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Joseph Barbera

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Joseph Barbera
File:JosephBarbera.jpg
Joseph Barbera
Born(1911-03-24)March 24, 1911
New York City, New York, USA
DiedDecember 18, 2006(2006-12-18) (aged 95)
Los Angeles, California, USA
NationalityItalian
Spouse(s)Dorothy Earl (c. 1935-1963)
Sheila Holden (1963-2006)

Joseph Roland "Joe" Barbera (March 24, 1911 – December 18, 2006) was an animator, cartoon artist, storyboard artist, television director, television producer, and co-founder, together with William Hanna, of Hanna-Barbera. The studio produced popular cartoons such as The Huckleberry Hound Show, The Flintstones, The Jetsons, Scooby-Doo, Top Cat and Yogi Bear.

Personal

Joseph Barbera (pronounced bar-BEAR-uh) was born in the Little Italy (Lower East Side) section of Manhattan, New York, to immigrants of Sicilian descent, but moved to Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York at the age of four months.[1][2]: 17–18, 58  His maternal grandmother was from Sciacca, province of Agrigento, on the southwestern coast of Sicily.[2]: 17–18  Barbera's father, Vincent, was the prosperous owner of three barbershops who squandered the family fortunes on gambling.[2]: 19  By the time Barbera was 15, his father had abandoned the family and his maternal Uncle Jim became a father figure to him.[2]: 22–24  Barbera displayed a talent for drawing as early as the first grade.[2]: 25–26  He graduated from Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn in 1928.[2]: 23  Dorothy Earl, his first wife, was his high school sweetheart and in their senior year they were named "Romeo and Juliet".[2]: 28  Barbera won some boxing titles while in high school and was managed by World Lightweight Boxing Champion Al Singer's manager for a short time until he lost interest in boxing.[2]: 30–32 

Career

Early career

Barbera started his career as a tailor's delivery boy while still in high school.[2]: 28  During the Great Depression, he tried unsuccessfully to become a magazine cartoonist for a magazine called The NY Hits Magazine. While working at a bank his magazine drawings of single cartoons, not comic strips, began to be published in Redbook, Saturday Evening Post, and especially Collier's.[2]: 35–36  Even Additionally, he once told of a letter that he wrote to Walt Disney asking for advice about getting started in the animation industry.[3]: 105  Disney wrote back, saying he would call Barbera during an upcomping trip to New York, but the call never took place.[2]: 38 

It was during this time that Barbera took art classes at the Art Students League of New York and the Pratt Institute and was hired to work in the Painting Department of the Fleischer Studios. In 1932, he joined the Van Beuren Studios as an animator and scriptwriter.[2]: 38–42  He worked on cartoons such as Cubby Bear, and Rainbow Parades and also co-produced Tom and Jerry (a couple of boys, unrelated to his later cat-and-mouse series). When Van Beuren closed down in 1936, Barbera moved over to Paul Terry's Terrytoons studio.[2]: 53–54 

Film

Lured by a substantial salary increase, Barbera left Terrytoons and New York for the new Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) cartoon unit in California in 1937.[2]: 58–59 [3]: 106  He found that Los Angeles was suffering just as much from the Great Depression as was Brooklyn and almost returned.[2]: 201  The following year, he teamed up with William Hanna to direct theatrical short cartoons; Barbera was the storyboard/layout artist, and Hanna was in charge of the timing. Their first venture was Puss Gets the Boot (1940), the first Tom and Jerry film, which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best (Cartoon) Short Subject.

Hanna and Barbera's 17-year partnership on the Tom & Jerry series resulted in 7 Academy Awards for Best (Cartoon) Short Subject, and 13 total nominations, more than any other character-based theatrical animated series. The team had a 14th nomination with the non-Tom & Jerry film, Good Will to Men.[3]: 108 

Hanna and Barbera were placed in charge of MGM's animation division in late 1955; however, this proved short-lived as MGM closed the division in 1957. They subsequently teamed up to produce the series The Ruff & Reddy Show, under the name H-B Enterprises, soon changed to Hanna-Barbera Productions. By using the limited animation techniques, Hanna and Barbera could provide programming for networks at reduced cost.

The following year, MGM decided to terminate their partnership with Harman-Ising and bring production in-house.[2]: 68  Barbera's desk was opposite that of William Hanna. The two quickly realized they would make a good team.[4]: Foreword  By 1939 they had solidified a partnership that would last 50 years.[5][6] Hanna and Barbera worked alongside cartoonist Tex Avery, who created cartoon characters such as Daffy Duck and Bugs Bunny.[4]: 33 [7]: 18 

In 1940 Hanna and Barbera jointly directed Puss Gets the Boot, which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best (Cartoon) Short Subject.[8][9] The studio wanted a diversified cartoon portfolio, so despite the success of Puss Gets the Boot, Hanna and Barbera's supervisor, Fred Quimby, did not want to produce more cat and mouse cartoons.[2]: 75–76  Surprised by the success of Puss Gets the Boot, Hanna and Barbera ignored Quimby's resistance [4]: 45  and continued developing the cat-and-mouse theme. By this time, however, Hanna wanted to return to working for Ising, to whom he felt very loyal. Hanna and Barbera met with Quimby, who discovered that although Ising had taken sole credit for producing Puss Gets the Boot, he never actually worked on it. Quimby then gave Hanna and Barbera permission to pursue their cat-and-mouse idea. The result was their most famous creation, Tom and Jerry.[2]: 78–79 

Modeled after the Puss Gets the Boot characters with slight differences, the series followed Jerry the pesky rodent who continuously outwitted his feline foe, Tom.[10][11] Hanna said they settled on the cat and mouse theme for this cartoon because: "We knew we needed two characters. We thought we needed conflict, and chase and action. And a cat after a mouse seemed like a good, basic thought."[12] The revamped characters first appeared in 1941's The Midnight Snack.[4]: 46  Over the next 17 years Hanna and Barbera worked exclusively on Tom and Jerry,[8] directing more than 114 highly popular cartoon shorts.[13] Tom and Jerry relied mostly on motion instead of dialog.[6] Despite its popularity, Tom and Jerry has often been criticized as excessively violent.[14]: 42 [15]: 134  It was nonetheless groundbreaking in its use of live action stars. Among the more prominent guest stars were Gene Kelly, who appeared in Anchors Aweigh (1945) and Invitation to the Dance (1956), and Esther Williams in Dangerous When Wet (1953).[16][17][18] The series won its first Academy Award for the 11th short, The Yankee Doodle Mouse (1943)—a war-time adventure.[10] Tom and Jerry was ultimately nominated for 14 Academy Awards, winning 7.[19] No other character-based theatrical animated series has won more awards, nor has any other series featuring the same characters.[5][17]

Quimby accepted each Academy Award for Tom and Jerry's without inviting Hanna and Barbera onstage. The cartoons were also released with Quimby listed as the sole producer, following the same practice for which he had condemned Ising.[2]: 83–84  When Quimby retired in late 1955, Hanna and Barbera were placed in charge of MGM's animation division.[5][20] As the studio began to lose more revenue due to television,[21][22] MGM soon realized that re-releasing old cartoons was far more profitable than producing new ones.[2]: 2–3, 109  In 1957 MGM ordered Hanna and Barbera's business manager to close the cartoon division and lay off everyone by a phone call.[2]: 2–3, 109  Hanna and Barbera found the no-notice closing puzzling because Tom and Jerry had been so successful.[17]

Television

Hanna branched out into television, forming the short-lived company Shield Productions with fellow animator Jay Ward,[23] : 27–29  who had created the series Crusader Rabbit. Their partnership soon ended, and in 1957 Hanna reteamed with his former partner Joseph Barbera to produce cartoon films for television and theatrical release.[11] The two brought different skills to the company; Barbera was a skilled gag writer and sketch artist, while Hanna had a gift for timing, story construction, and recruiting top artists. Major business decisions would be made together, though each year the title of president alternated between them.[4]: 77, 146 [2]: 120 [20] A coin toss determined that Hanna would have precedence in the naming of the new company,[4]: Foreword  first called H-B Enterprises but soon changed to Hanna-Barbera Productions.[22][20]

The first offering from the new company was The Ruff & Reddy Show,[11] a series which detailed the friendship between a dog and cat.[24] Despite a lukewarm response for their first theatrical venture, Loopy De Loop, Hanna-Barbara soon established themselves with two successful television series: The Huckleberry Hound Show and The Yogi Bear Show. A 1960 survey showed that half of the viewers of Huckleberry Hound were adults. This prompted the company to create a new animated series, The Flintstones.[18][25] A parody of The Honeymooners, the new show followed a typical Stone Age family with home appliances, talking animals, and celebrity guests. With an audience of both children and adults, The Flintsones became the first animated prime-time show to be a hit.[24][26][18] Fred Flintstone's signature exclamation "yabba dabba doo" soon entered everyday usage,[18][27] and the show boosted the studio to the top of the TV cartoon field.[16] The company later produced a space-age version of The Flintsones, known as The Jetsons. Although both shows reappeared in the 1970s and 1980s, The Flintstones was far more popular.[24]

By the late 1960s, Hanna-Barbera Productions was the most successful television animation studio in the business. The Hanna-Barbera studio produced over 3000 animated half-hour television shows.[18] Among the more than 100 cartoon series and specials they produced were: Atom Ant, Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy (an imitation of the earlier Spike and Tyke MGM cartoons), Jonny Quest, Josie and the Pussycats, Magilla Gorilla, Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks, Quick Draw McGraw, and Top Cat.[28][17] Top Cat was based on Phil Silvers's character Sgt. Bilko,[29] though it has been erroneously reported that Sgt. Bilko was the basis for Yogi Bear.[6] The Hanna-Barbera studio also produced Scooby-Doo (1969–1986) and The Smurfs (1981–1989).[11] The company also produced animated specials based on Alice in Wonderland, Jack and the Beanstalk, Cyrano de Bergerac as well as the feature-length movie Charlotte's Web.[13]

As popular as their cartoons were with 1960s audiences, they were disliked by artists.[30] Television programs had lower budgets, and this economic reality caused many animation studios to go out of business, putting many people in the industry out of work.[6][25] Hanna-Barbera was key in the development of pioneering animation techniques, which allowed television animation to be more cost-effective, but often sacrificed artistic quality.[28][11][31][17] Hanna and Barbera had first experimented with these techniques in the early days of Tom and Jerry.[2]: 74, 115  To reduce the cost of each episode, shows often focused more on character dialogue than detailed animation.[6][30] The number of drawings for a seven-minute cartoon decreased from 14,000 to nearly 2,000, and the company implemented innovative techniques such as rapid background changes to improve viewing.[25] Critics were often less than kind to the change from lush, detailed animation to flat characters with repetitive motion.[30] Barbera once said that their choice was to adapt to the television budgets or change careers.[32]: 75 [33]: 54  The new style did not limit the success of their animated shows, enabling Hanna-Barbera to stay in business, providing employment to many who would otherwise have been out of work.[25] This new style of character animination, known as limited animation,[32]: 75 [33]: 54  paved the way for future animated characters such as Homer Simpson and those in South Park. The television animation techniques and story methodology of the team are now legendary.[34][30]

In 1966, Hanna-Barbera Productions was sold to Taft Broadcasting (renamed Great American Communications in 1987) for $12 million.[2]: 162, 235–236  Hanna and Barbera remained at the head of the company until 1991.[35]: 16 [36][37]: 151  At that point, the company was sold to the Turner Broadcasting System, which itself merged with Time Warner, owners of Warner Bros., in 1996.[24] This began a close association with the Cartoon Network. Hanna and Barbera continued to advise their former company and periodically worked on new Hanna-Barbera shows, including the The Cartoon Cartoon Show series and hit silver screen versions of The Flintstones (1994) and Scooby-Doo (2002).[38] [18][39]

Legacy

Most of the cartoons Hanna and Barbera created revolved around close friendship or partnership; this theme is evident with Tom and Jerry, Yogi Bear and Boo Boo, Fred Flintstone and Barney Rubble, Ruff and Ready, The Jetsons family, and the friends in Scooby-Doo. These may have been a reflection of the close business friendship and partnership that Hanna and Barbera shared for almost 60 years.[4]: 214  Although their professional strengths, weaknesses, and personalities meshed perfectly,[34][16][5][18] Hanna and Barbera travelled in completely different social circles. Hanna's circle of personal friends primarily included other animators; Barbera had an affinity for Hollywood's celebrity society.[4]: 52–53  Their division of work roles complemented each other but they rarely talked outside of work since Hanna was interested in the outdoors and Barbera liked beaches and good food and drink.[2]: 120–121  Nevertheless, in their long partnership, in which they worked with over 2000 animated characters, Hanna and Barbera rarely exchanged a cross word.[11] Barbera said: "We understood each other perfectly, and each of us had deep respect for the other's work."[8]

He was also one of the first animators to realize the enormous potential of television.[31][40] Leonard Maltin says the Hanna-Barbera team "held a record for producing consistently superior cartoons using the same characters year after year—without a break or change in routine their characters are not only animated superstars, but also a very beloved part of American pop culture".[18][41] They are often considered the only rivals to Walt Disney in the art of making animated cartoons.[11][42]

Hanna and Barbera had a lasting impact on television animation.[35]: 16  Cartoons they created often make greatest lists.[24][43] Many of their characters have appeared in film, books, toys, and other media.[38] Their shows had a global audience of over 300 million people and have been translated into more than 20 languages.[25] The works of Hanna and Barbera have been praised not only for their animation, but for their music. The Cat Concerto (1946) and Johann Mouse (1952) have both been called "masterpieces of animation" largely because of their classical music.[5][14]: 34 [15]: 133 

In all, the Hanna-Barbera team won seven Academy Awards and eight Emmy Awards,[44][45]: 32  including the 1960 award for The Huckleberry Hound Show, which was the first Emmy awarded to an animated series.[24][18] They also won these awards: Golden Globe for Television Achievement (1960),[44] Golden IKE Award—Pacific Pioneers in Broadcasting (1983), Pioneer Award—Broadcast Music Incorporated (1987), Iris Award—NATPE Men of the Year (1988), Licensing Industry Merchandisers' Association ward for Lifetime Achievement (1988), Governors Award of the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (1988), Jackie Coogan Award for Outstanding Contribution to Youth through Entertainment Youth in Film (1988), Frederic W. Ziv Award for Outstanding Achievement in Telecommunications—Broadcasting Division College—Conservatory of Music University of Cincinnati (1989), stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (1976), several Annie Awards,[4]: 170  several environmental awards, and were recipients of numerous other accolades prior to their induction into the Television Hall of Fame in 1994.[4]: 171 [24][18] In March 2005 the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences and Warner Bros. Animation dedicated a wall sculpture at the Television Academy's Hall of Fame Plaza in North Hollywood to Hanna and Barbera.[46][47]

Hanna, who died in 2001, once said he was never a good artist but his partner could "capture mood and expression in a quick sketch better than anyone I've ever known."[48]

After Hanna's death, Barbera remained active as an executive producer for Warner Bros. Animation on direct-to-video cartoon features as well as television series such as What's New, Scooby-Doo? and Tom and Jerry Tales. In the Tom and Jerry cartoon "The Mansion Cat" from 2000, Barbera was the houseowner's voice actor. He also wrote, co-storyboarded, co-directed and co-produced the theatrical Tom and Jerry short The KarateGuard in 2005, thus returning to his and Hanna's first successful cartoon format. His final animated project was the direct-to-video feature Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale, which came out on DVD in the U.S. on October 2, 2007.

In 1992 Barbera met with Michael Jackson, who is an avid cartoon fan, in an unsuccessful attempt to arrange for him to sing in Tom and Jerry: The Movie. Barbera drew 5 quick sketches of Tom and Jerry for Jackson and autographed them. Jackson autographed a picture of himself and his niece Nicole for Barbera with the words: To my hero of yesterday, today, and tomorrow, with many thanks for all the many cartoon friends you gave me as a child. They were all I had.—Michael[2]: 236–237 

Death

Barbera died at the age of 95 at his home in Studio City, Los Angeles on December 18, 2006, ending a seventy-year career in animation.[49] His wife Sheila was at his side when he died,[49] and three children by a previous marriage also survived him: Jayne (who worked for Hanna-Barbera), Neal and Lynn. Cartoon Network put up a bumper in late December 2006 that showed Barbera in a black marker portrait. In the next scene, the words "We'll miss you" were written above the Cartoon Network logo. Adult Swim had a banner that said Joseph Barbera [1911-2006] with the banner fading out without showing the [adult swim] logo at the end, something they only do when a person they consider important passes away and something they'd only done twice before; for Harry Goz in 2003 and Sam Loeb in 2005

See also

References

  1. ^ Whitworth, Melissa. "Master cartoonist who created Tom and Jerry draws his last". New York: Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Barbera, Joseph (1994). My Life in "Toons": From Flatbush to Bedrock in Under a Century. Atlanta, GA: Turner Publishing. ISBN 1-57036-042-1.
  3. ^ a b c Grant, John (1994). Masters of Animation. New York, NY: Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 0-8230-3041-5.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hanna, William (2000). A Cast of Friends. Emeryville, California: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-30680-917-6. Retrieved 2008-08-18. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e Vallance, Tom (2001-03-24). "William Hanna". The Independent. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  6. ^ a b c d e "A Cartoon King Is Dead at 90". Associated Press. 2001-03-23. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
  7. ^ Adams, T. R. (1991). Tom and Jerry: 50 years of Cat and Mouse. New York, NY: Crescent Books, a Random House Company. ISBN 0-517-05688-7.
  8. ^ a b c "The cartoon dream team". BBC News. 2001-03-21. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
  9. ^ "Legendary cartoonist William Hanna dies". United Press International. 2001-03-23.
  10. ^ a b Gifford, Denis (2001-03-24). "William Hanna: Master animator whose cartoon creations included Tom and Jerry and the Flintstones". The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g "William Hanna". The Daily Telegraph. 2001-11-22. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
  12. ^ "Hanna Obit". City News Service — Los Angeles. 2001-03-22. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  13. ^ a b "William Hanna". TV.com. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
  14. ^ a b Hanna, William (1989). The Art of Hanna-Barbera: Fifty Years of Creativity. New York, NY: Viking Studio Books. ISBN 0-67082-978-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ a b Smoodin, Eric (Spring, 1992). "Cartoon and Comic Classicism: High-Art Histories of Lowbrow Culture". American Literary History. 4 (1). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ a b c "William Hanna Dies at 90; Created Cartoon Characters". The New York Times. 2001-03-23. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  17. ^ a b c d e "Animation Legend William Hanna Dead". CBS News. 2001-03-21. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Animation legend William Hanna dies at 90". CNN. 2001-03-23. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  19. ^ Pearson, Richard (2001-03-25). "William Hanna TV Animator". The Washington Post. p. C04.
  20. ^ a b c Itzkoff, Dave (2006-12-19). "Joseph Barbera, Half of Cartoon Duo, Dies at 95". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  21. ^ "William Hanna". The Times. 2001-03-24.
  22. ^ a b Moore, Ron (2001-03-24). "Toons King Dies; Hanna's Magic Touch Brought Us Fred, Yogi, and Scooby-Doo". Daily Record.
  23. ^ Scott, Keith (2001). The Moose That Roared. New York, NY: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-28383-0. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g Mullen, Megan. "Hanna, William, and Joseph Barbera: U.S. Television Animators". Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
  25. ^ a b c d e Savage, Mark (2006-12-19). "Hanna Barbera's golden age of animation". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
  26. ^ "Legendary American cartoonist dies". BBC News. 2001-03-21. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
  27. ^ Whitworth, Melissa (2006-12-20). "Master cartoonist who created Tom and Jerry draws his last". The Daily Telegraph (LONDON). p. 9.
  28. ^ a b Kerr, Alison (2001-03-24). "William Hanna; Cartoon scriptwriter with a natural gift for gags and comic timing". The Herald (Glasgow). p. 16.
  29. ^ Gentile, Gary (2001-03-22). "Cartoon Pioneer Hanna Dead at 90". The Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
  30. ^ a b c d Nash, Eric P. (2001-12-30). "The Times They Lived: William Hanna, B. 1910; Stone-Age Visionary". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
  31. ^ a b Buncombe, Andrew (2001-03-24). "William Hanna, the cartoonist who transformed animation, dies aged 90". The Independent. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
  32. ^ a b Wells, Paul. Animation and America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-3160-8. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  33. ^ a b Thompson, Kirsten Moana (01-12-2004). "Animation and America by Paul Wells". Film Quarterly. 58 (2). University of California Press. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ^ a b Hogan, Sean (2001-03-23). "William Hanna". The Irish Times. p. 16. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
  35. ^ a b Alasdair, Steven (2001-03-28). "William Hanna, animator and cartoon creator". The Scotsman.
  36. ^ International Directory of Company Histories. Vol. 23. Farmington Hills, MI: St. James Press. 1998. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
  37. ^ Natale, Richard (2001-03-21). "William Hanna". Variety. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ a b Rinker, Harry L. (1996). "William Danby Hanna and Joseph Roland Barbera". Antiques & Collecting Magazine. 100 (12): 24. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  39. ^ "Cartoon creator Joe Barbera dies". Associated Press. 2006-12-18. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
  40. ^ "Cartoon pioneer William Hanna dead at 90". USA Today. 2001-03-23. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
  41. ^ Glendinning, Lee (2006-12-19). "Joe Barbera, creator of cartoon classics, dies at 95". The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  42. ^ Juddery, Mark (2001-03-29). "Cat and mouse game fathered TV cartoon empire". The Australian. p. 12. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  43. ^ "Bugs Bunny tops greatest cartoon characters list". CNN. 2002-07-30. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
  44. ^ a b "William Hanna — Awards". allmovie. Retrieved 2008-08-12.
  45. ^ Vallance, Tom (2006-12-20). "Joseph Barbera: Animation pioneer whose creations with William Hanna included the Flintstones and Tom and Jerry". The Independent (London).
  46. ^ Cooper, Rita (2005-03-15). "William Hanna and Joseph Barbera Wall Sculpture to be Unveiled at The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Hall of Fame Plaza". Time Warner. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
  47. ^ "Sander Schwartz, president of Warner Bros. Animation". WireIMAGE. 2005-03-16. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
  48. ^ "Obituary: Joseph Barbera". BBC News. 2006-12-18. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
  49. ^ a b "Cartoon creator Joe Barbera dies". Dallas Morning News / AP. 2006-12-18. Retrieved 2006-12-18.

Further reading

  • Cawley, John (1990). The Encyclopedia of Cartoon Superstars: From a to (Almost Z). Las Vegas, NV: Pioneer. ISBN 1-55698-269-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Erickson, Hal (1987). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949-1993. Jefferson City, NC: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-78640-029-3.
  • Horn, Maurice (1980). The World Encyclopedia of Cartoons. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishing. ISBN 0-87754-088-8.
  • Mallory, Michael (1987). Hanna Barbera Cartoons. Englewood, NJ: Universe. ISBN 0-88363-108-3.
  • Maltin, Leonard (1987). Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons. New York, NY: New American Library. ISBN 0-45225-993-2.

External links

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