Forest lilies

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Forest lilies
Western triple lily (Trillium ovatum)

Western triple lily ( Trillium ovatum )

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Lily-like (Liliales)
Family : Germer family (Melanthiaceae)
Tribe : Parideae
Genre : Forest lilies
Scientific name
Trillium
L.

The forest lilies ( Trillium ), also called three- leaf lilies or tripod lilies , are a genus of plants from the Germer family (Melanthiaceae). The approximately 45 species are widespread in the temperate areas of Asia and North America.

description

Forest lilies are perennial herbaceous plants . They form subterranean rhizomes , which run horizontally or at an angle upward, as persistence organs. They have a main axis and are not or only slightly branched. At their ends, compressed, fleshy thickenings form behind which the rhizome breaks off and buds grow out of them. The plants carry adventitious roots , these are converging and ringed. They form many lower leaves .

The stem is simple and erect and covered with a brown covering at the base. The leaves are only close to the ground in whorls on the stem. The simple leaves are rhombic with rounded edges or oval. They carry three to five main nerves and smaller nerves that converge.

The three bracts that stand in a whorl are noticeable , they gave the genus its name. They are solid green or spotted, leaf-shaped, oval to elliptical, with or without a stem. The nerves run hand-shaped with three to five main nerves. The inflorescence is closed, with a single flower .

Detail of the flower of the western tripod lily ( Trillium ovatum )

The hermaphroditic and radial symmetry flowers are threefold. The two circles of the bracts are usually designed significantly different. The bracts are colored red, purple, pink, white, yellow, green or combinations of these colors. The carpels are a top permanent ovary grown. There are two circles with three stamens each; they are erect, curved or diverging. The stamens are short and thickened towards the base. The anthers are in two parts and are the same length or longer than the stamens.

Berry-like capsule fruits are formed which are fleshy with obscure seams at which they then burst. They contain a lot of seeds. The white or yellowish and often oil-containing seeds are ellipsoidal with a length of 2 and 4 millimeters.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Trillium was established by Carl von Linné . Type species is Trillium cernuum L. Synonyms for Trillium L. are: Delostylis Raf. , Esdra Salisb. , Huxhamia Garden , Phyllantherum Raf. , Trillidium Kunth .

The genus Trillium is common in temperate areas in the northern hemisphere in North America and Asia . There are around 38 species in North America. The manifold center is in the United States . In Asia, Trillium species are found in the People's Republic of China (of the four species only one occurs there), India, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim, Myanmar, Japan and on Kamchatka.

The internal systematics of the genus Trillium is controversial. For example, in 1975 the genus Trillium was divided into two subgenus , the subgenus Trillium with stalked flowers and the subgenus Phyllantherum with sessile flowers. There are, however, many other suggestions for structuring this genre.

Trillium cernuum
Upright forest lily ( Trillium erectum )
Large-flowered forest lily ( Trillium grandiflorum )
Yellow forest lily ( Trillium luteum )
Trillium recurvatum
Trillium smallii
Trillium tschonoskii
Trillium undulatum

The genus Trillium contains about 45 species:

  • Trillium albidum J.D. Freeman (including Trillium parviflorum V.G.Soukup ): It occurs in two subspecies:
    • Trillium albidum subsp. albidum : It occurs in Oregon and California.
    • Trillium albidum subsp. parviflorum (VGSoukup) KLChambers & SCMeyers : It occurs in Oregon and Washington.
  • Trillium angustipetalum (Torr.) JDFreeman : It occurs in California.
  • Trillium apetalon Makino : It occurs on Sakhalin, on the Kuril Islands and in Japan.
  • Kamchatka Three Zipfel lily ( Trillium camschatcense . Ker Gawl , Syn .: Trillium kamtschaticum . Pall ex Pursh , Trillium kamtschatikum Ledeb. , Trillium erectum var. Japonicum A. Gray , Trillium pallasii Hultén ): It is from the Chinese province of Jilin, the Amur region , Sakhalin and Kamchatka spread over Korea to the Japanese island of Hokkaidō .
  • Trillium catesbaei Elliott : It occurs in the southeastern United States.
  • Trillium cernuum L .: It is found in southern and eastern Canada and in the northern United States.
  • Trillium channellii Fukuda, JDFreeman & Itou : It occurs in Japan.
  • Trillium chloropetalum (Torr.) Howell : It occurs in two varieties in California:
    • Trillium chloropetalum var. Chloropetalum
    • Trillium chloropetalum var. Giganteum (Hook. & Arn.) Munz
  • Trillium × crockerianum Halda (= Trillium ovatum × Trillium rivale ): It occurs in California.
  • Trillium cuneatum Raf. : It occurs in the southeastern United States.
  • Trillium decipiens J.D. Freeman : It occurs in Georgia, Alabama, and northern Florida.
  • Trillium decumbens Harb. : It occurs in eastern Tennessee, Georgia, and northern Alabama.
  • Trillium delicatum Floden & EESchill. : The species first described in 2019 occurs in Georgia.
  • Trillium discolor Hook. : It occurs in Georgia, North and South Carolina.
  • Upright forest lily or red-and-brown tripod lily ( Trillium erectum L. ): It is distributed in two varieties from Canada to the USA.
  • Trillium flexipes Raf. : It is common from Ontario to the central and eastern United States.
  • Trillium foetidissimum J.D. Freeman : It occurs in Louisiana and Mississippi.
  • Trillium georgianum S.B. Farmer : The species first described in 2017 occurs only in Georgia.
  • Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D.Don : It occurs from eastern Afghanistan to the Himalayas.
  • Trillium gracile J.D. Freeman : It occurs in eastern Texas and western Louisiana.
  • Large-flowered forest lily or large three -pin lily ( Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. ): It is widespread from Canada to the USA.
  • Trillium × hagae Miyabe & Tatew. (= Trillium camschatcense × Trillium tschonoskii ): It occurs from Far Eastern Russia to northern Japan.
  • Trillium × komarovii H.Nakai & Koji Ito : It occurs from Far Eastern Russia to northern Japan.
  • Trillium kurabayashii J.D.Freeman : It occurs in southwestern Oregon and northern California.
  • Trillium lancifolium Raf. : It occurs in the southeastern United States.
  • Trillium ludovicianum Harb. : It occurs in Louisiana and Mississippi.
  • Yellow forest lily or yellow tripod lily ( Trillium luteum (Muhl.) Harb. ): It is common in the US states of Kentucky , Tennessee , Georgia and South Carolina .
  • Trillium maculatum Raf. : It occurs in the southeastern United States.
  • Trillium × miyabeanum Tatew. ex J.Samej. (= Trillium apetalon × Trillium tschonoskii ): It occurs in northern Japan.
  • Trillium nivale Riddell : It is found in the northern, central and eastern United States.
  • Trillium oostingii Gaddy : The species first described in 2008 occurs only in South Carolina.
  • Western triple lily ( Trillium ovatum Pursh ): It is distributed in two varieties from the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Alberta to the USA.
  • Trillium persistens W.H.Duncan : It is found in western North Carolina and northeastern Georgia.
  • Trillium petiolatum Pursh : It is found in the northwestern United States.
  • Trillium pusillum Michx. : It occurs in two varieties in the central and southeastern United States:
    • Trillium pusillum var. Pusillum
    • Trillium pusillum var. Virginianum Fernald
  • Trillium recurvatum L.C.Beck : It is found in the central and east-central United States.
  • Trillium reliquum J.D.Freeman : It comes in Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina before.
  • Trillium rugelii Rendle : It occurs in the southeastern United States.
  • Trillium sessile L .: It is found in the northern, eastern, and central United States.
  • Trillium simile Gleason : It occurs in eastern Tennessee, North Carolina and northern Georgia.
  • Trillium smallii Maxim. : It occurs from southern Sakhalin to southwestern Hokkaido.
  • Trillium stamineum Harb. : It occurs in Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi.
  • Trillium sulcatum T.S. Patrick : It is found in the eastern and central United States.
  • Trillium taiwanense S.S.Ying : It occurs in eastern Taiwan.
  • Trillium tschonoskii Maxim. : It occurs from Sikkim to the temperate zones of East Asia.
  • Trillium underwoodii Small : It is found in Alabama, Georgia and northern Florida.
  • Trillium undulatum Willd. : It occurs from eastern Canada to the eastern United States.
  • Trillium vaseyi Harb. : It occurs in the southeastern United States.
  • Trillium viride L.C.Beck : It occurs in western and southern Illinois and Missouri.
  • Trillium viridescens Nutt. : It occurs from the central United States to Arkansas.
  • Trillium × yezoense Tatew. ex J.Samej. (= Trillium apetalon × Trillium camschatcense ): It occurs in northern Japan.

Others

Many species of forest lilies are available as garden plants. Some of the species hybridize with each other, especially the species around the Trillium erectum . The large-flowered forest lily is the official flower of the Canadian province of Ontario and is also featured on the Franco-Ontarians flag .

"Forest lily in the lake" is a section in Peter Rosegger's novel " The writings of the forest schoolmaster ".

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Trillium at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed September 27, 2014.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Trillium. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  3. ^ A b Liang Songyun (梁松筠) Victor G. Soukup: Trillium. , P. 95 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Frederick W. Case Jr .: Trillium. , P. 90 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5
  5. ↑ a b c d e Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
  6. ↑ Peter Rosegger: The writings of the forest schoolmaster . (zeno.org)

Web links

Commons : Forest Lilies ( Trillium )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files