Fritz August Breuhaus de Groot

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Fritz August Breuhaus , from 1928 also Fritz August Breuhaus de Groot (born February 9, 1883 in Solingen ; † December 2, 1960 in Rodenkirchen-Hahnwald ) was an architect , interior architect and designer who worked primarily in Germany and Switzerland . Breuhaus became a member of the Deutscher Werkbund and the Association of German Architects around 1910, and since 1928 he was also an associate professor .

Life

Breuhaus was born in Solingen in 1883 as the son of a dentist . The descent from the Dutch painter family Breuhaus de Groot , which he himself later claimed, is actually - if at all - only an extensive relationship. The addition to the name “de Groot”, which Breuhaus used from 1928, is more or less an artist's name that was not officially registered.

Between 1901 and 1905 Breuhaus attended the Baugewerkschule Barmen-Elberfeld, the Technical University of Darmstadt , the Technical University of Stuttgart , where he joined the Corps Stauffia Stuttgart , and the Düsseldorf School of Applied Arts , but a regular course or regular exams or diplomas are required not verifiable. In later years Breuhaus described himself as a student of Peter Behrens , which the current research on Breuhaus has refuted (cf. Schmidle 2006, see below).

The first self-employed building can be traced back to 1905. Breuhaus worked together with his brother-in-law in the first few years, office addresses are occupied for Moers and Bochum . From 1907 he lived and worked in Düsseldorf . Short-term office partnerships with the architects Carl Mauve and Carl Bensel have been recorded for the years up to 1914 . In 1907, planning began for the “ Meererbusch Garden City ” near Düsseldorf, in which Breuhaus later built a number of houses. In 1910 at the latest he became a member of the German Werkbund (DWB) and in 1914 was involved in several interior fittings at the German Werkbund exhibition in Cologne in 1914 .

In 1914/1918 Breuhaus took part in the First World War as a soldier , most recently in the rank of sergeant . In 1919 he exhibited various designs in Alfred Flechtheim's gallery in Düsseldorf . In 1920 he went to Cologne, where, together with the architect Jacob Dondorff , he was mainly involved in building housing developments. From 1922 to 1927 he worked with the architect Heinrich Rosskotten in Düsseldorf , during which time many industrial buildings were built.

It was only a small step from the interior fittings to the utility design; Breuhaus founded a first company for arts and crafts under the name "Mikado-Werkstätten" as early as 1923, which primarily produced hand-printed textiles. Although this business soon closed again, he continued to design objects such as cutlery, lamps, wallpaper and other luxurious household items, e.g. Sometimes for well-known manufacturers such as the WK Association, the Württembergische Metallwarenfabrik (WMF) or the Rheinische Tapetenfabrik .

In the second half of the 1920s, Breuhaus again increasingly designed spacious residential buildings for upper-class clients, early on also for foreign countries: Between 1927 and 1957, various projects were carried out in Switzerland (see below), also in southern Europe and South America, and in the 1930s too in Turkey. The interior fittings for the 1st class of the ocean liner Bremen of Norddeutscher Lloyd , which were later followed by the fittings for the Zeppelin airship LZ 129 Hindenburg , made a particular contribution to its reputation . In connection with the furnishing of the Bremen , Breuhaus was also awarded the title of professor by the Free State of Bavaria in December 1928 - Breuhaus never held a teaching post at a state school, however, neither in Munich nor anywhere else.

In 1931/1932 Breuhaus came to Berlin , where he quickly gained a professional foothold due to social contacts and his prestigious projects in previous years. In the first period up to the revival of building activity after 1933, he also founded the private art school "Contempora" together with the photographer Erich Balg , at which, in addition to himself and some well-known Berlin artists and designers, his then colleague Caesar F. Pinnau (1906 –1988), who made a career after 1937 and in 1945 became one of the most prominent architects and ship designers in Germany. From 1932 onwards, Breuhaus's handicrafts were also strongly influenced by his wife Botilla Breuhaus (1895–1988).

According to contemporary witnesses , the cosmopolitan , rather cosmopolitan Breuhaus could no longer gain anything from the National Socialist ideology from 1935 at the latest. Some of his best-known designs from the 1930s were nevertheless instrumentalized by National Socialist propaganda. His international reputation as an architect apparently outweighed his non-regime-compliant stance on various creative and social issues. As far as we know today, at least the design orders for the interior fittings of the Zeppelin airship LZ 129 Hindenburg , the sailing training ship Gorch Fock , the armored ships Admiral Scheer and Admiral Graf Spee as well as the Avisos Grille must be dated clearly before 1933. Nevertheless, until the outbreak of war in 1939, Breuhaus also received orders from state or state-related agencies. The vast majority of his works after 1933 can be traced back to his good contacts with private individuals and commercial enterprises.

Occasionally, after 1933, Breuhaus also took part in public competitions, e.g. B. for a Gauforum in Frankfurt an der Oder (1937–1938). This design was expressly rejected by Albert Speer as "not monumental enough". Years after the NSDAP came to power, both teachers and “non-Aryan” pupils were accepted into Breuhaus' Contempora teaching ateliers. As contemporary witnesses report, he rejected a possible emigration due to his poor knowledge of foreign languages. At the latest after the outbreak of the Second World War , when Breuhaus' international reputation - as well as the German reputation abroad in general - finally became uninteresting for the regime, the architect came under increasing pressure from the National Socialist cultural policy. In 1941 he retreated from Berlin to the provinces, living with his wife near Bad Kissingen . In April 1942 he joined the NSDAP , but was still no longer employed until the end of the war. Nothing is known about his denazification ; he later denied membership of the NSDAP in information on his biography. However, he is listed on the so-called God-gifted list of Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels as an important architect of the Nazi state.

From 1947 onwards, Breuhaus oriented himself back to the Rhineland, after various projects he opened an office in Cologne in 1950. Since he was generally considered to be “unencumbered” in relation to the Third Reich, he succeeded in picking up where he (apparently) left off in 1932. His old and new connections in the circles of the Rhenish-Westphalian economy made him again a sought-after architect, especially the numerous country houses for wealthy builders clearly prove this. In 1952 he moved into a self-designed house ("Lille Brøndegaard") in Bad Honnef .

Breuhaus remained professionally active until his death in 1960, after which his wife and his last partner, the architect Artur Gérard , continued the ongoing projects; a whole series of buildings was only completed posthumously. The couple's grave is located in Cologne's southern cemetery .

Buildings and designs

Isay House in Berlin-Dahlem (1930)
House Lille Ø (garden courtyard) in Berlin-Schmargendorf (1934)
Schumann House in Berlin-Schmargendorf (1936/7)
Woite House in Berlin-Dahlem (1940)
Country house for Peter Rehme in Dortmund-Kirchhörde (1950)
Bankhaus Oppenheim in Cologne (1952/1953)
House Fieck in Berlin-Dahlem (1959)
  • 1905–1906: House for the manufacturer W. in Solingen
  • 1906–1912: Pesch Castle in Meerbusch (renovation)
  • around 1908: Residence for Prof. Hofius in Moers
  • 1909–1910: Orangery for the Duke of Arenberg
  • 1910: Bobhaus in Winterberg (heavily damaged by fire on June 6th / 7th, 2009)
  • 1910–1911: Own residence at Landhaus Eichenhof in the garden city of Meererbusch near Düsseldorf
  • before 1913: Interior fittings in the Hotel Fürstenhof in Münster
  • 1913: House for the building contractor V. in Duisburg (not preserved)
  • 1915: House for the factory owner Büttner (owner of the Büttner works ) in Krefeld- Uerdingen
  • 1920–1921: Settlement in Cologne-Bickendorf
  • 1922: Schweikert residential and commercial building in Kirn (Nahe), Steinweg 2 (listed)
  • 1923: two director's double residential villas of the August-Thyssen-Hütte in Hamborn , Mecklenburger Strasse 19/21 and 25/27 (under monument protection)
  • 1923–1925: Bank building of the Westfalenbank in Bochum (heavily modified)
  • 1924: Conversion of the Hardy & Co. bank in Berlin-Mitte, Taubenstrasse 20
  • 1924–1925: Sisters' home of the Diakoniestiftung Lazarus in Berlin-Gesundbrunnen , Bernauer Strasse 115–116
  • 1925: Vierlinden settlement of the August-Thyssen-Hütte in Hamborn, Bogenstrasse
  • 1925: Alexander Koch's house in Darmstadt , Annastraße 25
  • 1925–1926: Country house for the Berlin banker Fritz Andreae in Feldafing on Lake Starnberg
  • 1927: House in Valparaíso , Chile
  • 1927/1928: Villa Steinmann in Fahrwangen , Canton Aargau , Switzerland
  • before 1928: Jungmühle cabaret in Düsseldorf
  • 1928: Country house for Consul General Dr. D. in Caslano , Canton Ticino , Switzerland
  • 1928–1929: House for the textile manufacturer W. in Stuttgart (broken off)
  • 1928–1929: 1st class interior of the express steamer Bremen (with Caesar F. Pinnau)
  • before 1929: Design for a painter's house in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland
  • before 1930: La Magliasina golf and guest house in Magliaso near Caslano, Canton Ticino, Switzerland
  • 1930: Summer house for the actress Brigitte Helm near Berlin
  • around 1930: Student house in the Therbusch'schen Ressource in Berlin-Mitte, Oranienburger Straße 18
  • 1930–1931: Country residence for the patent attorney Rudolf Isay in Berlin-Dahlem , Hüttenweg 9
  • 1932: Country house for H. Thomi in Arlesheim , Canton Basel-Landschaft, Switzerland
  • around 1933: Casa Scania for Rudolf Caracciola in Lugano -Ruvigliano, Canton Ticino, Switzerland
  • before 1933: weekend house at Wannsee
  • 1933: Bernet house in Berlin-Grunewald , Griegstraße 31
  • 1933–1934: Dr. Landmann in Berlin-Schmargendorf , Max-Eyth-Strasse 8
  • 1934: Own house in Lille Ø in Berlin-Schmargendorf, Max-Eyth-Straße 12a
  • 1934: Zander house in Berlin-Schmargendorf, Rheinbabenallee 41a
  • 1934–1935: Pohlschröder house in Berlin-Westend , Hohensteinallee 4
  • 1934–1935: Oskar Zahn house in Berlin-Grunewald, Griegstraße 29, (with gardens by Georg Pniower )
  • 1934–1935: Bauer house in Berlin-Wannsee , Am Sandwerder 27 (with gardens by Georg Pniower)
  • 1934–1935: House Cornelius Witt in Berlin-Dahlem, Finkenstrasse 9
  • before 1935: Administration building for Helvetia & Heinrich Frank Söhne AG in Basel
  • 1935: Music shell in Swinoujscie
  • around 1935: Designs for tubular steel furniture by the manufacturer Thonet
  • 1935–1937: Office building of the Reichs-Kredit-Gesellschaft in Berlin-Mitte, Friedrichstrasse 169/170 (broken off)
  • 1935–1937: passenger cabin of the airship LZ 129 Hindenburg (with Caesar F. Pinnau)
  • 1936: Franz House in Berlin-Grunewald, Spohrstrasse 6
  • 1936: Haus Richter in Berlin-Grunewald, Spohrstrasse 8
  • 1936–1937: Schumann house in Berlin-Schmargendorf, Miquelstrasse 23
  • before 1937: House C. on Messelstrasse in Berlin-Dahlem
  • 1937: Landhaus "Fasanenhof", today "Blumeshof", for the teacher Wilhelm Blume in Berlin-Frohnau, Speerweg 38
  • 1937–1938: AH Schilling house in Berlin-Schmargendorf, Max-Eyth-Straße 32
  • before 1938: villa ensemble on Lake Dianasee
  • before 1938: Julianenhof hunting lodge near Havelberg
  • 1938: Dischinger house in Berlin-Grunewald, Bismarckallee 16a
  • 1938–1939: Walter Hjarup house in Berlin-Dahlem, Spechtstrasse 21–23
  • before 1939: Landhaus MM in Schönwalde
  • 1939–1940: Administration building for the Association of German Chemists in Berlin-Wilmersdorf , Rüdesheimer Strasse / Johannisberger Strasse
  • 1939–1940: Woite house in Berlin-Dahlem, Pücklerstrasse 36
  • before 1940: conversion of a palace for an insurance company in Vienna
  • before 1940: Dr. G. in Berlin-Dahlem
  • before 1940: house on the lake in Berlin-Grunewald
  • before 1940: House of Baroness Sch. in Berlin-Dahlem
  • before 1940: Dr. Ö. in hall
  • before 1941: Landhaus Florian near Partenkirchen
  • before 1941: Al Roccolo del Moro country house for the pilot Comandante Arturo Ferrarin near Varese
  • before 1943: Representation of the Gildemann cigar factories in Berlin-Mitte, Unter den Linden 37
  • 1950: Landhaus Im Kühlengrund for the sugar manufacturer and honorary consul Peter Rehme in Dortmund - Kirchhörde
  • 1951–1952: Own house in Lille Brøndegaard in Bad Honnef
  • 1952/1953: Sal. Oppenheim bank in Cologne
  • 1952: Administration building for the Association of German Paper Mills in Bonn, Adenauerallee 55
  • before 1953: Hettlage department store in Bonn
  • 1953: Schwalbenhof house for the manufacturer Erich Kiefer in Gärtringen
  • 1953: Monte Brè tower house in Lugano -Castagnola, Canton Ticino, Switzerland
  • 1954: House Pergola in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland
  • 1954: Villa Castelletto for Alice Scherrer von Guggenberger in Sorengo , Canton Ticino, Switzerland
  • 1955: Protestant chapel in Glashütten (Taunus)
  • before 1957: House near Küssnacht, Canton Lucerne, Switzerland
  • before 1957: country house near Zurich
  • 1958–1959: House Fiek in Berlin-Dahlem , Amselstrasse 22–24
  • 1959: Music pavilion at Ziepchensplatz in (Bad Honnef-) Rhöndorf
  • between 1957 and 1960: country house for Karl-Heinz Sonne in Dortmund-Lücklemberg
  • before 1960: Large house on the Taunus meadows
  • 1960–1961: Udo Giulini's house in Heidelberg (demolished in 2009)

Fonts

  • Country houses and interiors , with artistic photos by Erwin Quedenfeldt . Ernst Ohle, Düsseldorf 1911.
  • An art lover's house. In: Innen-Decoration , 1926, vol. 37, pp. 19-25, with illustrations, (digitized).
  • The Ocean Express "Bremen". (Technical introduction by P. Biedermann) F. Bruckmann, Munich 1930.
  • New buildings and rooms. Wasmuth, Berlin 1941.
  • Buildings and rooms. Wasmuth, Tübingen 1953.
  • Country houses. Buildings and rooms. 3rd revised new edition, Wasmuth, Tübingen 1961.

literature

as a reprint : With an afterword by Catharina Berents. Gebr. Mann, Berlin 1999, ISBN 978-3-7861-2281-4 .

Web links

Commons : Fritz August Breuhaus de Groot  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Andrea Escher: Living in the Green - The Architect Fritz August Breuhaus de Groot and the Garden City of Meererbusch. In: Yearbook for the Neuss District 2002 , ZDB -ID 1502185-3 , ed. from Kreisheimatbund Neuss e. V.
  2. ↑ a b Tilo Richter: One-family castles with front garden. The garden city of Meererbusch and its architect Fritz August Breuhaus. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung  / trichter.de , June 4, 2011, page Z4, (pictures and times), (PDF; 228 kB).
  3. ↑ Ernst Klee : Kulturlexikon zum Third Reich: Who was what before and after 1945 . 1st edition. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2009, ISBN 978-3-596-17153-8 , pp. 72 .
  4. ↑ Verena von Dellingshausen: Each his hut . In: 150 years of the city of Bad Honnef . Ed. By the local history and history association “Herrschaft Löwenburg” e. V. Edition Blattwelt, Niederhofen 2012, ISBN 978-3-936256-50-5 , pp. 129–166, (here: pp. 164/165).
  5. ↑ burial place. In: findagrave.com. Retrieved June 16, 2019 .
  6. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 7/1909 ( digitized version )
  7. ↑ Bernd Sangermann: Bobhaus Raub der Flammen - damage one million euros. In: Westfalenpost , June 7, 2009, with a photo of the damaged building; see. Listed bob house restored. In: DerWesten , October 27, 2010.
  8. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 7/1912 ( digitized version )
  9. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 11/1914 ( digitized version )
  10. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 11/1914 ( digitized version )
  11. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  12. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  13. ↑ Modern designs , 25th year 1926, issue 1
  14. ↑ Alexander Koch (ed.): The house of an art friend. Alexander Koch House, Darmstadt. Built by the architect Fritz August Breuhaus. Publishing house Alexander Koch, Darmstadt 1926.
  15. ^ Fritz August Breuhaus : The house of an art lover. In: Innen-Decoration , 1926, vol. 37, pp. 19-25, with many illustrations, (digitized).
  16. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 2/1928 ( digitized version )
  17. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  18. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  19. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 8/1933 ( digitized version )
  20. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  21. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 5/1935 ( digitized version )
  22. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  23. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 5/1935 ( digitized version )
  24. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  25. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 2/1936 ( digitized version )
  26. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  27. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  28. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  29. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 6/1937 ( digitized version )
  30. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  31. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  32. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  33. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 7/1938 ( digitized version )
  34. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  35. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 1/1940 ( digitized version )
  36. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  37. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 1/1940 ( digitized version )
  38. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  39. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 6/1937 ( digitized version )
  40. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  41. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 1/1938 ( digitized version )
  42. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 7/1938 ( digitized version )
  43. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  44. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  45. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 1/1939 ( digitized version )
  46. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 6/1942 ( digitized version )
  47. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 9/1939 ( digitized version )
  48. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  49. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  50. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 11/1940 ( digitized version )
  51. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 1/1940 ( digitized version )
  52. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 1/1940 ( digitized version )
  53. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 1/1940 ( digitized version )
  54. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 1/1940 ( digitized version )
  55. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 7/1941 ( digitized version )
  56. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 3/1943 ( digitized version )
  57. ↑ Interior decoration , issue 5/1943 ( digitized version )
  58. ^ Wolfram Hagspiel , Hiltrud Kier : Cologne. Architecture of the 50s . In: City of Cologne (Hrsg.): Stadtspuren - Monuments in Cologne . tape 6 . JP Bachem , Cologne 1986, ISBN 3-7616-0858-6 , p. 242 (With historical photos and new photos by Dorothea Heiermann).
  59. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  60. ^ Art and the beautiful home , 58th year 1960
  61. ↑ Abstract / summary of the dissertation by Tilo Richter , (PDF; 110 kB); Cover photo.
personal data
SURNAME Breuhaus de Groot, Fritz August
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Breuhaus, Fritz August (real name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German architect and designer
DATE OF BIRTH February 9, 1883
PLACE OF BIRTH Solingen
DATE OF DEATH 2nd December 1960
Place of death Rodenkirchen-Hahnwald