Cistercian monastery male

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Cistercian monastery male
location GermanyGermany Germany
Schleswig-Holstein
Lies in the diocese Diocese of Schleswig
Coordinates: 54 ° 49 '54 "  N , 9 ° 32' 36.8"  E Coordinates: 54 ° 49 '54 "  N , 9 ° 32' 36.8"  E
founding year 1192
Year of dissolution /
annulment 		1538
Mother monastery Esrom Monastery
Primary Abbey Clairvaux Monastery
Schleswig around 1600, in the middle (C) St. Michaelis on the mountain

The Cistercian monastery Rüde , Rude Kloster , Rus Regis (also called Rüde- or Ryekloster ) was located from 1210 to 1582 on the site of today's Glücksburg on the Flensburg Fjord .

prehistory

Michaelis Monastery Schleswig

The Benedictine Michaelis monastery in Schleswig , founded before 1100, was probably the oldest monastery in Schleswig-Holstein. It was dissolved in 1192, allegedly because of the immoral life in the double monastery at that time , as reported in the Chronicle Narratio de Monasterio S. Michaelis apud Slesvicum et de Fundatione Monasterii Aureae Insulae from 1289. The monks were relocated to the newly founded Cistercian monastery in Guldholm and obliged to adopt the stricter rule, most of the monastery property was transferred to the new monastery. The nuns stayed in the convent until three years later (1194) the Benedictine convent of St. Johannis was founded in front of Schleswig . The former monastery church of St. Michaelis auf dem Berge, a Romanesque round building from the 12th century, was still used as a parish church and was rebuilt and expanded several times until it collapsed in the 1850s and replaced by a new building (which has since been demolished again) in the 1870s has been.

New establishment in Guldholm

In 1191, the Schleswig bishop Waldemar founded the Aurea Insula (gold island = Guldholm) monastery as a new filiation (subsidiary) of the Esrom monastery on Zealand on his patrician estate in Guldholm on the shores of the Langsee near Schleswig. Waldemar, who as the son of the Danish King Knut V himself had ambitions for the throne, could have pursued political goals in addition to personal piety in this establishment on his own land, because monasteries played an important role in Schleswig-Holstein, which was still sparsely populated at the time the reclamation and promotion of the economy.

At the end of 1192, Bishop Waldemar was deposed and taken prisoner, whereupon the Benedictine monks returned to their old monastery in Schleswig. For several years they fought over the return of the properties assigned to the Michaelis Monastery, which went down in the chronicles as the "Monks' War". In 1196 a papal arbitration court finally decided in favor of Guldholm and for the change of the rule of the order. One of King Canute VI. confirmed certificate from Nicolaus , Waldemar's successor as Bishop of Schleswig, indicated the new monastery a. a. the episcopal share of the parishes of St. Michaelis auf dem Berge, Kahleby , Nübel and Tolk . The monastery also owned widely scattered land holdings even on Eiderstedt and Alsen .

The Guldholm monastery did not last long. It was moved to the parish Holtesbratorp (today: Munkbrarup ) in 1210 for unknown reasons . Possibly the unfavorable location in the floodplain had made the move necessary, perhaps political aspects also played a role after the meanwhile reinstated Waldemar in 1208 by Pope Innocent III. had been deposed as bishop of Schleswig. Allegedly until 1312 a lonely priest lived as administrator in the abandoned monastery. Today, apart from a few foundation stones and bricks in the Langsee, nothing can be seen of the Guldholm monastery.

Rus Regis or Rudekloster

The map by Marcus Jordanus from 1559 shows the only image of the monastery at the time of its existence. The “Ruekloster” is shown as a simple house with a stepped gable, which is connected to a fortified tower by a battlement. The monastery church is missing.
The map of fishing from 1596 is easted and shows fishing as a clearly recognizable peninsula . On the left of the picture is the Rudekloster, clearly recognizable the monastery church.

As a financial guarantee, the bishop had assigned the now Rus Regis (= royal clearing) or Rudekloster in 1209 the bishop's tithes in Munkbrarup, Grundhof and Broacker in exchange for income from Aurea Insula . With the establishment of the monastery, the settlement and reclamation of northern Angling began . The monastery was then built in the area of ​​today's Glücksburger Schlossteich. This was possible because today's castle pond was only dammed after the end of the monastery with the construction of Glücksburg Castle. In the vicinity of the monastery, as is assumed, there was already a tower hill castle on today's Swan Island . The monks also dammed the Mühlensee, which today is mostly called Rüder See. (Incidentally, the monks also built a watermill in Frörup, which still exists today.) In December 1210, the rule was read out for the first time in the newly built monastery, which indicates that the monastery buildings were largely completed by this time.

In 1237, the monastery achieved extensive independence from the sovereign and its own jurisdiction . In 1433 the Rudekloster received the right to the income of the pilgrimage site Klues (hdt. Klause). Around 1400 Pope Boniface IX. the chapel next to this wondrous hermitage north of Flensburg was declared holy and benefactors and visitors were given four years and 40 days of indulgence . The monastery had a rival connection to the municipal Franciscan monastery in Flensburg . Both monasteries were mostly loyal to the Danish king, the Duke of Schleswig and the Counts of Holstein. However, there are hardly any sources about monastic life. They were destroyed in a fire in Glücksburg Castle in 1786. A document issued by Pope Leo X shows that the monastery was already impoverished in 1514 and in poor structural condition.

After introduction of the Reformation in 1538 the monastery was Protestant, but only after the death of the last abbot in 1557 secularized and the extensive lands, buildings and probably valuable goods from the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg taken. After the fire in Munkbrarup's Laurentius Church in 1565, the dilapidated monastery church also served as a parish church. In 1582 the monastery fell to Duke Johann the Younger , who immediately demolished it and had his new Glücksburg Castle built on the site .

Memorial stone to the male monastery at the castle pond of Schloss Glücksburg

Traces of the monastery

Nothing has survived from the buildings of the Rudekloster, because Glücksburg Castle was built from rubble stones: granite blocks from the old monastery church were used as building material for the foundation, many of the bricks were used for the brick construction. The foundations sank in the new castle pond in the dammed Munkbraruper Au. The triumphal cross of the monastery church remained from the inventory , which today serves as an altar cross in the Munkbrarup Laurentius Church, which was renovated in the year of the demolition.

When the water was drained from the moated castle, fragments of walls from the outbuildings of the former monastery and the graves of monks were seen in earlier centuries. In 1710, Duke Philipp Ernst of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (r. 1698–1729) had the floor of a room in the castle covered with an ornament made of boards that had been recovered from the graves of the monks.

In the absence of sources, it was not known for a long time exactly where the monastery was located. The appearance is only known from a map drawn up in 1596, years after the demolition. Targeted excavations took place for the first time in 1962 and 1969, when the water from the castle pond was drained. Remnants of buildings and graves were found, which, however, could not be clearly assigned to the monastery.

In October 2005 the water of the castle pond was drained again. The State Archaeological Office, the Institute for Geosciences and the Glücksburg Castle Foundation carried out geomagnetic examinations of the dry soil of the castle pond. Small metal objects such as belt buckles made of copper or bronze, taps, book clasps, lead windows, a seal and coins from the 13th to 16th centuries were found. The exact location and floor plan of the monastery were determined by means of ground radar and geomagnetic mapping . It was about 50 meters from today's castle. The monastery building, cloister and a three-aisled basilica with a straight choir were visible . The size of 63 meters in length and 30 meters in width corresponds to the dimensions of the Ratzeburg Cathedral . It can be seen that the floor plan, similar to that of the Sorø Monastery, which was also founded by Esrom, is based on Bernhard von Clairvaux's regulations on church building.

Abbots

literature

  • Wolfgang Bauch: Archaeological finds of the Rudekloster in Glücksburg - results of the surface inspections of 2005 , in: Denkmal! Vol. 19 (2012), pp. 98-105
  • Kuhlmann, Hans Joachim: The Rudekloster and its predecessors St. Michaelis - Schleswig and Guldholm , in: Yearbook of the Angler Heimatverein 19 (1955), pp. 81-87 [1] .
  • Glawischnig, Rolf: 800 years of Rudekloster Glücksburg ; in: Yearbook of the Heimatverein der Landschaft fishing vol. 74 (2010) pp. 236–241.
  • Stüdtje, Johannes: Thoughts on the area of ​​activity of the Ryekloster (Rüdekloster) , in: Yearbook of the Angler Heimatverein 28 (1964), pp. 90–110.
  • Heiko KL Schulze: The buildings of the Rudekloster in Glücksburg in the 13th century. On the architecture of the Cistercians in Northern Germany , in: “Denk Mal!” Journal for Monument Preservation in Schleswig-Holstein , Volume 13 (2006), Boyens Buchverlag, Heide; Pp. 40-48

Web links

Commons : Cistercian monastery male  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Belief · Knowledge · Life. Monasteries in Schleswig-Holstein . Exhibition volume from the Schleswig-Holstein State Library; Kiel 2011; P. 315
  2. ^ Chronicle of Guldholm Monastery (German translation). Detlev von Liliencron processed this story in his poem The Black Monks in Schleswig from the 1909 book Gute Nacht .
  3. ^ Kuhlmann: The Rudekloster and its predecessors St. Michaelis - Schleswig and Guldholm ; P. 82
  4. ↑ Hans Nicolai Andreas Jensen , Andreas Ludwig Jacob Michelsen (ed.): Schleswig-Holsteinische Kirchengeschichte Vol. 2, Kiel 1973, p. 262
  5. ^ Hans Zech: On the location of the abandoned Cistercian monastery Guldholm 1192-1210
  6. ↑ Belief · Knowledge · Life. Monasteries in Schleswig-Holstein . Exhibition volume from the Schleswig-Holstein State Library; Kiel 2011; P. 247
  7. ↑ a b Sönke Preck: Guldholm Monastery
  8. ↑ Schulze: The buildings of the Rudekloster in Glücksburg in the 13th century. On the architecture of the Cistercians in Northern Germany; P. 40
  9. ^ Kuhlmann: The Rudekloster and its predecessors St. Michaelis - Schleswig and Guldholm; P. 83f
  10. ^ Dieter-Jürgen Mehlhorn: Monasteries and monasteries in Schleswig-Holstein: 1200 years of history, architecture and art ; verlag-ludwig.de, 2007; P. 126
  11. ↑ Schulze: The buildings of the Rudekloster in Glücksburg in the 13th century. On the architecture of the Cistercians in Northern Germany; P. 46
  12. ↑ a b c Schulze: The buildings of the Rudekloster in Glücksburg in the 13th century. On the architecture of the Cistercians in Northern Germany; P. 41
  13. ^ Mehlhorn: Monasteries and monasteries in Schleswig-Holstein: 1200 years of history, architecture and art; P. 127
  14. ↑ Extract from the map from 1596
  15. ↑ Belief · Knowledge · Life. Monasteries in Schleswig-Holstein . Exhibition volume from the Schleswig-Holstein State Library; Kiel 2011; P. 33