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The '''Deutscher Werkbund''' (German Work Federation) was a [[Germany|German]] association of artists, architects, designers, and industrialists. The Werkbund was to become an important event in the development of [[modern architecture]] and industrial design, particularly in the later creation of the [[Bauhaus]] school of design. Its initial purpose was to establish a partnership of product manufacturers with design professionals to improve the competitiveness of German companies in global markets. The Werkbund was less an artistic movement than a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass-production techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with England and the United States. Its motto ''Vom Sofakissen zum Städtebau'' (from sofa cushions to city-building) indicates its range of interest.
{{short description|German Association of Craftsmen}}
[[File:Weissenhof photo apartment house Mies van der Rohe Stuttgart Germany 2005-10-08.jpg|thumb|Building by [[Mies van der Rohe]] in the [[Weissenhof Estate]] (1927)]]
[[File:Deutsche Werkbund-Ausstellung Kunst in Handwerk, Industrie und Handel Architektur Köln 1914 Oct. Peter Behrens A. Molling & Comp. KG Hannover Berlin.jpg|thumb|1914 exhibition poster]]
[[File:Weißenhof-Stuhl mit Geflecht von Lilly Reich.jpg|thumb|"Weißenhof chair", by Mies van der Rohe with canework upholstery by Lilly Reich<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmoa.org/CollectionDetail.aspx?item=1022315|title=CMOA Collection}}</ref> (ca. 1927)]]

The '''''Deutscher Werkbund''''' (English: "German Association of Craftsmen"; {{IPA-de|ˈdɔʏtʃər ˈvɛrkbʊnd|lang}}) is a German association of artists, architects, designers and industrialists established in 1907. The ''Werkbund'' became an important element in the development of [[modern architecture]] and industrial design, particularly in the later creation of the [[Bauhaus]] school of design. Its initial purpose was to establish a partnership of product manufacturers with design professionals to improve the competitiveness of German companies in global markets. The Werkbund was less an artistic movement than a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial [[mass production]] techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with England and the United States. Its motto ''Vom Sofakissen zum Städtebau'' (from sofa cushions to city-building) indicates its range of interest.


==History==
==History==
The Werkbund was founded in 1907 in [[Munich]] at the instigation of [[Hermann Muthesius]], existed through 1934, then re-established after [[World War II]] in 1950. Muthesius was the author of the exhaustive three-volume "The English House" of 1905, a survey of the practical lessons of the English [[Arts and Crafts movement]]. Muthesius was seen as something of a cultural ambassador, or industrial spy, between Germany and England.
The Deutscher Werkbund emerged when the architect [[Joseph Maria Olbrich]] left Vienna for [[Darmstadt]], Germany, in 1899, to form an artists' colony at the invitation of [[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse]].<ref name="German Design for an Industrial Age">Wendy Moonan (7 December 2007), [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/07/arts/design/07anti.html German Design for an Industrial Age] ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> The Werkbund was founded by Olbrich, [[Peter Behrens]], [[Richard Riemerschmid]], [[Bruno Paul]] and others in 1907<ref name="German Design for an Industrial Age"/> in [[Munich]] at the instigation of [[Hermann Muthesius]], existed through 1934, then re-established after [[World War II]] in 1950. Muthesius was the author of the exhaustive three-volume "The English House" of 1905, a survey of the practical lessons of the English [[Arts and Crafts movement]]. Muthesius was seen as something of a cultural ambassador, or industrial spy, between Germany and England.


The organization originally included twelve architects and twelve business firms. The architects include [[Peter Behrens]], [[Theodor Fischer]] (who served as its first president), [[Josef Hoffmann]], [[Bruno Paul]], and [[Richard Riemerschmid]]. Other architects affiliated with the project include [[Heinrich Tessenow]] and the Belgian [[Henry van de Velde]]. The Werkbund commissioned van de Velde to build a theatre for its [[Werkbund Exhibition (1914) |1914 Cologne Exhibition]] in Cologne, the theatre which turned out to be his best work, and which only stood for one year before being destroyed as a result of [[World War I]]. [[Eliel Saarinen]] was made corresponding member of the Deutscher Werkbund in 1914 and was invited to participate in the 1914 Cologne exhibition. Its most famous member was the architect Ludwig [[Mies Van der Rohe]], who served as Architectural Director.
The organization originally included twelve architects and twelve business firms. The architects include [[Peter Behrens]], [[Theodor Fischer]] (who served as its first president), [[Josef Hoffmann]], [[Bruno Paul]], [[Max Laeuger]] and [[Richard Riemerschmid]]. Other architects affiliated with the project include [[Heinrich Tessenow]] and the Belgian [[Henry van de Velde]]. By 1914, it had 1,870 members, including heads of museums.<ref>Joan Campbell, ''The German Werkbund: The Politics of Reform in the Applied Arts'' (Princeton University Press, 2016)</ref> The Werkbund commissioned van de Velde to design a [[Theater (structure)|theater]] for the 1914 [[Werkbund Exhibition (1914)|Werkbund Exhibition]] in [[Cologne]]. The exhibition was closed and the buildings dismantled ahead of schedule because of the outbreak of World War I. [[Eliel Saarinen]] was made corresponding member of the Deutscher Werkbund in 1914 and was invited to participate in the 1914 Cologne exhibition. Among the Werkbund's more noted members was the architect [[Mies van der Rohe]], who served as Architectural Director.


===Key dates of the Deutscher Werkbund===
===Key dates of the Deutscher Werkbund===

* 1907, Establishment of the Werkbund in Munich
* 1907, Establishment of the Werkbund in Munich
* 1910, [[Salon d'Automne]], Paris
* [[Werkbund Exhibition (1914)|1914 Cologne exhibition]]
* 1914, [[Werkbund Exhibition (1914)|Werkbund Exhibition]], Cologne
* 1920, Lilly Reich becomes the first female Director
* 1920, [[Lilly Reich]] becomes the first female Director
* 1924, Berlin exhibition
* 1924, Berlin exhibition
* 1927, Stuttgart exhibition (including the [[Weissenhof Estate]])
* 1927, [[Werkbund Exhibition - The Dwelling|Stuttgart exhibition]] (including the [[Weissenhof Estate]])
* 1929, Breslau exhibition
* 1929, [[WUWA (Breslau)|Breslau exhibition]]
* 1938, Werkbund closed by the National Socialists
* 1934, Werkbund declare dissolution
* 1949, Reestablishment
* 1947, Reestablishment


===100th anniversary===
==Recent==
Most recently, the [[Verband Deutscher Industrie Designer]] (''Association of German Industrial Designers,'' or VDID) and the Bund Deutscher Grafik-Designer Federation of German Graphic Designers (BDG-[[Mitte]]) held a joint meeting to celebrate the 100 year anniversary of the Deutsche Werkbund. A juried exhibition and opening was held on March 14, 2008.<ref name="Musuem">[http://www.museumderdinge.de/ Werkbund Museum]</ref><ref name="VDID">[http://www.vdid.de/Vdid/destreff/vdid_body.html VDID Events page]</ref>
The ''[[Verband Deutscher Industrie Designer]]'' (Association of German Industrial Designers, or VDID) and the ''Bund Deutscher Grafik-Designer'' (Federation of German Graphic Designers, or "BDG-[[Mitte]]") held a joint meeting to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Deutscher Werkbund. A juried exhibition and opening was held on 14 March 2008.<ref name="Musuem">[http://www.museumderdinge.de/ Werkbund Museum]</ref><ref name="VDID">[http://www.vdid.de/Vdid/destreff/vdid_body.html VDID Events page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717104518/http://www.vdid.de/Vdid/destreff/vdid_body.html |date=17 July 2007 }}</ref>


==Museum der Dinge==
The collections and archives (Werkbundarchiv) of the Werkbund are housed at the Museum der Dinge (Museum of Things) in [[Berlin]]. The museum is focused on design and objects used in everyday life in the 20th century up to the present. Among other exhibits, it includes a [[Frankfurt kitchen]].

==Members==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Konrad Adenauer]]
* [[Friedrich Adler (artist)|Friedrich Adler]]
* [[Adolf Arndt]]
* [[Deutsche Linoleum-Werke|Anker-Werke Delmenhorst]]
* [[Ferdinand Avenarius]]
* [[Otto Bartning]]
* [[Willi Baumeister]]
* [[Adolf Behne]]
* [[Hendrik Petrus Berlage]]
* [[Richard Berndl]]
* [[Johann Michael Bossard]]
* [[Raymund Brachmann]]
* [[Fritz August Breuhaus de Groot]]
* [[Bazon Brock]]
* [[Ulrich Böhme]]
* [[Max Burchartz]]
* [[Charles Crodel]]
* [[Carl Otto Czeschka]]
* [[Wilhelm von Debschitz]]
* [[Franz Karl Delavilla]]
* [[Peter A. Demeter]]
* [[Walter Dexel]]
* [[Eugen Diederichs]]
* [[Bruno Dörpinghaus]]
* [[Karl Duschek]]
* [[Adolph Eckhardt]]
* [[Egon Eiermann]]
* [[Albert Eitel]]
* [[August Endell]]
* [[Jupp Ernst]]
* [[Lyonel Feininger]]
* [[Wend Fischer]]
* [[Karl Ganser]]
* [[Hansjörg Göritz]]
* [[Hermann Gretsch]]
* [[Walter Gropius]]
* [[Moritz Hadda]]
* [[Richard Hamann]]
* [[Luise Harkort]]
* [[Hugo Häring]]
* [[Hans Heckner]]
* [[Max Heidrich]]
* [[Erwin Heerich]]
* [[Hans Hertlein]]
* [[Max Hertwig]]
* [[Lucy Hillebrand]]
* [[Georg Hirth]]
* [[Theodor Heuss]]
* [[Ot Hoffmann]]
* [[Helmut Hofmann]]
* [[Ferdy Horrmeyer]]
* [[Paul Horst-Schulze]]
* [[Klaus Humpert]]
* [[Walter Maria Kersting]]
* [[Harald Kimpel]]
* [[Moissey Kogan]]
* [[Hans P. Koellmann]]
* [[Ludwig König]]
* [[Ernst Kühn]]
* [[Hugo Kükelhaus]]
* [[Klaus Küster]]
* [[Ferdinand Kramer]]
* [[Günter Kupetz]]
* [[Emil Lange]]
* [[Carl Langhein]]
* [[Josef Lehmbrock]]
* [[El Lissitzky]]
* [[Johannes Ludovicus Mathieu Lauweriks]]
* [[Richard Luksch]]
* [[Gerhard Marcks]]
* [[Ewald Mataré]]
* [[Ernst May]]
* [[Kunstmuseen Krefeld]]
* [[Erich Mendelsohn]]
* [[Wolfgang Meisenheimer]]
* [[Georg Metzendorf]]
* [[Mies van der Rohe]]
* [[Leberecht Migge]]
* [[Anna Muthesius]]
* [[Hermann Muthesius]]
* [[Friedrich Naumann]]
* [[Walter Neuhäusser]]
* [[Hans Neumann]]
* [[Karl Ernst Osthaus]]
* [[Ludwig Paffendorf]]
* [[Bernhard Pankok]]
* [[Karl Poser]]
* [[Walfried Pohl]]
* [[Jan Thorn Prikker]]
* [[Peter Raacke]]
* [[Adolf Rading]]
* [[Jochen Rahe]]
* [[Dieter Rams]]
* [[Walther Rathenau]]
* [[Carl Rehorst]]
* [[Lilly Reich]]
* [[Albert Reimann]]
* [[Albert Renger-Patzsch]]
* [[Paul Renner]]
* [[Richard Riemerschmid]]
* [[Alexander Michailowitsch Rodtschenko]]
* [[Gregor Rosenbauer]]
* [[Walter Rossow]]
* [[Werner Ruhnau]]
* [[Hans Scharoun]]
* [[Karl Schmidt-Hellerau]]
* [[Willy Schönefeld]]
* [[Werner Schriefers]]
* [[Rudolf Alexander Schröder]]
* [[Reinhard Schulze]]
* [[Fritz Schupp]]
* [[Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky]]
* [[Walter Schwagenscheidt]]
* [[Rudolf Schwarz (architect)|Rudolf Schwarz]]
* [[Hans Schwippert]]
* [[Ferdinand Selle]]
* [[Bernd Sikora]]
* [[Anna Simons]]
* [[Carl Sonntag jun.]]
* [[Friedrich Spengelin]]
* [[Bernhard Stadler]]
* [[Anton Stankowski]]
* [[Heinz Stoffregen]]
* [[Ludwig Sütterlin]]
* [[Heinrich Straumer]]
* [[Gustav Stresemann]]
* [[Bruno Taut]]
* [[Heinrich Tessenow]]
* [[Paul Thiersch]]
* [[Emil Thormählen]]
* [[Walter Tiemann]]
* [[Paul Ludwig Troost]]
* [[Otto Ubbelohde]]
* [[Henry van de Velde]]
* [[Theodor Veil]]
* [[Otto Voelckers]]
* [[Heinrich Vogeler]]
* [[Fritz Wärndorfer]]
* [[Wilhelm Wagenfeld]]
* [[Otto Wagner]]
* [[Udo Weilacher]]
* [[Werkbund Werkstatt Nürnberg]]
* [[Edward Weston]]
* [[Alfred Wiener]]
* [[Karl With]]
* [[Dieter Witte]]
* [[Georg Wrba]]
* [[Christoph Zöpel]]
* [[Berta Zuckerkandl]]
{{div col end}}


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[New Objectivity (architecture)]]
* [[:de:Bund Deutscher Grafik-Designer|BDG (Bund Deutscher Grafik-Designer)]] in German Wikipedia
* [[Modern architecture]]
* [[WUWA (Breslau)]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Refimprove|date=January 2010}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2010}}

==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* Lucius Burckhardt (1987). ''The Werkbund''. Hyperion Press. ISBN 0-85072-108-3
* Lucius Burckhardt (1987). ''The Werkbund''. Hyperion Press. {{ISBN|0-85072-108-3}}
* Frederic J. Schwartz (1996). ''The Werkbund: Design Theory and Mass Culture Before the First World War''. New Haven, Conn. : Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06898-0
* Frederic J. Schwartz (1996). ''The Werkbund: Design Theory and Mass Culture Before the First World War''. New Haven, Conn. : Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-06898-0}}
* [[Mark Jarzombek]]. "Joseph August Lux: Werkbund Promoter, Historian of a Lost Modernity," ''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'' 63/1 (June 2004): 202-219.
* [[Mark Jarzombek]]. "Joseph August Lux: Werkbund Promoter, Historian of a Lost Modernity," ''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'' 63/1 (June 2004): 202–219.
* Ot Hoffmann im Auftrag des DWB: ''Der Deutsche Werkbund – 1907, 1947, 1987.'' Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Frankfurt 1987, {{ISBN|3-433-02268-2}}. {{in lang|de}}
* Yuko Ikeda: ''Vom Sofakissen zum Städtebau. Hermann Muthesius und der Deutsche Werkbund. Modern Design in Deutschland 1900–1927.'' Ausstellungskatalog. The National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto 2002, {{ISBN|4-87642-165-X}}.
* [[Karl-Ernst-Osthaus-Museum]] Hagen und Kaiser-Wilhelm-Museum Krefeld: ''Das Schöne und der Alltag – Deutsches Museum für Kunst in Handel und Gewerbe.'' Ausstellungskatalog. Pandora Snoeck-Ducaju & Zoon, Gent 1997, {{ISBN|90-5325-090-5}}. {{in lang|de}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Deutscher Werkbund}}
* [http://www.museumderdinge.org Werkbundarchiv]
* {{Official website|http://www.deutscher-werkbund.de/}}
* [http://www.museumderdinge.org Werkbundarchiv: Museum der Dinge] – official site

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Bauhaus]]
[[Category:Bauhaus]]
[[Category:1907 establishments]]
[[Category:1907 establishments in Germany]]
[[Category:German architects]]
[[Category:Industrial design]]
[[Category:Industrial designers]]
[[Category:Graphic design]]
[[Category:Graphic designers]]
[[Category:Modernist architecture in Germany]]
[[Category:Modernist architecture in Germany]]
[[Category:Austrian architects]]
[[Category:Architecture groups]]
[[Category:Architecture groups]]

[[da:Deutscher Werkbund]]
[[de:Deutscher Werkbund]]
[[es:Deutscher Werkbund]]
[[fr:Deutscher Werkbund]]
[[gl:Deutscher Werkbund]]
[[hr:Deutscher Werkbund]]
[[it:Deutscher Werkbund]]
[[he:ורקבונד]]
[[nl:Deutscher Werkbund]]
[[ja:ドイツ工作連盟]]
[[no:Deutscher Werkbund]]
[[pl:Deutscher Werkbund]]
[[pt:Federação Alemã do Trabalho]]
[[ru:Немецкий Веркбунд]]
[[sc:Deutscher Werkbund]]
[[sv:Deutscher Werkbund]]
[[vi:Hiệp hội Công trình Đức]]
[[zh:德意志工藝聯盟]]

Latest revision as of 21:01, 17 August 2023

Building by Mies van der Rohe in the Weissenhof Estate (1927)
1914 exhibition poster
"Weißenhof chair", by Mies van der Rohe with canework upholstery by Lilly Reich[1] (ca. 1927)

The Deutscher Werkbund (English: "German Association of Craftsmen"; German: [ˈdɔʏtʃər ˈvɛrkbʊnd]) is a German association of artists, architects, designers and industrialists established in 1907. The Werkbund became an important element in the development of modern architecture and industrial design, particularly in the later creation of the Bauhaus school of design. Its initial purpose was to establish a partnership of product manufacturers with design professionals to improve the competitiveness of German companies in global markets. The Werkbund was less an artistic movement than a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass production techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with England and the United States. Its motto Vom Sofakissen zum Städtebau (from sofa cushions to city-building) indicates its range of interest.

History[edit]

The Deutscher Werkbund emerged when the architect Joseph Maria Olbrich left Vienna for Darmstadt, Germany, in 1899, to form an artists' colony at the invitation of Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse.[2] The Werkbund was founded by Olbrich, Peter Behrens, Richard Riemerschmid, Bruno Paul and others in 1907[2] in Munich at the instigation of Hermann Muthesius, existed through 1934, then re-established after World War II in 1950. Muthesius was the author of the exhaustive three-volume "The English House" of 1905, a survey of the practical lessons of the English Arts and Crafts movement. Muthesius was seen as something of a cultural ambassador, or industrial spy, between Germany and England.

The organization originally included twelve architects and twelve business firms. The architects include Peter Behrens, Theodor Fischer (who served as its first president), Josef Hoffmann, Bruno Paul, Max Laeuger and Richard Riemerschmid. Other architects affiliated with the project include Heinrich Tessenow and the Belgian Henry van de Velde. By 1914, it had 1,870 members, including heads of museums.[3] The Werkbund commissioned van de Velde to design a theater for the 1914 Werkbund Exhibition in Cologne. The exhibition was closed and the buildings dismantled ahead of schedule because of the outbreak of World War I. Eliel Saarinen was made corresponding member of the Deutscher Werkbund in 1914 and was invited to participate in the 1914 Cologne exhibition. Among the Werkbund's more noted members was the architect Mies van der Rohe, who served as Architectural Director.

Key dates of the Deutscher Werkbund[edit]

100th anniversary[edit]

The Verband Deutscher Industrie Designer (Association of German Industrial Designers, or VDID) and the Bund Deutscher Grafik-Designer (Federation of German Graphic Designers, or "BDG-Mitte") held a joint meeting to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Deutscher Werkbund. A juried exhibition and opening was held on 14 March 2008.[4][5]

Museum der Dinge[edit]

The collections and archives (Werkbundarchiv) of the Werkbund are housed at the Museum der Dinge (Museum of Things) in Berlin. The museum is focused on design and objects used in everyday life in the 20th century up to the present. Among other exhibits, it includes a Frankfurt kitchen.

Members[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "CMOA Collection".
  2. ^ a b Wendy Moonan (7 December 2007), German Design for an Industrial Age The New York Times.
  3. ^ Joan Campbell, The German Werkbund: The Politics of Reform in the Applied Arts (Princeton University Press, 2016)
  4. ^ Werkbund Museum
  5. ^ VDID Events page Archived 17 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine

Further reading[edit]

  • Lucius Burckhardt (1987). The Werkbund. Hyperion Press. ISBN 0-85072-108-3
  • Frederic J. Schwartz (1996). The Werkbund: Design Theory and Mass Culture Before the First World War. New Haven, Conn. : Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06898-0
  • Mark Jarzombek. "Joseph August Lux: Werkbund Promoter, Historian of a Lost Modernity," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 63/1 (June 2004): 202–219.
  • Ot Hoffmann im Auftrag des DWB: Der Deutsche Werkbund – 1907, 1947, 1987. Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Frankfurt 1987, ISBN 3-433-02268-2. (in German)
  • Yuko Ikeda: Vom Sofakissen zum Städtebau. Hermann Muthesius und der Deutsche Werkbund. Modern Design in Deutschland 1900–1927. Ausstellungskatalog. The National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto 2002, ISBN 4-87642-165-X.
  • Karl-Ernst-Osthaus-Museum Hagen und Kaiser-Wilhelm-Museum Krefeld: Das Schöne und der Alltag – Deutsches Museum für Kunst in Handel und Gewerbe. Ausstellungskatalog. Pandora Snoeck-Ducaju & Zoon, Gent 1997, ISBN 90-5325-090-5. (in German)

External links[edit]

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