulm . The management structure of the city districts is described using the example of Freiburg. At the head of the city administration is the mayor elected by the city council, who is also the chairman of the council. He is currently supported by a first mayor as a representative and 3 mayors, also known as councilors or department heads. The OB and each mayor have a department that is not subdivided into departments or groups like the RP or the OFD.

Department I, headed by the mayor, is responsible for main and personnel administration, organization, law, regional and local administrations, auditing, occupational safety, public relations and sustainability management. These include occupational safety, the office for communication and international contacts, the general staff council, the gender mainstreaming office , the main and personnel office, the contact point women and work, sustainability management, the press and public relations department, the Rieselfeld project group, the auditing office, the Legal Office, the Office for Equal Rights for Women and the procurement management. At the top of the individual organizations are officials of the higher or higher service, each with a certain number of clerks.

Department II, headed by a mayor, is responsible for the environment with forestry and waste management as well as schools and education. The following organizations are subordinate to it: the office for schools and education, the forest office, the city library and the environmental protection office. What has been said about Department I applies analogously.

Department III, headed by a mayor, is responsible for culture, youth, social affairs and integration. The following organizations are subordinate to it: the office for housing supply, the mayor's office, the office for migration and integration, the children's office, the cultural office, the museums, the senior citizens office with care support point, the social welfare and youth welfare office and the theater. What has been said about Department I applies analogously.

Department IV, headed by a mayor, is responsible for finance, business, housing, central IT, public order, citizen service, fire brigade, sport, registry office, surveying with an office, expert committee, urban drainage and cemeteries. The following organizations are subordinate to it: The Office for Fire and Disaster Control, the Office for Citizens Service and Information Processing, the Office for Real Estate and Housing, the Office for Public Order, the municipal drainage company, the cemeteries with funeral services, the sports department, the city treasury with city treasury , the registry office and the surveying office. What has been said about Department I applies analogously.

Department V, headed by a mayor, is responsible for urban development, construction, civil engineering with traffic planning, urban greenery and building management. The following organizations are subordinate to it: the Office for Project Development and Urban Renewal, the Building Law Office. the gardening and civil engineering department, the building management and the town planning department. What has been said about Department I applies analogously.

For the cities and municipalities in the districts that are not independent of a district, what was said about Freiburg applies to the larger ones. The smaller municipalities usually only have one mayor who has offices such as the mayor's office, a main and / or building office, a financial administration and a municipal building yard.

In the other federal states, the management structures in the ministries, in the regional finance directorates and regional councils are similar. Depending on the country, mayors are elected by the citizen or by the local council, district administrators by the district council or by the citizen.

For the content-related tasks of the management s. "Content-related management".

literature

Brockhaus Encyclopedia, Administration, 21st edition, 2005

Hans-Peter Duric, The Customs Administration Targets Catalog - A Critical Analysis . In: Journal for Customs and Excise Taxes 2008, p. 30 ff