New York City Subway: Difference between revisions
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Because of the close link and ease of getting from one stadium to the other the 2000 World Series (Mets vs. Yankees) was known as the Subway series. Trains had logos of both teams plastered on them at the time. Since then, the media has often referred to games between the two teams in New York City by that name. |
Because of the close link and ease of getting from one stadium to the other the 2000 World Series (Mets vs. Yankees) was known as the [[Subway series]]. Trains had logos of both teams plastered on them at the time. Since then, the media has often referred to games between the two teams in New York City by that name. |
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Revision as of 21:28, 2 July 2007
| New York City Subway | |
|---|---|
| File:MTASubwaylogo.png | |
| Overview | |
| Locale | New York City |
| Transit type | Rapid transit |
| Number of lines | 26 |
| Number of stations | 468 |
| Daily ridership | 5,076,000 (avg. weekday, 2006, including Staten Island Railway)[1] |
| Operation | |
| Began operation | first section of subway: October 27, 1904 first elevated operation: July 3, 1868 |
| Operator(s) | New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) |
| Technical | |
| System length | 656 mi (1056 km) (revenue) 842 mi (1355 km) (total) |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) (standard gauge) |
The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority, an affiliate of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority as MTA New York City Transit. Together with its bus operations, it is the most extensive public transportation system in the world, with 468 reported passenger stations,[1] (or 422 if stations connected by transfers are counted as one)[3][4],and 656 miles (1056 km) of revenue track, and a total of 842 miles (1355 km) including non-revenue trackage.[citation needed] The subway is also notable for being among the few rapid transit systems in the world to run 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.[citation needed] Among the ten busiest systems in the world in terms of annual passenger traffic, it is the only one to hold such a distinction, setting it apart from cities such as London, Paris, Tokyo, and Moscow. [5][citation needed]
Though it is known as "the subway", implying underground operations, about 40% of the system runs on above-ground right-of-way (the system is almost entirely underground in Manhattan, as well as portions in the other boroughs), including steel or cast iron elevated structures, concrete viaducts, embankments, open cuts and surface routes. All of these construction methods are completely grade-separated from road and pedestrian crossings, and most crossings of two subway tracks are grade-separated with flying junctions.
As of 2007, the first phase of the Second Avenue Subway in the Upper East Side of Manhattan is being built to provide relief to the overcrowded IRT Lexington Avenue Line.
History
An underground transit system in New York City was first built by Alfred Ely Beach in 1869. His Beach Pneumatic Transit only extended 312 feet under Broadway and exhibited his idea for a subway. The tunnel was never extended, and was demolished when the BMT Broadway Line was built in the 1910s.
The first underground line of the subway opened on October 27, 1904. almost 35 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City, which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line. The oldest structure still in use today opened in 1885 as part of the Lexington Avenue Line, and is now part of the BMT Jamaica Line in Brooklyn. The oldest right-of-way, that of the BMT West End Line, was in use in 1863 as a steam railroad called the Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Rail Road. The Staten Island Railway, which opened in 1860, currently utilizes R44 subway cars, but it has no links to the rest of the system and is not usually considered part of the subway proper.
By the time the first subway closed, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT, later Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation, BMT) and Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). The city was closely involved: all lines built for the IRT and most other lines built or improved for the BRT after 1913 were built by the city and leased to the companies. The first line of the city-owned and operated Independent Subway System (IND) opened in 1932; this system was intended to compete with the private systems and allow some of the elevated railways to be torn down. In 1940, the two private systems were bought by the city; some elevated lines closed immediately, and others closed soon after. Integration was slow, but several connections were built between the IND and BMT, and they now operate as one division called the B Division. Since the IRT tunnel segments and stations are too narrow to accommodate B Division cars, as well as curves too sharp for B Division cars, the IRT remains its own division, A Division. C Division consists of non-revenue maintenance cars, built to IRT specs in order to provide maintenance to all of the subway system.[citation needed]
The New York City Transit Authority was created in 1953 to take over subway, bus, and streetcar operations from the city, and was placed under control of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1968.
In 1934, the BRT, IRT, and IND transit workers unionized into Local 100 of the Transport Workers Union. Since then, there have been three union strikes. In 1966, transit workers went on strike for 12 days, and again in 1980 for 11 days. On December 20, 2005, transit workers again went on strike over disputes with MTA regarding salary, pensions, retirement age, and health insurance costs. That strike lasted just under three days.
Construction methods
A unique feature of the New York City Subway is the variety of methods used in constructing subway tunnels. When the IRT subway debuted in 1904, typical tunnel construction was the cut-and cover method. The street was torn up to dig out the tunnel below, then the street was rebuilt above. This method worked well for soft dirt and gravel near the street surface. However, thicker sections made of bedrock required tunnel boring machines.
Overview
Subway stations are located throughout Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx. All services pass through Manhattan, except for the Brooklyn–Queens Crosstown Local (G), which connects Brooklyn and Queens directly without entering Manhattan; the Franklin Avenue Shuttle; and the Rockaway Park Shuttle. Although four of the subway system's stations close late at night and/or on weekends, the New York City subway is among the few rapid transit systems in the world that operate 24 hours a day, along with PATH (connecting New Jersey with Manhattan) and PATCO (linking Philadelphia with southern New Jersey). (Two individual lines of the Chicago 'L' also run at all times.)[6]
In 2005, the New York City Subway hit a 50-year record in usage, with ridership of 1.45 billion.[7] In September 2006, average weekday ridership was 5,076,000, the highest figure since such numbers were first recorded in 1970. [8]
Many lines and stations have both express and local service. These lines have three or four tracks: the outer two for local trains, and the inner one or two for express trains. Stations served by express trains are typically major transfer points or destinations. The BMT Jamaica Line uses skip-stop service on portions, in which two services operate over the line during rush hours, and minor stations are only served by one of the two. The IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line used skip-stop until May 27, 2005.
Lines and routes
Many rapid transit systems run relatively static routings, so that a train "line" is more or less synonymous with a train "route". In New York, routings change often as new connections are opened or service patterns change. The "line" describes the physical railroad line or series of lines that a train "route" uses on its way from one terminal to another.
"Routes" (also called "services") are distinguished by a letter or a number. "Lines" have names.
For example, the D train runs along the following "lines" on its journey:
- In the Bronx, the IND Concourse Line;
- In Manhattan, the IND Eighth Avenue Line
There are 26 train services in the subway system, including three short shuttles. Each route has a color, representing the Manhattan trunk line of the particular service; a different color is assigned to the Crosstown Line (G) route, since it does not operate in Manhattan, and shuttles are all colored dark gray. Each service is also named after its Manhattan (or crosstown) trunk line, and is labeled as local or express.
The current color system depicted on official subway maps was proposed by R. Raleigh D'Adamo, a lawyer who entered a contest sponsored by the Transit Authority in 1964. D'Adamo proposed replacing a map that used only three colors (representing the three operating entities of the subway network) with a map that used a different color for each line. D'Adamo's contest entry shared first place with two others and led the Transit Authority to adopt a multi-colored scheme. (D'Adamo subsequently earned a master's degree in transportation planning and engineering from Polytechnic University and worked for transit authorities, including a stint at the MTA, and was responsible for organizing and building what today is the Westchester County Bee-Line bus system.)[9] However, the lines are not referred to by color (e.g., Blue line or Green line), although the colors are often assigned through their groups (A, C, and E are blue whereas the 4, 5, and 6 are green).
Trains are marked by the service label in either black or white (for appropriate contrast) on a field in the color of its mainline. The field is enclosed in a circle for most services, or a diamond for special services, such as rush-hour only expresses on a route that ordinarily runs local. Rollsigns also typically include the service names and terminals. When the R44 and R46 cars were rebuilt the rollsigns on the side of the cars were replaced with electronic signs while the front service sign remained as a rollsign. All cars built since 1992, including the R110A, R110B, R142, R142A, R143, R160A, and R160B are equipped with digital signs on the front, sides, and interior (except for the R110B, which has rollsigns on the front).
These newer cars also feature recorded announcements for door closings, stations, and other general messages in lieu of conductor announcements, although live conductor announcements can still be made. The recordings began in the late 1990s and featured Bloomberg Radio on-air personalities, who volunteered at the request of their employer and future city mayor Michael Bloomberg. Voices include Jessica Gottesman (now at 1010 WINS radio), Charlie Pellett, and Catherine Cowdery. With regards to why certain messages are voiced by males and others by females, MTA spokesperson Gene Sansone said in 2006 that, "Most of the orders are given by a male voice, while informational messages come from females. Even though this happened by accident, it is a lucky thing because a lot of psychologists agree that people are more receptive to orders from men and information from women".[10]
A Division (IRT) consists of:
B Division (BMT/IND) consists of:
Projected B Division service:
| Route | Line |
|---|---|
| Template:NYCS-bull-small | Second Avenue Subway (in design as of 2007; will not be used until the line opens south of 72nd Street) |
C Division consists of non-revenue operations, including track maintenance and yard operations.[citation needed]
Capacity Constraints
Several subway lines are have reached their operational limits in terms of trains and passengers, according to data released by the Transit Authority. All but one of the "A" Division Lines and the E and L lines are at capacity; crowding on the Lexington Avenue trains exceeds design limits. Crowding on subway lines results in delays and if congestion-based pricing for automobile travel to Manhattan is implemented, subway crowding is predicted to worsen. The Second Avenue Subway will begin to relieve pressure on the Lexington Avenue line when its first segment opens for business in 2013, but no such relief is planned for other crowded lines. Because new subway construction can require years to plan and complete, the Transit Authority must turn to increased bus service to manage demand in the short run.[11]
Stations facilities and amenities
General
Station and concourse
A typical subway station has waiting platforms ranging from 500 to 600 feet (153 to 183 m) long to accommodate large numbers of people. Passengers enter a subway station through stairs towards station booths and vending machines to buy their fare, currently via the MetroCard. After swiping the card at a turnstile, customers continue to the platforms. Some subway lines in the outer boroughs and northern Manhattan have elevated tracks with stations to which passengers climb up via stairs, escalator, or elevator.
Platform
Due to the large number of transit lines, one platform often serves more than one line, unlike other metro systems (except for the London Underground). If the platform only serves one line, one side of the platform will serve trains heading one direction and the other will serve trains heading the other direction. Platforms that serve several lines will often have 2 platforms, one for all trains heading one direction, and the other platform for all trains heading towards the other. In those instances, each side of the platform will typically serve trains that run a similar route.
Artwork
Many stations are decorated with intricate ceramic tile work, some of it dating back to 1904 when the subway first opened for business. The subway tile artwork tradition continues today.
Accessibility
Most stations are not handicapped accessible. The exceptions are newly constructed or extensively renovated stations called "key stations", as required by the ADA. See New York City Subway accessibility for more details.
Restrooms
Restrooms are rare in the subway system, as in most other urban railway networks. Any establishments built in the past have since been closed to the public and have been converted to storage spaces or for employee use only. However, there are a few major stations that have operating restrooms, including on the concourse of the A, C, and E lines of Times Square, Chambers St., Jamaica-179 St., Roosevelt Avenue, and Lexington Avenue-59th St. stations.[12]
Retail
Occasionally on some platforms are found newspaper stands, selling all manner of items including newspapers and food. The MTA has also been installing retail spaces within paid areas in selected stations, including Times Square and at 42nd St.-Bryant Park, on the concourse of the B, D, F, and V lines.
Connections
Connections are available at designated stations to Amtrak, Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, New Jersey Transit and PATH.
Rolling stock
The New York City subway has the world's largest fleet of subway cars. Over 6,400 cars (as of 2002) are on the NYCT roster. A typical New York City Subway train consists of 8 to 11 cars, although shuttles can have as few as two, and the train can range from 150 to 600 feet (46 to 183 m) long. As a general rule, trains on the A Division lines inherited from the IRT (designated with numbers, plus the 42nd Street Shuttle) are shorter and narrower than the trains that operate on the B Division lines inherited from BMT/IND (designated with letters). The A Division and B Division trains operate only in their own division; operating in the other division is not allowed. This is mainly because the IRT sections have narrower tunnel segments, tighter curves, and tighter platform clearances than the BMT/IND sections. A Division trains would have an unacceptably large gap between the platform and train if they were allowed in the B Division, while B Division trains would not fit in the A Division tunnels and stations. The safety train stop mechanism between divisions is also incompatible, it being located on opposite sides of the track and train in each division. Service and maintenance trains, however, are comprised of A Division cars and do not carry passengers, and these can operate on either division.
The system maintains two separate fleets of cars, one for the IRT lines, another for the BMT/IND lines. All BMT/IND equipment is about 10 feet (~3.0 meters) wide and either 60 feet 6 inches (18.4 meters) or 75 feet (~22.8 meters) long whereas IRT equipment is approximately 8 feet 9 inches (~2.67 m) wide and 51 feet 4 inches (~15.5 m) long.
Cars purchased by the City of New York since the inception of the IND and for the other divisions beginning in 1948 are identified by the letter "R" followed by a number; e.g.: R32. This number is the contract number under which the cars were purchased. Cars with nearby contract numbers (e.g.: R1 through R9) may be virtually identical, simply being purchased under different contracts. Subway car models begin with the letter "R" and are followed by the last 2 or 3 digits of the contract number under which they were purchased. The "R" stands for Revenue service as originally used by the IND, however, it can also stand for Rolling Stock, or Rapid Transit, since the "R" is used on contracts for the purchase of anything that deals with subway and work cars (e.g. cars, wheels, other parts).
When the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company entered into agreements to operate some of the new subway lines, they made the decision to design a new type of car, 10 feet wide and 67 feet long, the subject of several patents, whose larger profile was more similar to that of steam railroad coaches, permitting greater passenger capacity, more comfortable seating and other advantages. The BRT unveiled its design to the public in 1913 and received such wide acceptance that all future subway lines, whether built for the BRT, the IRT or eventually, the IND, were built to handle the wider cars.
As a result, while most of the IRT lines could accommodate the larger BMT/IND equipment with modifications to the station platforms and trackside furniture, this is not deemed feasible, because the original, narrower, subway includes portions of both IRT Manhattan mainlines, as well as a critical part of the Brooklyn lines. This could be remedied, but at very great expense. On the other hand, it would be relatively easy to convert many of the Bronx lines for BMT/IND operation; some of the plans for the Second Avenue Subway have included a conversion of the IRT Pelham Line.
The MTA has also been incorporating newer subway cars into its stock in the past decade. Since 1999, the R142, R142A, R142S, R143, have been added into service. The R160A and R160B cars have undergone testing since 2005 and have entered into normal operating service in limited numbers, in early 2007.[13][14]
| 7 train arriving |
|---|
Fares
Token and change
From the inauguration of IRT subway services in 1904[15] until the unified system of 1948 (including predecessor BMT and IND subway services), the fare for a ride on the subway of any length was 5 cents. On July 1, 1948, the fare was increased to 10 cents, and since then has steadily risen. Until recently, riders paid the fare with tokens purchased from a station attendant, which were changed periodically as prices changed. For the 75th anniversary of the subway in 1979 (also called the Diamond Jubilee), a special token with a small off-center diamond cutout and engraved images of a 1904 subway car and kiosk were issued. Many were purchased for keepsakes and were not used for rides. The last iteration of tokens featured a hole in the middle, and after they were phased out, many became featured in home made jewelry.
Of course, many sought to circumvent the tokens in order to ride for free. A popular scam was to jam the token slot in an entrance gate with paper. A rider would innocently drop a token in, be frustrated when it did not open the gate, and have to spend another token to enter at another gate. The token thief would then race out from hiding, and suck the token from the jammed slot with their mouth. This could be repeated many times so long as no police officers spotted the activity. Often token booth attendants would coat the token slots with soap to discourage "token suckers".[16]
There was some controversy in the early 1980's when enterprising transit riders discovered that tokens purchased for use in the Connecticut Turnpike toll booths were of the same size and weight as New York City subway tokens. Since they cost less than one third as much, they began showing up in subway collection boxes regularly.[17] Connecticut authorities initially agreed to change the size of their tokens[18], but later reneged, and the problem went unsolved until 1985 when Connecticut discontinued the tolls on its turnpike.[19] At that time, the MTA was paid 17.5 cents for each of more than two million tokens that had been collected over during the three year "token war".[19]
MetroCard
In 1994, the subway system introduced a fare system called the MetroCard, which allows riders to use cards that store the value equal to the amount paid to a station booth clerk or to a vending machine. The MetroCard was enhanced in 1997 to allow passengers to make free transfers between subways and buses within two hours; several MetroCard-only transfers between subways were also added. The token was phased out in 2003. The same year, the MTA raised the basic fare to $2 amid protests from passenger and advocacy groups such as the Straphangers Campaign. In 2005, the MTA increased the prices of unlimited MetroCards, but left the base fare at $2.00.
SmartLink
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, a joint transportation operation between New York and New Jersey, started distributing SmartLink cards for seniors in Fall of 2006. These RFID "smart" cards are expected to become the standard card for use in the NY-NJ area for mass transit. The card is also expected to allow for use in stores.
Future plans
Operations
Pending legislation would merge the subway operations of MTA New York City Transit with Staten Island Railway to form a single entity called MTA Subways.[20] The Staten Island Railway operates with R44 subway cars on a fully grade-separated right-of-way, but is typically not considered part of the subway, and is connected only via the free, city-operated Staten Island Ferry.
Stations
In August 2006, the MTA revealed that all future subway stations, including ones built for the Second Avenue Subway, the No. 7 line extension, and the new South Ferry station, will have platforms outfitted with air-cooling systems.[21]
Technology
- Train arrival times
In 2003, the MTA signed a $160 million contract with Siemens Transportation Systems to install digital next-train arrival message boards at 158 of its IRT (numbered line) stations. These signs were to be different from the current LED signs that are only capable of displaying the current date and time. However, many problems arose with the software used in Siemens programming, and the MTA stopped payment to the company in May 2006. [22] The MTA threatened to drop Siemens, but about a month later Siemens announced they had fixed the problem. The signs should begin operation later in 2007.[23]
A different system has been developed and installed successfully on the L line and is currently under testing. [24]
- Paypass trial
The MTA also signed a deal with Mastercard in the first few months of 2006 to test out a new RFID card payment scheme.[25] Customers had to sign up at a special Mastercard website and had to use a Mastercard Paypass credit or debit card/tag to participate. Participating stations included:[26]
- IRT Lexington Avenue Line from 138 St. in the Bronx, to Borough Hall, Brooklyn,
- 23rd St.-Ely Avenue in Queens for the E line,
- and 45th Road-Court House Square for the 7 line.
Originally scheduled to end in December of 2006, the MTA extended the trial due to "overwhelming positive response".[27]
- Automation
In the early 21st century, plans resurfaced for a major expansion, the Second Avenue Line. This line had been planned as early as the 1920s but has been delayed several times since. Construction was started in the 1970s, but discontinued due to the city's fiscal crisis. Some small portions remain intact in Chinatown, the East Village, and the Upper East Side, but they are each quite short and thus remain unused.[28] A segment from 99th St to 105 St will serve as layup tracks for the first phase of the Second Av Subway, now under construction.
In the mid-2000s, the MTA began a 20-year process of automating the subway. Beginning with the BMT Canarsie Line (L) and the IRT Flushing Line 7 [29], the MTA has plans to eventually automate a much larger portion, using One Person Train Operation (OPTO) in conjunction with Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC). Siemens Transportation Systems is building the CBTC system. (A 1959 experiment in automating the 42nd Street Shuttle in New York City ended with a fire at 42nd Street–Grand Central on April 24, 1964.)
Safety and Security
Photography
After the September 11th attacks in New York, the MTA was extremely wary of anyone taking photographs or recording video inside the system. The MTA proposed banning all photography and recording in a meeting around June 2004.[30] However, due to strong response from both the public and from rights-interests groups, the rule of conduct was dropped. In November 2004, the MTA again put this rule up for approval, but was again denied. [31] However, police officers still confronted people who were not authorized personnel and either confiscated their film/cameras or issued them a Disorderly Conduct summons. [32]
Currently, the MTA Rules of Conduct, Restricted Areas and Activities section states that anyone may take pictures or record video, as long as no flash or tripod is used:
- Section 1050.9 Restricted areas and activities.
- Photography, filming or video recording in any facility or conveyance is permitted except that ancillary equipment such as lights, reflectors or tripods may not be used. Members of the press holding valid identification issued by the New York City Police Department are hereby authorized to use necessary ancillary equipment. All photographic activity must be conducted in accordance with the provisions of this Part. Full section
Terrorism
On July 22, 2005, in response to bombings in London, United Kingdom, the New York City Transit Police introduced a new policy of randomly searching passengers' bags as they approached turnstiles. The NYPD claimed that no form of racial profiling would be conducted when these searches actually took place. The NYPD has come under fire from some groups that claim purely random searches without any form of threat assessment would be ineffectual. "This NYPD bag search policy is unprecedented, unlawful and ineffective," said Donna Lieberman, Executive Director of the NYCLU. "It is essential that police be aggressive in maintaining security in public transportation. But our very real concerns about terrorism do not justify the NYPD subjecting millions of innocent people to suspicionless searches in a way that does not identify any person seeking to engage in terrorist activity and is unlikely to have any meaningful deterrent effect on terrorist activity."[33]
Passenger safety
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. |
Passenger accidents occur infrequently on the transit system. Platform gaps between the train and the platform typically range from 3-5 inches (7-13 centimeters). Slips and falls have also declined.
Public relations
The MTA has had numerous events that promote increased ridership of their transit system.
- Ms. Subways
From 1941 to 1976, the transit authority sponsored the "Miss Subways" publicity campaign. It was resurrected in 2004, for one year, as "Ms. Subways". Featuring young models, entertainers and others, the monthly campaign, which included the winners' photos and biographical blurbs on placards in subway cards, numbers actress Mona Freeman, and prominent New York City restaurateur Ellen Goodman (née Ellen Hart).
- Subway series
Because of the close link and ease of getting from one stadium to the other the 2000 World Series (Mets vs. Yankees) was known as the Subway series. Trains had logos of both teams plastered on them at the time. Since then, the media has often referred to games between the two teams in New York City by that name.
- 2012 Olympics bid
| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. |
In cooperation with the City of New York, the MTA posted the NYC2012 logo on train cars in 2005 to garner support for the Olympic bid.
Trivia
 | This article contains a list of miscellaneous information. (June 2007) |
- According to the United States Department of Energy, energy expenditure on the New York City Subway rail service was 3656 BTU/passenger mile (2397 kJ/passenger km) in 1995. This compares to 3702 BTU/passenger mile (2427 kJ/passenger km) for automobile travel.[34]
See also
- 2005 New York City transit strike
- Graphical New York City Subway timeline
- Transportation in New York City
- List of rapid transit systems
- New York City Subway in popular culture
References
- ^ a b "MTA Subway Fast Facts" Retrieved June 28, 2007.
- ^ The IRT main line, which is considered to be the first New York City "subway" line, opened in 1904; however, the Ninth Avenue Line, a predecessor elevated railroad line, operated its first trial run on July 3, 1868, according to Facts and Figures 1979-80, published by the New York City Transit Authority See also nycsubway.org, and the West End Line railroad opened in 1863. A small portion of the latter line's original right-of-way is still in daily use near Coney Island.[1]
- ^ Jeremy Olshan, New York Post, Lone Riders of the Rockaways, August 21, 2006
- ^ Annie Karni, New York Sun, Surges in Ridership at Stations Reflect Neighborhood Dynamism, January 22, 2007
- ^ Metro systems by annual passenger rides
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/20/nyregion/nyregionspecial3/20security.html
- ^ TRACK RECORD: 1.5B RODE SUBWAY" by Pete Donohue, New York Daily News, February 11, 2006
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/29/nyregion/29mbrfs-RECORDUSEFOR_BRF.html
- ^ Polytechnic University Cable 34:2 Winter 2007 p.7
- ^ AM New York (Sept. 25, 2006): "Voices Down Below", by Justin Rocket Silverman
- ^ Neuman, William (June 26), "Some Subways Found Packed Past Capacity", The New York Times
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|date=and|year=/|date=mismatch (help) - ^ "Rapid Transit Challenge-restroom locations". Retrieved 2007-04-13.
- ^ "R160A in service on N".
- ^ "R160B in service on N".
- ^ Cudahy, Brian (2003). A Century of Subways: Celebrating 100 Years of New York's Underground Railways. Fordham University Press. ISBN 0823222926., p. 28
- ^ "TUNNEL VISION; The Kiss of Desperation: A Disgusting Practice Vanishes With the Token" by Randy Kennedy, The New York Times, April 8, 2003
- ^ "CONNECTICUT HIGHWAY TOKEN BUYS SUBWAY RIDE, TOO", The New York Times, November 18, 1982, p.1
- ^ "CONNECTICUT TO ALTER ITS TURNPIKE TOKENS, SOLVING SUBWAY ISSUE", The New York Times, December 15, 1982, p.1
- ^ a b "17 1/2 ACCORD PUTS AND END TO THE GREAT TOKEN WAR", The New York Times, November 7, 1985,
- ^ About MTA Capital Construction
- ^ http://www.nydailynews.com/news/local/story/440633p-371191c.html
- ^ Delay on Subway Train Arrival signs (8/06)
- ^ About Time for MTA(1/07)
- ^ MTA/Siemens sign deal
- ^ "NYC Subway-Mastercard Trial". engadget.com. 2006-02-01. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Mastercard Paypass NYC Subway Trial-Stations". Mastercard. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
- ^ "Extension of Paypass Trial". Mastercard. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
- ^ http://www.nycsubway.org/lines/2ndave/builtfaq.html
- ^ Arden, Patrick; Ventura, Michael P. (04-12), "Ready to roll on Second Ave MTA's chief engineer dishes the dirt on their new dig", NY Metro, pp. 1/2
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|date=and|year=/|date=mismatch (help) - ^ http://www.villagevoice.com/nyclife/0423,haber,54075,15.html Proposed Photo Ban (6/04)
- ^ Proposed Photo Ban (11/04)
- ^ NYPD enforcing their own rules about photography
- ^ "NYCLU Sues New York City Over Subway Bag Search Policy" (Press release). American Civil Liberties Union. 2005-08-04. Retrieved 2006-06-13.
{{cite press release}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/favorites/fcvt_fotw67.html
External links
- MTA NYC Transit Subways (official site with maps and schedules)
- www.nycsubway.org (a thorough treatment of the current system and history, including historic and track maps)
- MTA's own timeline of events
- Abandoned Stations (a thorough treatment of the history of the abandoned subway stations)
- OnNyTurf.com (Google Maps hack of the subway system)
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| Other rapid transit in NYC |
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