Illinois's 3rd congressional district

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Illinois's 3rd congressional district
The 3rd congressional district of Illinois since 2003
Representative
  {{{representative}}}
Area124.5 sq mi (322 km2)
Population (2000)653,647
Median household
income		48,048
Ethnicity
Cook PVID + 10

The Third Congressional District of Illinois includes part of Cook County, and is currently represented by Democrat Dan Lipinski; the district was previously represented by his father Bill Lipinski. This district includes west and southwest suburbs of Chicago, as well as a portion of the southwest side of the city of Chicago itself, and covers 124.5 square miles (322.45 km²), making it one of the 50 smallest districts in the U.S. although there are five smaller districts in Illinois. It is adjacent to the First District to the east and south, the Fourth District to the north, and the Thirteenth District to the west, and also borders the Sixth and Seventh Districts at its northwest and northeast corners respectively. The district was created following the 1830 Census and came into being in 1833, five months before Chicago was organized as a town; it initially included northern and western Illinois[1] before representing areas of east central and northwestern Illinois from 1843 to 1873.[2] The district has included part of Chicago since 1873, and part of the city's southwest side since 1895.

Although the district has elected Democrats to Congress in 24 of the last 25 elections, and has voted for the Democratic nominee in the last four presidential races, there is also a strong tradition of social conservatism in the area which has resulted in the election of conservative Democrats, as well as greater support for Republicans than might be expected based on voter identification by party.

Geography

The Third District includes the municipalities of Bedford Park, Bridgeview, Burbank, Chicago Ridge, Countryside, Forest View, Hickory Hills, Hodgkins, Hometown, Indian Head Park, Justice, La Grange, La Grange Park, Lyons, McCook, Merrionette Park, Oak Lawn, Palos Hills, Riverside, Stickney, Summit and Western Springs, nearly all of Berwyn, Brookfield and Willow Springs, and parts of Alsip, Burr Ridge, Cicero, Forest Park, Hillside, North Riverside, Palos Heights, Palos Park, Westchester and Worth.

In Chicago, it includes the communities of Bridgeport (home of mayor Richard M. Daley), Clearing, Garfield Ridge, Mount Greenwood and West Lawn; almost all of Beverly; those portions of Archer Heights and West Elsdon west of Pulaski Road; the western portions of Ashburn, Chicago Lawn and Morgan Park; the portion of McKinley Park south of Archer Avenue; parts of Gage Park and New City; and a small section (1/16 m²) of Armour Square.

Demographics

The 3rd District is the home of numerous sizable and historic ethnic groups including Irish, German, Polish, and Czech immigrants and their descendants; at 14.2%, the Irish make up the largest white ethnic group in the district, mostly hailing from the Bridgeport area (also the ancestral neighborhood of the Daley family and other Chicago Irish politicians). In general, these white ethnic communities are a remnant of late-19th and early-20th century waves of immigration (see Immigration to the United States). More recently, a large Hispanic community has moved to the district, notably in Berwyn and along Archer Avenue, a major Chicago artery that runs through the district's northern section.[3] 21% of the population is Hispanic, with 68% white (non-Hispanic), 6% African American and 3% of Asian descent.

Economy

The district is a historic U.S. transportation and shipping hub; not only does it include Chicago Midway International Airport, but it is also traversed by the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, the Calumet Sag Channel, and the Des Plaines River, earning national designations for the Chicago Portage National Historic Site in Forest View and the Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor. The path of historic Route 66 runs southwest through the district from its eastern end in Chicago. Interstate 55 intersects with both the Tri-State Tollway (Interstate 294) and the Dan Ryan Expressway (Interstate 90) in the district, and in 2001 – since which time the district has shifted slightly to the northwest – it was noted as likely having more freight yards and railroad crossings then any other district.[3]

The district includes Toyota Park, home of the Chicago Fire team in Major League Soccer, as well as Hawthorne Race Course; the area also benefits from Chicago White Sox home games at U.S. Cellular Field, which is less than 1000 feet from the district's edge. Portions of the Cook County Forest Preserves cover several square miles in the district's southwest corner. Cultural attractions include Brookfield Zoo; educational institutions include St. Xavier University in Chicago, Moraine Valley Community College in Palos Hills, Morton College in Cicero, and Richard J. Daley College, a Chicago city college; and medical facilities include Advocate Christ Medical Center in Oak Lawn and MacNeal Hospital in Berwyn. Industrial and business presences in the district include: Tootsie Roll Industries; Electro-Motive Diesel; a Nabisco bakery which is the largest biscuit bakery in the world [1]; the Chicago Area Consolidation Hub of United Parcel Service and adjacent BNSF Railway yard [2]; an ACH Food manufacturing plant (formerly part of Corn Products Company) in Summit [3]; and a Nalco Chemical plant in Bedford Park. The former site of the International Amphitheatre, now an Aramark plant, is within the district. Among the federal facilities in the district is the Great Lakes Regional Headquarters of the National Archives and Records Administration [4].

Other district sites on the National Register of Historic Places include:

Politics

The Third District has been described as "ancestrally Democratic, culturally conservative, multiethnic and viscerally patriotic."[4]

Representation

Representative Years Notes
Joseph Duncan (Jackson Democrat) 1833-1834 Resigned upon becoming Governor of Illinois
William L. May (Jackson Democrat/D) 1834-1839
John T. Stuart (W) 1839-1843
Orlando B. Ficklin (D) 1843-1849
Timothy R. Young (D) 1849-1851
Orlando B. Ficklin (D) 1851-1853
Jesse O. Norton (W/R) 1853-1857
Owen Lovejoy (R) 1857-1863
Elihu B. Washburne (R) 1863-1869 Resigned upon becoming Secretary of State
Horatio C. Burchard (R) 1869-1873
Charles B. Farwell (R) 1873-1876
John V. Le Moyne (D) 1876-1877 Succeeded Farwell after successfully contesting the 1874 election
Lorenzo Brentano (R) 1877-1879
Hiram Barber, Jr. (R) 1879-1881
Charles B. Farwell (R) 1881-1883
George R. Davis (R) 1883-1885
James H. Ward (D) 1885-1887
William E. Mason (R) 1887-1891
Allan C. Durborow, Jr. (D) 1891-1895
Lawrence E. McGann (D) 1895
Hugh R. Belknap (R) 1895-1899 Succeeded McGann after successfully contesting the 1894 election
George P. Foster (D) 1899-1903
William W. Wilson (R) 1903-1913
George E. Gorman (D) 1913-1915
William W. Wilson (R) 1915-1921
Elliott W. Sproul (R) 1921-1931
Edward A. Kelly (D) 1931-1943
Fred E. Busbey (R) 1943-1945
Edward A. Kelly (D) 1945-1947
Fred E. Busbey (R) 1947-1949
Neil J. Linehan (D) 1949-1951
Fred E. Busbey (R) 1951-1955
James C. Murray (D) 1955-1957
Emmet F. Byrne (R) 1957-1959
William T. Murphy (D) 1959-1971
Morgan F. Murphy (D) 1971-1973
Robert P. Hanrahan (R) 1973-1975
Marty Russo (D) 1975-1993
Bill Lipinski (D) 1993-2005
Dan Lipinski (D) 2005-present

History of district boundaries

The Mount Greenwood community has been part of the district since 1903, although it has shifted in recent decades from being in the southwest in the 1950s and 1960s to being toward the northwest in the 1970s, and is now at the district's southeastern edge. Since 1903, no part of the district has been more than 17 miles from the neighborhood.

The total number of representatives allotted to Illinois during each period follows the years in parentheses:

  • 1833-1843 (3): The district included the bulk of northern and western Illinois: Adams, Calhoun, Cook, Fulton, Greene, Hancock, Henry, Jo Daviess, Knox, LaSalle, Macon, McDonough, McLean, Mercer, Morgan, Peoria, Pike, Putnam, Sangamon, Schuyler, Tazewell and Warren counties (numerous additional counties were later created within this area).[5] During this period, Abraham Lincoln was a district resident, beginning his political career as a state legislator.
  • 1843-1853 (7): The district was shifted to the east central part of the state, taking in Christian, Clark, Clay, Coles, Crawford, Cumberland, DeWitt, Edgar, Effingham, Fayette, Jasper, Lawrence, Macon, Moultrie, Piatt, Richland and Shelby counties.[6]
  • 1853-1863 (9): The district was shifted north to cover the twelve counties to the south and southwest of Cook County: Bureau, Champaign, DeWitt, Grundy, Iroquois, Kendall, LaSalle, Livingston, McLean, Putnam, Vermilion and Will counties.[7]
  • 1863-1873 (14, including one elected at large): The district was relocated to include the six counties in the northwestern corner of the state: Carroll, Jo Daviess, Lee, Ogle, Stephenson and Whiteside counties.[8]
  • 1873-1883 (19): The district was again relocated, and now included Lake County and the northern half of Cook County, including the 16th through 20th wards of Chicago (what is now the Near North Side).[9] During this period, the Near North Side was recovering from the devastation of the Great Chicago Fire of October 1871.
  • 1883-1895 (20/22): From 1883 to 1893 the district included those parts of the west side between 12th Street (now Roosevelt Road) and the North Branch of the Chicago River; as the city was still expanding westward, this was an area confined to the modern communities of West Town and the Near West Side.[10] Illinois gained two additional representatives following the 1890 Census, but they were elected on an at-large basis for the 1893-1895 term before redistricting occurred, and the previous decade's districting remained in effect.[11]
  • 1895-1903 (22): The district now included Downtown Chicago, the Near South Side and Armour Square, as well as the area west of the Chicago River to Halsted Street between 12th Street and 22nd Street (now Cermak Road), and also a portion of Bridgeport to the east of Halsted.[12]
  • 1903-1913 (25): The district began to take on its modern territory, and included the nine southernmost townships of Cook County (Bloom, Bremen, Calumet, Lemont, Orland, Palos, Rich, Thornton and Worth), as well as that part of Chicago west of State Street between 51st Street and 111th Street excepting one and a quarter square miles in the southeast corner.[13]
  • 1913-1933 (27, including two elected at large):
  • 1933-1943 (27, including two elected at large):
  • 1943-1953 (26; one elected at large from 1943-1949):
  • 1953-1963 (25): The district included that part of Chicago bounded on the north by 65th Street (Cicero Avenue to Western Avenue), Marquette Road (Western to Damen), 59th Street (Damen to Wallace) and Garfield Boulevard (Wallace to the railroad between Wentworth and State Street), and bounded on the east by the railroad (Garfield to 59th), State Street (59th to 73rd Street), Indiana Avenue (73rd to 83rd Street), South Park Boulevard (later renamed King Drive, 83rd to 99th Street), Stewart Avenue (99th to 103rd Street) and Halsted (103rd to 123rd Street).[14]
  • 1963-1973 (24):
  • 1973-1983 (24):
  • 1983-1993 (22):
  • 1993-2003 (20):
  • 2003-present (19): See map and geography above.

Presidential voting

This table indicates how the 3rd District has voted in U.S. presidential elections; election results reflect voting in the district as it was configured at the time of the election, not as it is configured today. The candidate who received the most votes in the district is listed first; the candidate who won the election nationally is in CAPS, and the candidate who won the state of Illinois is indicated with a †.

Election District winner Runnerup Other candidates
1952[15] EISENHOWER† (R), 105,513 (55%) Stevenson (D), 86,220 (45%)
1956[15] EISENHOWER† (R), 114,807 (61%) Stevenson (D), 72,862 (39%)
1968[16] Humphrey (D), 111,357 (56%) NIXON† (R), 69,344 (35%) Wallace (AIP), 16,665 (8%)
1972[17] NIXON† (R), 155,092 (70%) McGovern (D), 65,226 (30%)
1976[18] Ford† (R), 121,448 (58%) CARTER (D), 88,240 (42%)
1980[19] REAGAN† (R), 109,179 (52%) Carter (D), 87,091 (41%) Anderson (Indep.), 12,594 (6%)
1984[20] REAGAN† (R), 158,281 (65%) Mondale (D), 84,752 (35%)
1988[21] BUSH† (R), 130,606 (58%) Dukakis (D), 92,108 (41%)
1992[22] CLINTON† (D), 108,342 (41%) Bush (R), 102,632 (39%) Perot (Indep.), 52,905 (20%)
1996[23] CLINTON† (D), 114,089 (53%) Dole (R), 78,853 (37%) Perot (Reform), 19,441 (9%)
2000[24] Gore† (D), 118,342 (55%) BUSH (R), 88,458 (41%) Nader (Green), 5,537 (3%)
2004[25] Kerry† (D), 144,657 (59%) BUSH (R), 100,257 (41%)

See also

References

  1. ^ Parsons, Stanley B. (1978). United States Congressional Districts 1788-1841. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. pp. 302-304. ISBN 0-8371-9828-3. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Parsons, Stanley B. (1986). United States Congressional Districts and Data, 1843-1883. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. pp. 7-8, 53–54, 102–103. ISBN 0-313-22045-X. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b Barone, Michael (2001). The Almanac of American Politics 2002. Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group. pp. pp. 511-513. ISBN 0-8923-4099-1. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Barone, Michael (2005). The Almanac of American Politics 2006. Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group. pp. p. 567. ISBN 0-89234-111-4. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Parsons, et al. (1978), pp. 302-304.
  6. ^ Parsons, et al. (1986), pp. 7-8.
  7. ^ Ibid, pp. 53-54.
  8. ^ Ibid, pp. 102-103.
  9. ^ Ibid, pp. 159-160.
  10. ^ Parsons, Stanley B. (1990). United States Congressional Districts, 1883-1913. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. pp. 23-27. ISBN 0-313-26482-1. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Ibid, pp. 182-186.
  12. ^ Ibid, pp. 187-191.
  13. ^ Ibid, pp. 326-330.
  14. ^ Congressional District Atlas of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1960. pp. pp. 18-20. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  15. ^ a b Congressional District Data Book: Districts of the 87th Congress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1961. pp. p. 17. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  16. ^ Barone, Michael (1972). The Almanac of American Politics. Boston: Gambit. pp. p. 199. ISBN 0-87645-053-2. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Barone, Michael (1973). The Almanac of American Politics. Boston: Gambit. pp. p. 267. ISBN 0-87645-077-X. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Barone, Michael (1977). The Almanac of American Politics 1978. New York City: E. P. Dutton. pp. p. 228. ISBN 0-87690-255-7. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Barone, Michael (1981). The Almanac of American Politics 1982. Washington, D.C.: Barone & Co. pp. p. 299. ISBN 0-940702-00-2. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Barone, Michael (1985). The Almanac of American Politics 1986. Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group. pp. p. 398. ISBN 0-89234-032-0. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Barone, Michael (1989). The Almanac of American Politics 1990. Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group. pp. p. 355. ISBN 0-89234-043-6. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Barone, Michael (1993). The Almanac of American Politics 1994. Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group. pp. p. 394. ISBN 0-89234-057-6. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Barone, Michael (1997). The Almanac of American Politics 1998. Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group. pp. p. 480. ISBN 0-89234-081-9. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Barone, et al. (2001), p. 512.
  25. ^ Barone, et al. (2005), p. 566.

External links

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