Administrative history of Saxony
The administrative history of the Electorate of Saxony describes all public law actors and their relationships within the framework of the design and development of the state system of the Electorate of Saxony and the development of public tasks.
Administrative history
The first central government institutions arose at the Saxon court . This included, for example, the court chancellery and the court councilor. There was no permanent residence. The sovereign had to travel around the country to secure the feudal succession and feudal service of the nobility. The prince lived in stately castles or permanent castles such as Hartenfels Castle in Torgau , which was an early center of rule. If necessary, the prince called men of his retinue, court officials, clergymen and local nobles to the court council. This did not form a fixed group of people and only had advisory functions. The central administration was thus small and fitted into the existing premises of a castle. These first institutions did not have a character under public law as long as they were part of the prince's personal property. Such a separation between the sovereign's claim to private property and the depersonalized, reified state superstructure established itself after the Middle Ages.
The establishment of the Leipzig Higher Court in 1483 is considered to be the first significant milestone in the modernization of state rule in Saxony. As a result, the central administration began to detach itself from its spatial proximity to the prince and to correspond to the characteristics of an authority organization in the narrower sense.
In 1470 a financial administration reform took place. The creation of a central treasury led by a land rent master in 1487/1492 brought an institutional boost to the financial organization . Chamber treasury and tithe office were thus merged. Gradually, a separation between court and state finances emerged.
In the 16th century
The Saxon central administration changed to a collegiality principle and a division of tasks at the beginning of the 16th century with the creation of the Hofrat under Duke Georg . This took place largely independently of the person of the elector.
The state revenue organization underwent a transformation from the domain management of the chamber goods to the tax state . From then on, Saxony was one of the richest territories in the empire with the highest income. This was also made possible by the previous progress in the expansion of central tax authorities. On the instructions of Elector August , the chamber room was built in 1555 to oversee the rent chamber and the chamber treasury.
From 1544, Duke Moritz began to make the first fixed provisions for handling current government affairs. In 1547 an administrative reform of the central authorities followed under Elector Moritz . This was not limited to the institutionalization of fixed forms of government at the head of the state. The formation of the court council as a central authority was flanked by the establishment of new regional administrations, which were supposed to establish the connection between the highest level and the institutions of the Saxon local administration.
The offices built on the margravial bailiffs of the high Middle Ages. The individual offices were run by an official as a supra-local administrative level . The bailiff lost his executive powers to the Schösser in the 17th century . These were initially responsible for collecting taxes . From the 16th century, however, they were also granted judicial powers. They were now subordinated to aristocratic manors, rural towns and spiritual manors. That was a major step towards nationalizing the territory. In the course of the 16th century, the offices expanded over the entire territory and gradually grew into a comprehensive network. The country was "made obsolete". This had brought about a stronger consolidation of state incomes and responsibilities and also meant an important intermediate step in overcoming the feudal order in the country.
Since Saxony had expanded territorially, a new regional intermediary body was formed between the headquarters and the local organs of the state. For this purpose, five, later seven circles were formed in 1547 . Them stood a Kreishauptmann ago. As a middle instance , they acted between the offices and the Saxon central authorities that emerged from the 16th century.
An instruction issued in 1547 as part of the Moritz reforms trained the chancellery by assigning an as yet undetermined number of councilors to its own council . A year later, this was elevated to the rank of an independent central administrative authority. With the reorganization of 1556, the responsibilities in imperial and foreign policy shifted. For Moritz, the Chancellor, as head of the Hofratskollegium established in 1547/8, was the first point of contact for these questions. After 1556, the importance of this function quickly declined, as the court council, whose chairman remained the chancellor, moved to the second member of the state administration due to the restricted tasks. Chamber councils became increasingly important for external relations. In August 1563, the administration of financial tasks began to become more institutionally separated from imperial and foreign policy.
The requirements and tasks became more complex. This required new structures, which took place with the spin-off of the Privy Council in 1574 and the “state government” from the Hofrat. The state government became more than a mere judicial body, even if the administration of justice was clearly the focus of the authority. The state government was the first instance for the written nobility and was the appellate authority against judgments of the court courts, consistories and local courts. In civil Saxony, the state government was therefore in competition with the higher court in Leipzig and the court in Wittenberg . In addition to the powers of the judiciary, such as interrogations, supplications, judgments and applications, the state government acted as the central judicial and administrative body. This included the areas of responsibility for securing the peace of the state, feudal issues, council and statutes confirmations. She also took over the highest judicial function of the sovereign. The state government was headed by a chancellor . A circle of aristocratic and bourgeois court and justice councilors was active for the state government . It was mainly about arbitration. Further disputes without success in arbitration went to the Dresden Court of Appeal, which has existed since 1559 . This authority emerged from the state government and became independent in a long process. One of the weaknesses of the Electoral Saxon court system was the slow settlement of lawsuits and lengthy processes.
An electoral chamber with a chamber secretary was set up for immediate electoral matters . She stood above the chancellor and the court councilors. A mining administration was established with the mountain master , the Oberbergamt in Freiberg and the mining offices in the mountains.
1570 followed the establishment of the upper tax college as a class control body over the princely tax revenues. This body was made up of four class and four sovereign members. The sovereign influence on this body remained, however, and it only remained independent to a limited extent until the 17th century. This essentially formed the corporate financial management. In 1572 the Electoral Saxon Constitutions came into force.
The officials required for the newly established authorities were prepared for state service at the three princely schools in Meißen , Pforta and Grimma and trained at the two state universities in Leipzig and Wittenberg . Most of them were lawyers.
Since then, legislation has finally developed into the determining instrument of state formation. The number of mandates , rescripts and regulations for individual departments grew by leaps and bounds in the 16th century. These included, for example, the Mountain Orders of 1554, 1571, 1575, or the Coin Order of 1558.
The results of the Reformation brought the secularization of church property and the elimination of the spiritual level in Saxon Corporatism . The emergence of the sovereign church regiment required the creation of new regional authorities to replace the disbanded episcopal judicial bodies of the Catholic Church. With the organization of the Lutheran regional church , which was reflected in the church ordinances , the competencies of the new authorities were determined. The Meißen consistory had already been founded in 1545 . In 1580 the upper consistory was established with its seat in Dresden. This took over the tasks of the Meißen consistory and became the higher-level authority for the other Wittenberg and Leipzig consistory as well as the Wurzen consistory of the Meissen Monastery . The internal political conflicts in the course of the Second Reformation caused Elector Christian I to repeal it in 1588 and re-establish the Meissen Consistory. Since the lack of a central church authority had a negative impact, Elector Christian II appointed the clergy or church council for church and school affairs in 1602 . On December 26, 1606, the Meissen consistory was relocated to Dresden and the upper consistory was re-established. In addition, the senior consistory was merged with the church council. The responsibility of the senior consistory encompassed marriage matters, church teaching , the appointment of church servants, the inspection of scholarship holders, the princely schools , the universities of Wittenberg and Leipzig and the arrangement of church visits to check the implementation of the Reformation teaching. Also censorship issues were part of the range of tasks.
Typical for Saxony was extensive internal self-government through the council and citizenship at the municipal local administrative level. However, in the age of absolutism in Saxony, the cities were also included in the structures of state administration. The council had to assert itself against attempts by the state administration, which in some cases unabashedly intervened in the city administration. The municipal administration of the Electoral Saxony was differentiated at an early stage and had a high level of written form.
In the 17th century
The juxtaposition of princely and feudal elements made it difficult to unify different branches of the administration, so there were six separate state colleges. This was particularly true of the two Lausitzes , which came to the Electorate of Saxony in 1635. Laws had to be passed separately for the Lausitz. The Upper Lusatian estates and the governors largely retained their independence and their traditional skills.
The sovereign had to pay close attention to the demands and influence of the aristocratic estates, both in the state parliaments and in the central state colleges. For example, the reconstruction of the country after the Thirty Years' War was essentially based on the treatment of the gravamina in the Landtag . H. especially the complaints of the nobility.
Since the beginning of the 17th century, an institutional and personal consolidation of the supreme state college could also be observed: in 1601 the secret council was given a president or director; the selection of its members was henceforth limited to the nobility or bourgeois owners of manors. The estates regained the influence they had lost in 1589. The return to the top positions of the electoral administration also marked the beginning of a new phase of estate growth. This development in Saxony was more pronounced than in other territories of the empire. The secret consilium developed into the highest state college under the chairmanship of the elector and was superordinate to the other central authorities. It maintained the rank of the highest state college until the 19th century. The nobility held a dominant position in the council.
After the suppression of the Krell affair by Nikolaus Krell , the Secret Council developed into the decisive government body. The Secret Chamber College now administered the finances. The state government gradually turned to the judiciary and police . The old official “state government” nevertheless continued to exercise its powers. In the 17th and 18th centuries it still fulfilled important tasks in the legislative area, in the area of legal confirmation, as well as in the legal supervision of all courts and authorities in their area of jurisdiction. The Saxon central authorities usually communicated effectively with the local authorities.
Government and administration were already differentiated in the 17th century and increasingly separated themselves from the Saxon court . Especially in terms of area, the Saxon state-building process was characterized by further differentiation and territorial penetration during this time. This was partly the case for the Lausitz region.
Until the Thirty Years War, all military matters were handled by the Privy Council. The establishment of military formations due to the national defension of 1613 brought new administrative tasks with it. In 1634 the Secret War Chancellery was established as an independent authority and subordinated to the Secret Council. She provided for the payment and supply of the troops, for drafts, marches and mobilization. After the creation of the standing army in 1682 by Elector Johann Georg III. The Secret War Council was formed in 1684 , to which the Secret War Chancellery and the General War Pay Office were subordinate.
In October 1694 August II had a nationwide statistical record of all official registers, income and uses carried out according to a uniform scheme.
Since the elector, as the Polish king, stayed in Warsaw more often, he entrusted the official duties to a governor when he was absent . At the same time he set up the General Audit College , which was under the leadership of the governor and was supposed to investigate grievances and corruption in the tax system.
In the 18th century
The absolutism , which was modern at that time, required innovations in the administrative structure. A more comprehensive system of authorities and civil servants was required to enforce the will of the sovereign. In accordance with his absolutist awareness of power, August wanted to act financially independently of the estates, since they were entitled to direct taxes, which is why he endeavored to introduce indirect consumption-oriented taxes. 1703 followed the creation of the general consumption excise (including the highest tax authority: the general excise college ). This was no longer subject to the estates, but only to the sovereign. An upper arithmetic chamber was founded in 1707 to audit the accounts and organize the state finances . It was the first independent audit authority in Germany. The elector was forced to take this step because the audits of the five main accounts of the higher authorities were inadequate. The new college received extensive competencies. In addition to auditing the accounts, the authority should also review the use of funds. As a result, the administration began fighting against control. The ideas of the Upper Computing Chamber at the Elector's had no effect and by 1726 it had not brought any of the calculations to a proper conclusion. This was followed by the Oberrechnungskollegium as the central auditing authority for all state coffers.
In 1706, August the Strong established the Secret Cabinet with three cabinet ministers as the new highest government organ . Foreign affairs , home affairs and the military were subordinate to him . This authority remained assigned to the elector only. This happened because the Secret Council had developed into an aristocratic bulwark against Princely Absolutism. However, the Secret Council (also known as the Secret Consilium) did not lose its fundamental importance. Instead, the Secret Cabinet could never really establish itself in state affairs. The attempt to build an absolutist superstructure was thus limited.
With the commercial deputation founded in 1703 as the central office for manufacturing and commerce , the General Court of War formed in 1706 and the regional construction office in 1718 , further important administrative authorities for central state tasks emerged. These innovations had a positive effect on the further formation of the Saxon state.
The real existing absolutist mode of government of the sovereign was not based on a functioning institutional basis. The corporate state structures remained superficially existent in the Electoral Saxon state structure up to the Brühl era .
The in-depth effect of the Saxon invoice control remained limited until the 1730s. The administration finally prevailed in the fight against the upper arithmetic chamber and finally set up the upper accounting deputation in 1734 . Brühl became its director. Audit control in Saxony had lost its institutional independence. Revision procedures were extremely sluggish even after that, also because this authority had no substantive review competence.
The still under Friedrich August II. Appointed committees for the carriage of the country Best (1760), for the reorganization of the monetary system and the Restoration Commission wanted from the rundown absolutist conditions in Kursachsen an enlightened monarchy realized under the concept of the state with the subordination of the rulers. The main goals of the state reform in Electoral Saxony, 1762–1763, were to make the often too traditional, often complicated, Electoral Saxon authorities serve the interests of the economically emerging bourgeoisie .
The powers of the district and official governors were expanded in 1764. In addition to the general supervision of the tax, judicial, police, commercial and manufacturing system, you were now also responsible for overseeing the leased offices.
Policy and governance in the state of Electoral Saxony
From a social perspective, the Saxon population was already highly differentiated, changeable and transformable for its time. The Saxon population development was comparable with the western development direction and moved with it. The constant reforming of all social structures in Saxony enabled the orderly and central establishment of complex system and organizational structures since 1500, whereby a comprehensive, pre-modern state was formed over the population, which organized the social and rulership balance of interests.
Mainly through their orderly existence, the state structures organized a state-wide legitimized political balance, whereby individual external constellations of interests and actors were integrated and taken into account and state rule could be influenced by many levers. The constellations of actors, especially the estates, the prince and the administration, were intertwined, actors acting in isolation had little potential for change and therefore needed a broad base of support to achieve a political majority. If there was no broad support, as in Poland during the reign of August II , domestic reforms were blocked and failed. The stability and changeability of the Saxon territory received a significant boost through the institutionalization of the individual political fields (finance, foreign affairs, internal affairs, law, infrastructure, mining). In the absence of a written constitution, the influencing of the actors was largely informal. Ordered lobbying structures, for example at the Saxon court, comparable to today's political agencies, did not yet exist.
Main areas of activity of the administration in Saxony
Most of the activities gradually taken up started with zero initial experience. There were general innovations in human interaction that were disseminated and deepened by the administration based on the written material culture and case processing methodology . Instead of medieval gamblers and professional warriors following the prince, civil scholars and academics gradually took over the center of state action. With the selection and orientation of the state center away from the ideal of the “strongest warrior”, protection, defense and expansion to more intellectual, bureaucratic, factually oriented personality types, the character of the state, its recruitment practice and, indirectly, the adjustment of the value systems of society as a whole also changed . The concept was based on the Leviathan . The raw state of nature was overcome with the iron hand of the prince. For this he had a mandate and legitimation.
Knowledge activities:
The need for knowledge of the larger system apparatus increased. The time of state surveys began. Knowledge about the country and its people was gathered. It was registered, measured, appraised, logged, archived, researched, trained and taught as new organized social activities.
- Keeping registers and land registers
Order activities:
- Create notarizations
- Create loan letters
- Issue prohibitions
- Grant permissions
- Provide information
- Carry out visitations and controls
- At sight
Financing, cash and housekeeping activities
- Accounting
- Financial planning
- Issue invoices
- Prepare calculations
- Payouts
- Keep cash books
- Invoicing
- Create receipts
- Perform tests
Legal activities
- Drop tests
- Consultations
- Negotiation
- Jurisprudence
- expertise activities
- Law drafting
Cross-sectional activities
- Event organization
- Organize conferences
- Mail processing
- Registry
Public task portfolio
The portfolio of tasks of the Saxon rulership underwent multiple transformations in the course of time from 1356 to 1806. Overall, a significant expansion of the range of tasks can be observed, which went hand in hand with the establishment of a specialized staff and permanent institutional facilities. The needs of the state determined the development of tasks. Finances were needed to maintain a state apparatus. Therefore, the main focus of those responsible was the establishment of a state finance organization. Record keeping required the maintenance of archives. Expenses had to be controlled, which resulted in an auditing system. In addition to these central services, the sovereigns were primarily concerned with controlling violence, for which appropriate internal structures and authorities were created. This included extensive districts and a jurisdiction as well as army forces.
Only after these supporting pillars did other areas of responsibility slowly grow, including infrastructure, transport systems or the church regiment.
The range of tasks of sovereign activity included:
- Peacekeeping in the territory , policing
- Army administration since 1682, defense, fortification, border protection
- Enforcement of the monopoly of force
- Standardization and centralization of case law
- Domain asset management
- Maintenance of the electoral court including property management
- Tax collection
- Auditing
- Archiving
- Currency regulation, coinage
- Trade regulation, including mining
- Spatial development and expansion of infrastructure (bridge building, road construction, land surveying, route guidance systems)
- Expansion of the postal system
- Expansion of the embassy system, external relations
- Promotion of civilization, representation
- Social discipline , maintenance of social peace , balance of interests
- Expansion of the education system and primitive social institutions
- censorship
- Regional Church Regiment .
In addition, the state structures ensured that Saxon interests were represented in the imperial institutions. The commercial interests of the mainly Leipzig merchants were represented at the state level.
Mining offices
Supervision of ore mining, mine operation, Gnadengroschenkasse, planning and commissioning, revisions and inspections, surface facilities, property affairs, kux affairs, communal mining, agriculture and potion tax removal, self-leaning mining, dumping of old shafts, mine damage, fire protection measures, fire register and insurance, processing and sales, refinement and production, tasting processes, preparation trials, payment and delivery of the mining products to the smelters, sale of mining and smelting products
Duties of the offices
The local as well as regional administrative structures (city councils and offices) also had their own areas of responsibility. The offices performed four functions:
- Receipt of sovereign taxes,
- Administration of the ruling manor (including police),
- Exercise of upper and lower jurisdiction
- Provision of a contingent of soldiers in the event of war.
With the establishment of the standing army in 1682, the latter task was omitted. These tasks hardly changed until the end of the constitution.
Tasks of the district administrations
The area of responsibility of the district councils applied to the respective district territory. The district's estates were responsible for carrying out the district elections , cash and accounting, military affairs and affairs on the instructions of the sovereign.
Public finances
For the financing of the 14th century were these tasks at the end of the Middle Ages regalia revenue and Dominialeinkünfte the principalities on the Saxon territory available. These were not sufficient to expand the expenditure items. Since the rulers' funds were insufficient for the aforementioned portfolio of tasks, funds were borrowed. Most of the creditors were recruited from the Saxon landscapes of the estates. Taxes had to be levied to earn interest on the capital.
Debt servicing was a permanent administrative task, especially in the 18th century. This included refinancing and interest repayments.
Archiving
After 1547, large central authority archives gradually emerged in the Albertine district of Saxony. These include the Secret Council Archive, also called Secret Archive, newly constituted by Johann Friedrich Reinhardt in 1702, the "Secret Cabinet Archive" (1708, 1738), the Chamber Archive and the State Government Archive.
Regional church, school system
The tasks included: book printing, book censorship, University of Leipzig, visitations, confirmations about foundations, recesses, comparisons and appointments, church and school matters in individual places, church and school matters of the consistories in Wittenberg and Leipzig, spiritual matters of the county of Mansfeld, Pforta state school, Roßleben monastery school, Donndorf monastery school, Langendorf orphanage, general church building.
Military economy
Area of responsibility of the council of warriors: armament, equipment, food, billeting , drafting. The troop leadership and command, however, lay with the owners of the Field Marshal's Office .
Field war chest , box top Proviantamt, Field Proviantamt, Fortress Command Koenigstein Fortress Command Pleissenburg, Fortress Command Sunstone, Fortress Command Stolpen, fortress commandant Wittenberg, Secret financial firm, General Inspectorate of Infantry, General Inspectorate of cavalry , general war chest, general war Payments Office, Government Dresden, government Leipzig, Government Wittenberg, main armory , District Commissioner of the Erzgebirge District, District Commissariat of the Kurkreis, District Commissariat of the Leipzig District, District Commissariat of the Meißner Kreis, District Commissariat of the Merseburg District, District Commissariat of the Neustädter District, District Commissariat of the Niederlausitzer District, District Commissariat of the Upper Lusatian District, District Commissariat of the Querfurter District Commission, District Commissariat of the District Thuringian District Commissariat , Dresden magazine, Freiberg magazine, military building department, military planning chamber, auxiliary artillery depot Königstein, chief provisions office
Real estate history
Initially, the few administrative institutions were housed in the premises of the sovereign's residences. However, official activity creates files. The administration was immobile and could not move spatially like the prince during his travel rule. The premises for the archives were soon no longer sufficient. With the increasing number of authorities, the construction of new offices became necessary. In the 1530s, a chancellery was built in Hartenfels Castle and in 1562 in the Dresden Residenzschloss ( Chancellery Dresden ).
State and administrative structure of the Electorate of Saxony since 1718
| ELECTOR | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounting board | Secret Cabinet (1704/06) Dep. Interior / exterior / military | General Revision College | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kammerer (16th century) | Obersteuer- quorum |
General excise college |
Secret consilium formerly secret council (1574) |
Secret Council of War - College (1684) | State government (16th century) |
Court authorities | Upper Consistory (Regional Church Regiment) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oberlandbauamt (1718) | Commercial deputation (1712) | General Court Martial (1706) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mining authorities | 7 districts, district chiefs (since 1548) | Higher Court of Appeal Schöppenstuhl Jurist. Faculty | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Offices, cities, manorial power | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also
literature
- Karlheinz Blaschke : Contributions to the constitutional and administrative history of Saxony: selected essays, Volume 5 of writings on Saxon history and folklore, Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2002
- Reiner Gross : History of Saxony. Special edition of the Saxon State Center for Political Education , Edition Leipzig , Dresden / Leipzig 2012
Remarks
- ^ Karlheinz Blaschke : Contributions to the constitutional and administrative history of Saxony: selected essays, Volume 5 of writings on Saxon history and folklore, Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2002, pp. 68f
- ↑ Martina Schattkowsky: Between manor, residence and empire: the world of the electoral Saxon nobleman Christoph von Loss auf Schleinitz (1574-1620), Volume 20 of writings on Saxon history and folklore, ISSN 1439-782X, Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2007, p. 13
- ↑ Martina Schattkowsky: Between manor, residence and empire: the world of the electoral Saxon nobleman Christoph von Loss auf Schleinitz (1574–1620), Volume 20 of Writings on Saxon History and Folklore, ISSN 1439-782X, Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2007, p. 16
- ↑ Alexander Schunka: Guests who stay: Immigrants in Electoral Saxony and Upper Lusatia in the 17th and early 18th centuries, Volume 7 of Pluralization & Authority, LIT Verlag Münster, 2006, p. 82
- ↑ Frank Müller: Kursachsen and the Bohemian Uprising 1618–1622, Volume 23 of the series of publications of the Association for Research in Modern History, Association for Research in Modern History, Aschendorff, 1997, p. 66
- ^ Karlheinz Blaschke: Contributions to the constitutional and administrative history of Saxony: selected essays, Volume 5 of writings on Saxon history and folklore, Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2002, p. 516
- ↑ Frank Müller: Kursachsen and the Bohemian Uprising 1618–1622, Volume 23 of the series of publications of the Association for the Study of Modern History, Association for the Study of Modern History, Aschendorff, 1997, p. 46f
- ↑ Alexander Schunka: Guests who stay: Immigrants in Electoral Saxony and Upper Lusatia in the 17th and early 18th centuries, Volume 7 of Pluralization & Authority, LIT Verlag Münster, 2006, p. 81
- ^ Martina Schattkowsky: Between manor, residence and empire: the world of the electoral Saxon nobleman Christoph von Loss auf Schleinitz (1574-1620), Volume 20 of writings on Saxon history and folklore, ISSN 1439-782X, Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2007, p. 263
- ↑ Martina Schattkowsky: Between manor, residence and empire: the world of the electoral Saxon nobleman Christoph von Loss auf Schleinitz (1574-1620), Volume 20 of writings on Saxon history and folklore, ISSN 1439-782X, Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2007, p. 264
- ^ Martina Schattkowsky: Between manor, residence and empire: the world of the electoral Saxon nobleman Christoph von Loss auf Schleinitz (1574-1620), Volume 20 of writings on Saxon history and folklore, ISSN 1439-782X, Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2007, p. 265
- ↑ Martina Schattkowsky: Between manor, residence and empire: the world of the electoral Saxon nobleman Christoph von Loss auf Schleinitz (1574–1620), Volume 20 of Writings on Saxon History and Folklore, ISSN 1439-782X, Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2007, p. 16
- ↑ Reiner Groß: Die Wettiner, W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2007, p. 144
- ↑ Martina Schattkowsky: Between manor, residence and empire: the world of the electoral Saxon nobleman Christoph von Loss auf Schleinitz (1574-1620), Volume 20 of writings on Saxon history and folklore, ISSN 1439-782X, Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2007, p. 13
- ↑ Agatha Kobuch: Series of publications of the Dresden State Archives, Volume 12, H. Böhlaus Successor, 1988, p. 29
- ↑ Hans-Peter Hasse: Censorship of theological books in Electoral Saxony in the denominational age: Studies on the Electoral Saxon literary and religious policy in the years 1569 to 1575, Volume 1, Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 2000, p. 66
- ↑ Alexander Schunka: Guests who stay: Immigrants in Electoral Saxony and Upper Lusatia in the 17th and early 18th centuries, Volume 7 of Pluralization & Authority, LIT Verlag Münster, 2006, p. 83
- ^ Frank Müller: Kursachsen and the Bohemian Uprising 1618–1622, Aschendorff, 1997, p. 49
- ↑ Alexander Schunka: Guests who stay: Immigrants in Electoral Saxony and Upper Lusatia in the 17th and early 18th centuries, Volume 7 of Pluralization & Authority, LIT Verlag Münster, 2006, p. 81
- ↑ Alexander Schunka: Guests who stay: Immigrants in Electoral Saxony and Upper Lusatia in the 17th and early 18th centuries, Volume 7 of Pluralization & Authority, LIT Verlag Münster, 2006, p. 84
- ↑ https://www.archiv.sachsen.de/archiv/Stock.jsp?oid=02.03.08.01&Stockid=11237&_ptabs=%7B%22%23tab-geschichte%22%3A1%7D#geschichte
- ↑ Reiner Groß: Die Wettiner, Volume 621 by Kohlhammer Urban-Taschenbücher, W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2007, p. 175
- ↑ Karl-Heinz Binus: Überortliche Kommunalprüfung: Gains in efficiency in communal competition through supra-local testing - determination of functions and design recommendations for municipal testing from an economic point of view, Springer-Verlag, 2015, p. 57
- ↑ Otto Büsch, Wolfgang Neugebauer: Modern Prussian History 1648 - 1947: An Anthology, Volume 52 of publications by the Historical Commission in Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 2013, p. 585
- ↑ René Hanke: Brühl and the Renversement des alliances: the anti-Prussian foreign policy of the Dresden court 1744–1756, LIT Verlag Münster, 2006, p. 23
- ↑ Reiner Groß: Die Wettiner, Volume 621 by Kohlhammer Urban-Taschenbücher, W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2007, p. 176
- ^ René Hanke: Brühl and the Renversement des alliances: the anti-Prussian foreign policy of the Dresden court 1744–1756, LIT Verlag Münster, 2006, p. 26
- ↑ Otto Büsch, Wolfgang Neugebauer: Modern Prussian History 1648 - 1947: An Anthology, Volume 52 of publications by the Historical Commission in Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 2013, p. 586
- ↑ Gerhard Loh: History of the Leipzig University Library from 1543 to 1832: A demolition, VEB Bibliographisches Institut, 1987, p. 20
- ↑ https://www.archiv.sachsen.de/archiv/Stock.jsp?oid=01.05.02&Stockid=&_ptabs=%7B%22%23tab-gliederung%22%3A1%7D&syg_id=&_cp=%7B%7D#gliederung
- ↑ Gunnar Folke Schuppert: Knowledge, Governance, Law: From the cognitive dimension of law to the legal dimension of knowledge, Nomos Verlag, 2019, p. 196f
- ↑ https://www.archiv.sachsen.de/archiv/Stock.jsp?oid=01.05.02&Stockid=&_ptabs=%7B%22%23tab-gliederung%22%3A1%7D&syg_id=&_cp=%7B%7D#gliederung
- ↑ https://www.archiv.sachsen.de/archiv/Stock.jsp?oid=01.04&Stockid=10019&_ptabs=%7B%22%23tab-geschichte%22%3A1%7D#geschichte
- ^ Karlheinz Blaschke: Contributions to the constitutional and administrative history of Saxony: selected essays, Volume 5 of writings on Saxon history and folklore, Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2002, p. 514