History of the concept of creativity and 2008 in Norway: Difference between pages

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{{Year in Norway|2008|nocat=yes}}
:''This article is about the '''History of creativity'''. For the main article, see '''[[Creativity]]'''.''
{{TOCright}}The ways in which societies have perceived the [[concept]] of [[creativity]] have changed throughout history, as has the [[terminology|term]] itself. The [[ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] concept of [[art]] (in Greek, "''techne''" — the root of "technique" and "technology"), except for [[poetry]], involved not freedom of action but subjection to ''rules''. In [[ancient Rome|Rome]], the Greek concept was partly shaken, and [[visual art]]ists were viewed as sharing, with poets, [[imagination]] and [[artistic inspiration|inspiration]].


The Norwegian [[twin cities]] [[Stavanger/Sandnes]], together with English [[Liverpool]], are [[European Capital of Culture|European Capitals of Culture]] for 2008.
Under [[medieval]] [[Christianity]], the [[Latin]] "''creatio''" came to designate [[God]]'s act of "''[[creatio ex nihilo]]''" ("creation from nothing"); thus "''creatio''" ceased to apply to human activities. The Middle Ages, however, went even further than antiquity, when they revoked poetry's exceptional status: it, too, was an art and therefore craft and not creativity.


==Events==
[[Renaissance]] men sought to give voice to their sense of their freedom and creativity. The first to apply the word, "creativity," however, was the 17th-century [[Poland|Polish]] poet, [[Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski]] — but he applied it only to poetry. For over a century and a half, the idea of human creativity met with resistance, due to the expression "creation" being reserved for creation "from nothing."


===Anniversaries===
In the [[19th century]], art took its revenge: now not only was it recognized as creativity, but ''it alone'' was. When later, at the turn of the [[20th century]], there began to be discussion as well of creativity in the [[sciences]] and in [[nature]], this was taken as the transference, to the sciences and to nature, of concepts proper to art.
* 200 years since the birth of the poet [[Henrik Wergeland]] on [[June 17]], [[1808 in Norway|1808]]<ref>[http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2488573.ece Wergeland hailed on 200th birthday], [[Aftenposten]], 17 June 2008</ref>
* 140 years since the founding of the [[Norwegian Mountain Touring Association]] ([[January 21]])<ref>{{cite news |first= Sol |last= Kristiansen |title= Ut på tur i 140 år |url= http://oslopuls.aftenposten.no/?service=redirect&sourceid=2199195 |work= [[Aftenposten]] |date=2008-01-17 |accessdate=2008-10-08 |language= Norwegian}}</ref>
* 100 years since [[Norway national football team]] played its first international game on [[July 12]], [[1908]] in [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]] {{fact|date=October 2008}}
* 100 years since the sports club [[SK Brann]] was established ([[September 26]])<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.brann.no/index.php?mapping=218 |title=Sportsklubben Brann - Ekte lidenskap har et navn<!- Bot generated title -> |publisher=Brann.no |date= |accessdate=2008-09-06}}</ref>
* 100 years since the birth of the poet [[Olav H. Hauge]] on [[August 18]], [[1908 in Norway|1908]]<ref>[http://eng.ht08.no/Default2.aspx?pageid=748 Olav H. Hauge] at the Olav H. Hauge & Geirr Tveitt centennial celebration</ref>
* 70 years since the death of [[Maud of Wales|Queen Maud of Norway]] on [[November 20]], [[1938 in Norway|1938]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/1333_styleandsplendour/whowas/whowas.html
|title= Style & Splendor - Who was Queen Maud of Norway?
|publisher= [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] |accessdate= 2007-06-04 }}</ref>


===January{{ndash}} June===
==Term and concept==
[[Image:Platon-2.jpg|thumb|left|70px|[[Plato]].]]
[[Image:Eiksundtunnelen02.jpg|200px|thumb|Official opening of [[Eiksund Tunnel|Eiksund undersea tunnel]] [[february 23]]]]
[[Image:Norvay-04 copy.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Svalbard Global Seed Vault]] opens [[February 26]]<br><small>Photo:[[Global Crop Diversity Trust]]</small>]]
The [[ancient Greeks]] had no terms corresponding to "to create" or "creator." The expression "''poiein''" ("to make") sufficed. And even that was not extended to [[art]] in general, but only to ''poiesis'' ([[poetry]]) and to the ''poietes'' ([[poet]], or "maker") who ''made'' it. [[Plato]] asks in ''[[The Republic]]'', "Will we say, of a painter, that he makes something?" and answers, "Certainly not, he merely [[mimesis|imitates]]." To the ancient Greeks, the concept of a creator and of creativity implied freedom of action, whereas the Greeks' concept of art involved subjection to laws and rules. Art (in [[Greek language|Greek]], "''techne''") was "the making of things, according to rules." It contained no creativity, and it would have been — in the Greeks' view — a bad state of affairs if it ''had''.<ref>[[Władysław Tatarkiewicz]], ''A History of Six Ideas: an Essay in Aesthetics'', p. 244.</ref>
[[Image:Anniken_Huitfeldt_2007_04_19.jpg|thumb|200px|Anniken Huitfeldt is appointed new [[Minister of Children and Equality (Norway)|Minister of Children and Equality]]]]
* [[January 2008|January]]
** [[January 1]]{{ndash}}
*** The [[Agency for Public Management and eGovernment]] is established.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.difi.no/hovedEnkel.aspx?m=43596 |title=About DIFI |author=Agency for Public Management and eGovernment |date=2007-12-27}}</ref>
*** [[Nordic Battlegroup]] consisting of military forces from [[Sweden]], [[Finland]], Norway, [[Republic of Ireland | Ireland]], and [[Estonia]] under the control of the [[European Union]], is established.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mil.se/index.php?lang=E&c=news&id=32771 |title=Inauguration of the Nordic Battle Group Headquarters |accessdate=2006-08-26 |accessmonthday= |accessyear= |author=Ulf K. Rask |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2006-05-29 |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=Försvarsmakten |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate=}}</ref>
*** [[Mercury (element)|Mercury]] becomes banned from use in Norway.<ref> Bans mercury in products, Press release, 21.12.2007, Minister of the Environment and International Development Erik Solheim[http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/md/Press-Centre/Press-releases/2007/Bans-mercury-in-products.html?id=495138]</ref>
** [[January 5]]{{ndash}} A [[blizzard]] strikes the [[Agder]] counties of Southern Norway.{{fact|date=October 2008}}
** [[January 11]]{{ndash}} [[Norwegian Police Service|Norwegian police]] announce that they have arrested a 55-year old man suspected of being the sexual predator known as [[The Pocket Man]].<ref>*{{cite news |title= Norway nabs 'pocket' sex suspect |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7184073.stm |publisher= BBC News |date= January 11, 2008 |accessdate=2008-01-15}}</ref>
** [[January 21]]{{ndash}} The [[OBX Index]] drops 6.4%, then the second biggest fall since August 1991 and the third largest in its history.<ref name="landre">{{cite news |first= Even |last= Landre |title= Krisetemning på børsen |url= http://www.na24.no/imarkedet/borskommentar/article2202993.ece |work= [[NA24]] |publisher= |location= Oslo, Norway |page= |date=2008-09-09 |accessdate=2008-10-05 |language= Norwegian}}</ref><ref name="e24">{{cite news |first= |last= |title= Panikken tok børsen |url= http://e24.no/kommentar/boerskommentar/article2695910.ece |work= [[e24.no]] |publisher= |location= Oslo, Norway |page= |date=2008-10-06 |accessdate=2008-10-06 |language= Norwegian}}</ref>
* [[February 2008|February]]{{ndash}}
** [[February 5]]{{ndash}} The [[Stortinget]]'s [[Stortingets kontroll- og konstitusjonskomité|Oversight Committee]] opens the case to decide whether three [[Supreme Court of Norway|Supreme Court]] justices will be [[impeachment|impeached]] over their involvement in the [[Fritz Moen]] [[Miscarriage of justice|wrongful conviction]] scandal.<ref>>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= Robert Gjerde |coauthors= |title= Stortinget må vurdere riksrett
|url= http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article2238528.ece |format= |work= |publisher= [[Aftenposten]] |id= |pages= |page= |date= 2008-02-05 |accessdate= 2008-02-05 |language= Norwegian |quote= }}</ref>
** [[February 14]]{{ndash}} A political scandal centering on [[Manuela Ramin-Osmundsen]] forces her to resign from her post as [[Minister of Children and Equality (Norway)|Minister of Children and Equality]] and [[Ida Hjort Kraby]] to resign from her newly appointed position as [[Ombudsman for Children]].<ref>[http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2256533.ece Children's minister quits under fire] Aftenposten, February 14, 2008</ref>
** [[February 21]]{{ndash}} An eathquake measuring 6.2 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]] hits [[Svalbard]]. It's the strongest earthquake ever to hit Norway.<ref>[http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2269271.ece Aftenposten]</ref>
** [[February 23]]{{ndash}} The 8 km [[Eiksund Tunnel|Eiksund undersea tunnel]] near [[Volda]] in [[Møre og Romsdal]] is opened.{{fact|date=October 2008}}
** [[February 26]]{{ndash}} The [[Svalbard Global Seed Vault]] is officially opened.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2008/02/26/doomsday_seed_vault_opens_in_arctic/ | date=[[26 February]] [[2008]] | title='Doomsday' seed vault opens in Arctic | publisher=[[boston.com]]/[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>
** [[February 29]]{{ndash}} [[Anniken Huitfeldt]] is appointed [[Minister of Children and Equality (Norway)|Minister of Children and Equality]].<ref>[http://www1.nrk.no/nett-tv/nyheter/spill/verdi/42190 NRK Nett-TV Nyheter: Her kommer den nye statsråden - Opposisjonen positiv til Huitfeldt - Her kommer den nye barneministeren]</ref>
**{{ndash}} Former Prime Minister [[Gro Harlem Brundtland]] is entangled in a political scandal over cancer treatments paid for by the Norwegian state, which she was not entitled to having previously changed her residency abroad.<ref>{{no icon}} [http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/norsk-politikk/artikkel.php?artid=508236 VG.no:Betalte operasjon i 2002]</ref>
* [[March 2008|March]]
** [[March 1]]{{ndash}} Austrian [[Matthias Lanzinger]] collides with a gate during a [[Alpine skiing World Cup|World Cup]] [[Super-G]] run at [[Kvitfjell]], resulting in injuries that lead to his left leg being [[amputation|amputated]] below the knee two days later.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title= Bein von Lanzinger muss amputiert werden |url= http://salzburg.orf.at/stories/261153/ |format= |work= |publisher= [[ORF]] |location= Austria |id= |pages= |page= |date= March 4, 2008 |accessdate=2008-03-04 |language= German}}.</ref>


===July{{ndash}} December===
This understanding of art had a distinct premise: [[Nature]] is [[perfection|perfect]] and is subject to laws, therefore man ought to discover its laws and submit to them, and not seek freedom, which will deflect him from that ''optimum'' which he can attain. The artist was a [[discovery (observation)|discoverer]], not an [[inventor]].<ref>Tatarkiewicz, p. 245.</ref>
* [[September 2008|September]]
** [[September 9]]{{ndash}} The [[OBX Index]] drops 5.57%, then the fourth biggest drop ever.<ref name="landre"/><ref name="e24"/>
** [[September 29]]{{ndash}} In conjunction with the global [[Liquidity crisis of September 2008|liquidity crisis]] the [[OBX Index|index]] of [[Oslo Stock Exchange]] drops 8.3%, then its third largest drop ever in one day, but eclipsed only one week later.<ref>{{cite news |first= Klever |last= Magnus |title= Verste dag på 17 år |url= http://www.na24.no/imarkedet/borskommentar/article2258169.ece |work= [[NA24]] |publisher= |location= Oslo, Norway |page= |date=2008-09-29 |accessdate=2008-09-30 |language= Norwegian}}</ref>
[[Image:Saera Khan 2007 04 19.jpg|thumb|Saera Khan gets wrapped up in a scandal after lieing about using public money to call psychics.<br>Photo:&nbsp;Harry&nbsp;Wad]]
* [[October 2008|October]]
** [[October 6]]{{ndash}}
***The [[OBX Index]] drops 9.71%, the third largest drop ever in one day.<ref name="e24"/>
***[[Tromsø]]'s bid to become host city to the 2018 Winter Olympics [[2018 Winter Olympics#Cancelled bids|is cancelled]] when the sports board of [[The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports (NIF)|Norwegian Confederation of Sports]] votes 9 against 3 to withdraw the application for government financial guarantee.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Tromsø’s application withdrawn |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/english/sports/article2695284.ece |work= |publisher=[[Aftenposten]] |date=6 October 2008 |accessdate=2008-10-06 }}</ref>
** [[October 8]]{{ndash}}
***The [[OBX Index]] drops 6.44%<ref>{{cite news |first= Gulbrand |last= Øverbye |title= Et av tidenes største børsfall |url= http://www.na24.no/imarkedet/borskommentar/article2284829.ece |work= [[NA24]] |publisher= |location= Oslo, Norway |page= |date=2008-10-08 |accessdate=2008-10-08 |language= Norwegian}}</ref>
***[[Bangladesh]]i-[[Norway|Norwegian]] parliamentarian for the [[Norwegian Labour Party|Labour Party]] [[Saera Khan]] withdraws her candidacy for next year's elections when it is revealed that she has spent large sums using her parliament paid-for mobile phone to call [[psychic]] hotlines and then consistently lied to cover up the fact.<ref>{{cite news |first=Gunnar |last=Magnus |coauthors=Geir Salvesen, Stine Barstad |title=Khan tar ikke gjenvalg |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article2703665.ece |work=Aftenposten |date=2008-10-09 |accessdate=2008-10-09 }}</ref>


==Arts and literature==
The sole exception to this Greek view — a ''great'' exception — was [[poetry]]. The poet made new things — brought to life a new world — while the [[art|artist]] merely ''imitated''. And the poet, unlike the artist, was ''not'' bound by laws. There were no terms corresponding to "creativity" or "creator," but in reality the poet was understood to be one who creates. And only he was so understood. In [[music]], there was no freedom: melodies were prescribed, particularly for ceremonies and entertainments, and were known tellingly as "''nomoi''" ("laws"). In the [[visual arts]], freedom was limited by the [[Body proportions|proportions]] that [[Polyclitus (sculptor)|Polyclitus]] had established for the human frame, and which he called "the canon" (meaning, "measure"). [[Plato]] argued in ''[[Timaeus]]'' that, to execute a good work, one must contemplate an eternal model. Later the [[Roman Republic|Roman]], [[Cicero]], would write that art embraces those things "of which we have knowledge" ("''quae sciuntur''").<ref>Tatarkiewicz, p. 245.</ref>
* [[January 2008|January]] / [[February 2008|February]]{{ndash}}
[[Image:Quintus Horatius Flaccus.jpg|thumb|left|70px|[[Horace]].]]
** In [[Melodi Grand Prix 2008]] the song "[[Hold On Be Strong]]" with [[Maria Haukaas Storeng]] was selected to be the Norwegian entry for the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2008]] in late May.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norway: Maria Haukaas Storeng to Begrade|url=http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/10474|accessdate=2008-02-14}}</ref>
Poets saw things differently. Book I of the ''[[Odyssey]]'' asks, "Why forbid the singer to please us with singing ''as he himself will?''" [[Aristotle]] had doubts as to whether poetry was imitation of reality, and as to whether it required adherence to truth: it was, rather, the realm of that "which is neither true nor false."<ref>Tatarkiewicz, pp. 245–46.</ref>
* [[October 2008|October]]{{ndash}}
** Great controversy erupts when [[Holocaust denier]] and historian [[David Irving#Post-release|David Irving]] is invited to the 2009 ''[[Norwegian Festival of Literature]]'' at [[Lillehammer]], to discuss his concept of ''truth''<ref>{{cite news |first= Geir |last= Rakvaag |title= Irving fortsatt invitert |url= http://www.dagsavisen.no/kultur/article372935.ece |work= [[Dagsavisen]] |location= Oslo |date=2008-10-07 |accessdate=2008-10-08 |language= Norwegian}}</ref>, ending in Irving's invitation being withdrawn.<ref>{{cite news |title= Holocaust denial speaker's invitation cancelled |url= http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2704141.ece |work= [[Aftenposten]] |location= |date=2008-10-09 |accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref>


==Sports==
In [[Rome]], these Greek concepts were partly shaken. [[Horace]] wrote that not only poets but painters as well were entitled to the privilege of daring whatever they wished to ("''quod libet audendi''"). In the declining period of antiquity, [[Philostratus]] wrote that "one can discover a similarity between [[poetry]] and [[art]] and find that they have [[imagination]] in common." [[Callistratos]] averred that "Not only is the art of the [[poet]]s and [[prose|prosaist]]s inspired, but likewise the hands of [[sculptor]]s are gifted with the blessing of divine [[inspiration]]." This was something new: [[classical Greece|classical Greeks]] had not applied the [[concept]]s of [[imagination]] and [[inspiration]] to the [[visual arts]] but had restricted them to [[poetry]]. [[Latin]] was richer than [[Greek language|Greek]]: it had a term for "creating" ("''creatio''") and for "''creator''," and had ''two'' expressions — "''facere''" and "''creare''" — where Greek had but one, "''poiein''." Still, the two Latin terms meant much the same thing.<ref>Tatarkiewicz, p. 246.</ref>
:''For football, see [[2008 in Norwegian football]]''
* [[January 2008|January]]
** The [[2008 European Men's Handball Championship]] is hosted by the [[Norwegian Handball Federation]] with venues in Bergen, Drammen, Lillehammer, Stavanger and Trondheim.
* [[March 29]]{{ndash}} The [[Norwegian Premier League 2008]] (association football) kicks off, lasting through November 2.<ref name"eliteserien">{{citeweb | title = Norwegian Premier League - Fixtures 2008 | work=NRK Sport | url=http://www.nrksport.no/fotball/eliteserien/?arr=l1&sesong=2008&type=terminliste | accessdate=2008-04-05}}</ref>
* [[November 2]]{{ndash}} The Norwegian Premier League 2008 ends.<ref>{{citeweb | title = Norwegian Premier League - Fixtures 2008 | work=NRK Sport | url=http://www.nrksport.no/fotball/eliteserien/?arr=l1&sesong=2008&type=terminliste | accessdate=2008-04-05}}</ref>


==Births==
A fundamental change, however, came in the [[Christianity|Christian]] period: "''creatio''" came to designate [[God]]'s act of "creation from nothing" ("''creatio ex nihilo''"). "''Creatio''" thus took on a different meaning than "''facere''" ("to make"), and ceased to apply to human functions. As the [[6th century|6th-century]] Roman official and literary figure [[Cassiodorus]] wrote, "things made and created differ, for we can make, who cannot create."<ref>Tatarkiewicz, p. 247.</ref>
* [[September 29]] – [[Emma Tallulah Behn]], the daughter of [[Princess Märtha Louise of Norway]] and [[Ari Behn]].<ref>[http://www.vg.no/rampelys/artikkel.php?artid=517272 Her birth] &ndash; ''Verdens Gang'', September 29, 2008</ref>


==Deaths==
Alongside this new, [[religion|religious]] interpretation of the expression, there persisted the ancient view that art is not a domain of creativity. This is seen in two early and influential Christian writers, [[Pseudo-Dionysius]] and [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]]. Later [[medieval]] men such as [[Hraban the Moor]], and [[Robert Grosseteste]] in the [[13th century]], thought much the same way. The [[Middle Ages]] here went even further than [[classical antiquity|antiquity]]; they made no exception of poetry: it too had its rules, was an [[art]], and was therefore [[craft]] and not creativity.<ref>Tatarkiewicz, p. 247.</ref>
* [[January 4]] – [[Bjørn Odmar Andersen]], footballer (b. [[1943 in Norway|1943]])<ref>[http://fotball.bt.no/eliteserien/article97426.ece Obituary] (in Norwegian)</ref>
* [[January 14]] – [[Carsten Thomassen (journalist)|Carsten Thomassen]], journalist is killed an a [[2008 Kabul Serena Hotel attack|terrorist attack on Serena Hotel in Kabul]] (b. [[1969 in Norway|1969]])<ref>[http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2008/01/14/523827.html Er en av de beste - utenriks - Dagbladet.no<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[January 23]] – [[Stein Rønning]], 1990 world champion in karate (b. [[1965 in Norway|1965]])<ref> [http://www.dagbladet.no/sport/2008/01/23/524743.html Karatemester Rønning er død - Dagbladet] {{no icon}}</ref>
* [[January 24]] – [[Johannes Heggland]], author and politician (b. [[1919 in Norway|1919]])<ref>{{no icon}} [http://www.dagsavisen.no/kultur/boker/article332493.ece "Johannes Heggland er død "] &ndash; ''Dagsavisen''<small> Retrieved on February 1, 2008</small></ref>
* [[January 28]] – [[Dagfinn Grønoset]], author (b. [[1920 in Norway|1920]]){{fact|date=October 2008}}
* January 28 – [[Marie Takvam]], author and actor (b. [[1926 in Norway|1926]]){{fact|date=October 2008}}
* [[February 9]] – [[Nils Retterstøl]], professor of psychiatry (b. [[1924 in Norway|1924]])<ref>[http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=507497 Psykiatriprofessor Nils Retterstøl er død] {{no icon}}</ref>
* [[February 10]] – [[Ove Jørstad]] former football player (b. [[1970 in Norway|1970]])<ref>{{cite news |first=Maiken Nøtsund |last=Fotland |coauthors=Morten Sandal |title=Døde på trening |url=http://www.vg.no/pub/vgart.hbs?artid=510727 |work=Verdens Gang |date=12 February 2008 |language=Norwegian |accessdate=2008-02-12 }}</ref>
* February 10 – [[Arne Barhaugen]], Olympic nordic combined skier (b. [[1932 in Norway|1932]]){{fact|date=October 2008}}
* [[February 15]] – [[Inge Thun]], footballer (b. [[1945 in Norway|1945]])<ref>[http://dt.no/article/20080215/NYHET/806245535/1004/NYHET Obituary], ''[[Drammens Tidende]]'' {{no icon}}</ref>
* [[February 16]] – [[Per Erik Monsen]], Progress party politician (member of Parliament 1997-2005) (b. [[1946 in Norway|1946]])<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sb.no/article/20080216/NYHETER/809021572 |title=Per Erik Monsen er død |first=Asle |last=Rowe |work=Sandefjords Blad |language=Norwegian |date=16 February 2008 }}</ref>
* [[March 7]] – [[Julius Paltiel]], Holocaust survivor (b. [[1924 in Norway|1924]])<ref>[http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article2300688.ece ''Aftenposten'': Julius Paltiel er død] {{no icon}}</ref>
* [[March 10]] – [[Marianne Gullestad]], social anthropologist (b. [[1946 in Norway|1946]])<ref>Jan Petter Blom, Thomas Hylland Eriksen, Marianne Elisabeth Lien, Halvard Vik: «Marianne Gullestad». Obituary in ''[[Aftenposten]]'', kultur pages 14, 17 March 2008. See also [[:nb:Marianne Gullestad]]</ref>
[[Image:Kjell Kristian Rike.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kjell Kristian Rike]] (1944–2008)]]
* [[March 14]] – [[Ingvald Ulveseth]], Labour party politician (b. [[1924 in Norway|1924]])<ref>{{stortingetbio|INUL}}</ref>
* [[March 16]] – [[Victor Sparre]], visual artist (b. [[1919 in Norway|1919]])<ref>{{cite news |first= Mona |last= Larsen |title= Billedkunstner Victor Sparre er død |url= http://www.dagsavisen.no/kultur/article340128.ece |format= |work= [[Dagsavisen]] |location=Oslo, Norway |id= |pages= |page= |date=2008-03-17 |accessdate=2008-10-05 |language= Norwegian }}</ref>
* [[March 22]] – [[Arne Skarpsno]] volunteer worker, known as the "Father of the street children" (b. [[1926 in Norway|1926]])<ref>{{no icon}} [http://www.tv2.no/nyhetene/innenriks/article1701533.ece TV2 About Arne Skarpsno]</ref>
* [[April 23]] – [[Haagen Ringnes]], journalist and author (b. [[1928 in Norway|1928]])<ref>[http://www.nrk.no/kanal/nrk_gull/1.2394085 NRK]</ref>
* [[April 29]] – [[Julie Ege]], actress (b. [[1943 in Norway|1943]])<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/julie-ege-sex-symbol-of-the-1970s-820386.html Obituary: ''Independent'']</ref>
* [[May 15]] – [[Tove Billington Bye]], Centre party politician (b. [[1928 in Norway|1928]])<ref>{{cite news |first=Elin Reffhaug |last=Johansen |title=Tove Bye er død |url= http://www.budstikka.no/sec_lokal/sec_asker/article180158.ece |work=[[Budstikka]] |date=19 May 2008 |language=Norwegian |accessdate=2008-05-20 }}</ref>
* [[May 19]] – [[Kjell Kristian Rike]], sports commentator (b. [[1944 in Norway|1944]])<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nrksport.no/1.5715697 |first= |last= |title=Kjell Kristian Rike er død |work=NRK |date=19 May 2008 |accessdate=2008-05-19 |language=Norwegian }}</ref>
* [[June 2]] – [[Geir Kjetsaa]], professor in Russian literary history (b. [[1937 in Norway|1937]]){{fact|date=October 2008}}
* [[June 11]] – [[Gunnar Solum]], Labour party politician (b. [[1929 in Norway|1929]])<ref>{{cite news |first=Stian |last=Manka |title=Gunnar Solum er død |work=Trønder-Avisa |url=http://www.t-a.no/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080611/NYHETER/901227403 |date=11 June 2008 |language=Norwegian |accessdate=2008-06-18 }}</ref>
* [[June 15]] – [[Ole-Jørgen Nilsen]], actor and theatre director (b. [[1936 in Norway|1936]])<ref>{{cite news |first=Rune |last=Bernhus |title=Ole-Jørgen Nilsen er død |work=[[Romerikes Blad]] |url=http://www.rb.no/lokal_kultur/article3609977.ece |date=2008-06-16 |language=Norwegian |accessdate=2008-10-05 }}</ref>
* [[June 19]] – [[Antonio Bibalo]], Italian-Norwegian pianist and composer of contemporary music (b. [[1922]] in [[Trieste]], Italy){{fact|date=October 2008}}
[[Image:Aril Edvardsen.jpg|thumb|right|[[Aril Edvardsen]] (1938–2008)]]
* [[June 22]] – [[Odd Aukrust]], economist (b. [[1915 in Norway|1915]]){{fact|date=October 2008}}
* June 22 – [[Jens Petter Ekornes]], entrepreneur (b. [[1942 in Norway|1942]]){{fact|date=October 2008}}
* June 22 – [[Hans Haga]], agrarian leader (b. [[1924 in Norway|1924]])<ref>{{cite news |author= |authorlink= |title=Hans Haga er død |url=http://www.dagsavisen.no/innenriks/article356387.ece |work= [[Dagsavisen]] |publisher= |language=Norwegian |date=24 June 2008 |accessdate=2008-06-24 }}</ref>
* [[June 26]] – [[Asbjørn Haugstvedt]], Christian Democratic politician (b. [[1926 in Norway|1926]])<ref>[http://www.abcnyheter.no/node/69325 KrF-politikeren Asbjørn Haugstvedt er død] {{no icon}}</ref>
* [[June 27]] – [[Sasha Gabor]], Hungarian-born pornographic actor (b. [[1945 in Norway|1945]])<ref>[http://www.side2.no/kjendis/article2061248.ece Sasha Gabor er død - Side2<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{no icon}}</ref>
* [[July 3]] – [[Harald Heide-Steen Jr.]] actor (b. [[1939 in Norway|1939]])<ref>[http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article2519421.ece Aftenposten: "Harald Heide Steen jr. er død"], 3 July 2008 {{no icon}}</ref>
* [[July 8]] – [[Erling Rønneberg]], trainer of the Norwegian resistance movement and mayor of [[Ski, Norway|Ski]] (b. [[1923 in Norway|1923]])<ref>{{cite news |first=Christin |last=Atlar |title=Erling Rønneberg er død |work=Østlandets Blad |url=http://www.oblad.no/article/20080712/SKI/765075320 |date=12 July 2008 |language=Norwegian |accessdate=2008-07-23 }}</ref>
* [[July 14]] – [[Henki Kolstad]], actor (b. [[1915 in Norway|1915]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2539454.ece|title=Actor dead at 93|last=Berglund|first=Nina|date=2008-07-14|work=[[Aftenposten]]|accessdate=2008-07-16}}</ref>
* [[July 21]] – [[Knut Boye]], [[Siviløkonom|civil economist]] (b. [[1937 in Norway|1937]])<ref>[http://paraplyen.nhh.no/paraplyen/arkiv/2008/juli/knut_boye_/ NHHs internavis ''Paraplyen'': Knut Boye er død] {{no icon}}</ref>
* [[August 2]] – [[Rolf Bae]], mountaineer, fall from [[K2]] (b. [[1975 in Norway|1975]])<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Climbers killed on K2 |url= http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2573189.ece |work= [[Aftenposten]] |publisher= |date= [[August 4]], [[2008]] |accessdate=2008-08-07 }}</ref>
* August 2 – [[Helga Gitmark]], Centre party politician (Minister of the Environment 1973) (b. [[1929 in Norway|1929]])<ref>[http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/1.6162609 Obituary] {{no icon}}</ref>
* [[September 2]] – [[Andreas Zeier Cappelen]], politician and minister (b. [[1915 in Norway|1915]])<ref>{{stortingetbio|ANCA}}</ref>
* [[September 6]] – [[Aril Edvardsen]], evangelical preacher and missionary (b. [[1938 in Norway|1938]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kjendis.no/2008/09/06/545999.html|title=Aril Edvardsen er død|last=Kristiansen|first=Arnhild Aass|date=2008-09-06|work=[[Dagbladet]]|language=Norwegian|accessdate=2008-09-06}}</ref>
* [[September 11]] – [[Nils Johan Ringdal]],author and historian (b. [[1952 in Norway|1952]])<ref>[http://www.vg.no/rampelys/artikkel.php?artid=526169 Verdens Gang] (in Norwegian)</ref>
* [[September 23]] – [[Arne Haugestad]], Supreme Court lawyer, [[Arne Treholt]]'s defender (b. [[1935 in Norway|1935]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article2671860.ece|title=Arne Haugestad er død|date=2008-09-24|publisher=[[Aftenposten]]|language=Norwegian|accessdate=2008-09-26}}</ref>


==References==
All this changed in modern times. [[Renaissance]] men had a sense of their own independence, freedom and creativity, and sought to give voice to this sense of independence and creativity. The philosopher [[Marsilio Ficino]] wrote that the artist "thinks up" ("''excogitatio''") his works; the theoretician of architecture and painting, [[Leon Battista Alberti]], that he "preordains" ("''preordinazione''"); [[Raphael]], that he shapes a painting according to his idea; [[Leonardo da Vinci]], that he employs "shapes that do not exist in nature"; [[Michelangelo]], that the artist realizes his vision rather than imitating nature; [[Giorgio Vasari]], that "nature is conquered by art"; the Venetian art theoretician, [[Paolo Pino]], that painting is "inventing what is not"; [[Paolo Veronese]], that painters avail themselves of the same liberties as do poets and madmen; [[Federico Zuccari]] ([[1542]]-[[1609]]), that the artist shapes "a new world, new paradises"; [[Cesare Cesariano]] ([[1483]]-[[1541]]), that architects are "demi-gods." Among [[musician]]s, the [[Holland|Dutch]] composer and musicologist [[Jan Tinctoris]] ([[1446]]-[[1511]]) demanded novelty in what a composer did, and defined a composer as "one who produces ''new'' songs."<ref>Tatarkiewicz, pp. 247–48.</ref>
{{reflist|2}}
[[Image:Sarbiewski.gif|thumb|left|70px|[[Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski|Sarbiewski]].]]
Still more emphatic were those who wrote about [[poetry]]: [[G.P. Capriano]] held ([[1555]]) that the poet's invention springs "from nothing." [[Francesco Patrizi]] ([[1586]]) saw poetry as "fiction," "shaping," "transformation."<ref>Tatarkiewicz, p. 248.</ref>


[[Category:2008 in Norway| ]]
Finally, at long last, someone ventured to use the word, "creation." He was the [[17th century|17th-century]] [[Poland|Polish]] poet and theoretician of poetry, [[Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski]] ([[1595]]-[[1640]]), known as "the last Latin poet." In his treatise, ''De perfecta poesi'', he not only wrote that a poet "invents," "after a fashion builds," but also that the poet "''creates anew''" ("''de novo creat''"). Sarbiewski even added: "in the manner of God" ("''instar Dei''").<ref>Tatarkiewicz, p. 248.</ref>
[[Category:2008 by country|Norway]]
[[Image:Baltasar-gracian.gif|thumb|100px|[[Baltasar Gracián|Gracián]].]]
Sarbiewski, however, regarded creativity as the exclusive privilege of poetry; creativity was not open to visual artists. "Other arts merely imitate and copy but do not create, because they assume the existence of the material from which they create or of the subject." As late as the end of the [[17th century]], [[André Félibien]] ([[1619]]-[[1675]]) would write that the painter is "so to speak [a] creator." The [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Jesuit]] [[Baltasar Gracián]] ([[1601]]-[[1658]]) wrote similarly as Sarbiewski: "Art is the completion of nature, as it were ''a second Creator''..."<ref>Tatarkiewicz, p. 248.</ref>

By the [[18th century]], the concept of creativity was appearing more often in art theory. It was linked with the concept of [[imagination]], which was on all lips. [[Joseph Addison]] wrote that the imagination "has something in it like creation." [[Voltaire]] declared ([[1740]]) that "the true poet is creative." With both these authors, however, this was rather only a ''comparison'' of poet with creator.<ref>Tatarkiewicz, pp. 248–49.</ref>
[[Image:Greuze, Portrait of Diderot.jpg|thumb|right|60px|[[Denis Diderot|Diderot]].]]
Other writers took a different view. [[Denis Diderot]] felt that imagination is merely "the memory of forms and contents," and "creates nothing" but only combines, magnifies or diminishes. It was precisely in [[18th century|18th-century]] [[France]], indeed, that the idea of man's creativity met with resistance. [[Charles Batteux]] wrote that "The human mind ''cannot create'', strictly speaking; all its products bear the stigmata of their model; even monsters invented by an imagination unhampered by laws can only be composed of parts taken from nature." [[Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues]] ([[1715]]-[[1747]]), and [[Étienne Bonnot de Condillac]] ([[1715]]-[[1780]]) spoke to a similar effect.<ref>Tatarkiewicz, p. 249.</ref>

Their resistance to the idea of human creativity had a triple source. The expression, "creation," was then reserved for creation ''ex nihilo'' ([[Latin]]: "from nothing"), which was inaccessible to man. Second, creation is a mysterious act, and [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] psychology did not admit of mysteries. Third, artists of the age were attached to their rules, and creativity seemed irreconcilable with rules. The latter objection was the weakest, as it was already beginning to be realized (e.g., by [[Houdar de la Motte]], [[1715]]) that rules ultimately are a ''human invention''.<ref>Tatarkiewicz, p. 249.</ref>
[[Image:Henri Bergson.jpg|thumb|70px|[[Henri Bergson|Bergson]].]]
In the [[19th century]], art took its compensation for the resistance of preceding centuries against recognizing it as creativity. Now not only was art regarded as creativity, but ''it alone'' was so regarded. When later, at the turn of the [[20th century]], there began to be discussion as well of creativity in the [[science]]s (e.g., [[Jan Łukasiewicz]], [[1878]]-[[1956]]) and in [[nature]] (e.g., [[Henri Bergson]]), this was generally taken as the transference, to the sciences and to nature, of concepts proper to [[art]].<ref>Tatarkiewicz, p. 249.</ref>

The start of the ''scientific'' study of creativity is sometimes taken as [[J. P. Guilford]]'s 1950 address to the [[American Psychological Association]], which helped popularize the subject.

Other students of creativity have taken a more pragmatic approach, teaching practical [[creativity techniques]]. Three of the best-known are [[Alex Osborn]]'s "[[brainstorming]]" (1950s to present), [[Genrikh Altshuller]]'s Theory of Inventive Problem-Solving ([[TRIZ]], 1950s to present), and [[Edward de Bono]]'s "[[lateral thinking]]" (1960s to present).

==Periods and Personalities==
=== Ancient Greece ===
*[[Archimedes]]
*[[Plato]]'s [[Ion (dialogue)|Dialogue of Ion]]
; [[3rd century]]
*[[Porphyry of Tyros]] graphically visualised the [[concept]] [[categorie]]s of [[Aristotle]].
; [[4th century]] of the Christian Era
*[[Pappus of Alexandria]] in [[Egypt]] was searching for a science of invention, naming his techniques "[[heuristics]]".

=== 1000s - 1500s ===

; [[1200s]]
About [[1275]], in an early attempt to use [[logic]]al means to produce [[knowledge]], [[Ramon Llull]] designed a method of combining attributes selected from a number of lists, which he first published in full in his ''Ars generalis ultima'' or ''Ars magna'' ([[1305]]). This used concept structures of the [[mind map|mind-map]] form.

;[[1470s]]
*[[Leonardo da Vinci]]

=== 1500s - 2000s ===

There was no real demand for such a science until the [[19th century]], when the [[Industrial Revolution]] started:
* [[William Gordon]] - [[Synectics]]
* [[Edward Matchett]] - [[Fundamental design method]] (1968)
* Idan Gafni - Association expansion cards ([[Object Pairing]])
* [[Edward de Bono]] - Complex of techniques ...
* [[L. D. Miles]] - [[Value engineering]] - a technique for operating with available knowledge

Following along Miles’ line of thought were:
* [[Fritz Zwicky]] - [[Morphological Analysis]]
* [[Yoji Akoa]] - Quality Function Deployment

* beginning in the mid-[[1940s]] - start of ''knowledge-based'' creativty era by [[TRIZ]]

; Early [[20th century]]
*[[Pablo Picasso]] painter
*[[Marcel Duchamp]] artist
;[[1940s]]
*[[Fritz Zwicky]] - [[Morphological Analysis]]
*[[Lawrence Delos Miles]] - [[Value engineering]] - technique for operating with available knowledge, Methods of collecting and organizing knowledge about a problem and the system. [[Functional analysis]]. Morphological approach.
*[[George Polya]]
;[[1950s]]
*[[Alex Osborn]] - Methods of reducing [[psychological inertia]]. [[Team work]].
*[[Sid Parnes]]
*[[Genrich Altshuller|Genrikh Altshuller]] - [[TRIZ]], [[ARIZ]]
;[[1960s]]
*[[Carl Jung]] classified creativity as one of the five main instinctive forces in humans (Jung 1964)
*[[Edward Matchett]] - [[Fundamental design method]] (1968)
* [[Carl Rogers]]' essay, "Towards a Theory of Creativity" (1961):
*[[William Gordon]] - [[Synectics]]
*[[Edward de Bono]] - [[Lateral thinking]]
*[[J. P. Guilford]] - measuring creativity
;[[1970s]]
*[[Albert Rothenberg]] coined the term '[[Janusian thinking]]'
*[[Yoji Akao]] - [[Quality function deployment]]
*[[Total creativity]] - the ultimate goal in the philosophy of [[John David Garcia]]
*[[Carlos Castaneda]] - A Separate Reality: Further Conversations with Don Juan
*[[Joseph D. Novak]] [http://wwwcsi.unian.it/educa/curriculum/vita_jdn.html] [http://www.ihmc.us/users/user.php?UserID=jnovak] at [[Cornell University]] - [[Concept map]]
*[[Ellis Paul Torrance]] - Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking
;[[1980s]]
*[[Paul Palnik]]- [[Creative Consciousness]] The healthiest state of mind. [1981]

;[[1990s]]
*[[Tony Buzan]] - [[mind map]]
*[[Idan Gafni]] - association expansion cards concept ([[Object Pairing]])
;[[2000s]]
*[http://www.crea.server.de/ Creative capabilities and the promotion of highly innovative research] - organizational factors fostering creativity in science

=== Undated ===

* [[Reviewed Dendrogram]] technique, relies on the experience of designers which may be limited to certain areas of expertise such as chemistry or electronics. Thus, a solution that might be simpler and cheaper using magnetism could be missed.

==Notes==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>

== References ==
* {{cite book | author=Tatarkiewicz, Władysław | authorlink=Władysław Tatarkiewicz | title=A History of Six Ideas: an Essay in Aesthetics | location=Translated from the Polish by [[Christopher Kasparek]], The Hague | publisher=Martinus Nijhoff | year=1980}} (Traces the history of key [[aesthetics]] [[concept]]s, including [[art]], [[beauty]], [[form]], creativity, [[mimesis]], and the aesthetic experience.)
* {{cite book | author=Sternberg, R.J. | coauthors=Lubart, T.I. | chapter=The Concept of Creativity: Prospects and Paradigms | editor=ed. Sternberg, R.J. | title=Handbook of Creativity | year=1999 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | authorlink=Robert Sternberg}}
* {{cite book | author=Albert, R.S. | coauthors=Runce, M.A. | chapter=A History of Research on Creativity | editor=ed. Sternberg, R.J. | title=Handbook of Creativity | year=1999 | publisher=Cambridge University Press}}

[[Category:Creativity]]
[[Category:History by topic|Creativity]]

Revision as of 07:38, 10 October 2008

←

2008
in
Norway

→

Centuries:
Decades:
See also:List of years in Norway

The Norwegian twin cities Stavanger/Sandnes, together with English Liverpool, are European Capitals of Culture for 2008.

Events

Anniversaries

January– June

Official opening of Eiksund undersea tunnel february 23
File:Norvay-04 copy.jpg
Svalbard Global Seed Vault opens February 26
Photo:Global Crop Diversity Trust
Anniken Huitfeldt is appointed new Minister of Children and Equality

July– December

Saera Khan gets wrapped up in a scandal after lieing about using public money to call psychics.
Photo: Harry Wad

Arts and literature

Sports

For football, see 2008 in Norwegian football

Births

Deaths

Kjell Kristian Rike (1944–2008)
Aril Edvardsen (1938–2008)

References

  1. ^ Wergeland hailed on 200th birthday, Aftenposten, 17 June 2008
  2. ^ Kristiansen, Sol (2008-01-17). "Ut på tur i 140 år". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  3. ^ "Sportsklubben Brann - Ekte lidenskap har et navn<!- Bot generated title ->". Brann.no. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
  4. ^ Olav H. Hauge at the Olav H. Hauge & Geirr Tveitt centennial celebration
  5. ^ "Style & Splendor - Who was Queen Maud of Norway?". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
  6. ^ Agency for Public Management and eGovernment (2007-12-27). "About DIFI".
  7. ^ Ulf K. Rask (2006-05-29). "Inauguration of the Nordic Battle Group Headquarters". Försvarsmakten. Retrieved 2006-08-26. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ Bans mercury in products, Press release, 21.12.2007, Minister of the Environment and International Development Erik Solheim[1]
  9. ^ *"Norway nabs 'pocket' sex suspect". BBC News. January 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
  10. ^ a b Landre, Even (2008-09-09). "Krisetemning på børsen". NA24 (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
  11. ^ a b c "Panikken tok børsen". e24.no (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway. 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  12. ^ >Robert Gjerde (2008-02-05). "Stortinget må vurdere riksrett" (in Norwegian). Aftenposten. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  13. ^ Children's minister quits under fire Aftenposten, February 14, 2008
  14. ^ Aftenposten
  15. ^ "'Doomsday' seed vault opens in Arctic". boston.com/Associated Press. 26 February 2008. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ NRK Nett-TV Nyheter: Her kommer den nye statsråden - Opposisjonen positiv til Huitfeldt - Her kommer den nye barneministeren
  17. ^ Template:No icon VG.no:Betalte operasjon i 2002
  18. ^ "Bein von Lanzinger muss amputiert werden" (in German). Austria: ORF. March 4, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help).
  19. ^ Magnus, Klever (2008-09-29). "Verste dag på 17 år". NA24 (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
  20. ^ "Tromsø's application withdrawn". Aftenposten. 6 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-06. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  21. ^ Øverbye, Gulbrand (2008-10-08). "Et av tidenes største børsfall". NA24 (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  22. ^ Magnus, Gunnar (2008-10-09). "Khan tar ikke gjenvalg". Aftenposten. Retrieved 2008-10-09. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "Norway: Maria Haukaas Storeng to Begrade". Retrieved 2008-02-14.
  24. ^ Rakvaag, Geir (2008-10-07). "Irving fortsatt invitert". Dagsavisen (in Norwegian). Oslo. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  25. ^ "Holocaust denial speaker's invitation cancelled". Aftenposten. 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
  26. ^ "Norwegian Premier League - Fixtures 2008". NRK Sport. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
  27. ^ "Norwegian Premier League - Fixtures 2008". NRK Sport. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
  28. ^ Her birth – Verdens Gang, September 29, 2008
  29. ^ Obituary (in Norwegian)
  30. ^ Er en av de beste - utenriks - Dagbladet.no
  31. ^ Karatemester Rønning er død - Dagbladet Template:No icon
  32. ^ Template:No icon "Johannes Heggland er død " – Dagsavisen Retrieved on February 1, 2008
  33. ^ Psykiatriprofessor Nils Retterstøl er død Template:No icon
  34. ^ Fotland, Maiken Nøtsund (12 February 2008). "Døde på trening". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-02-12. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Obituary, Drammens Tidende Template:No icon
  36. ^ Rowe, Asle (16 February 2008). "Per Erik Monsen er død". Sandefjords Blad (in Norwegian).
  37. ^ Aftenposten: Julius Paltiel er død Template:No icon
  38. ^ Jan Petter Blom, Thomas Hylland Eriksen, Marianne Elisabeth Lien, Halvard Vik: «Marianne Gullestad». Obituary in Aftenposten, kultur pages 14, 17 March 2008. See also nb:Marianne Gullestad
  39. ^ "2008 in Norway" (in Norwegian). Storting.
  40. ^ Larsen, Mona (2008-03-17). "Billedkunstner Victor Sparre er død". Dagsavisen (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
  41. ^ Template:No icon TV2 About Arne Skarpsno
  42. ^ NRK
  43. ^ Obituary: Independent
  44. ^ Johansen, Elin Reffhaug (19 May 2008). "Tove Bye er død". Budstikka (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  45. ^ "Kjell Kristian Rike er død". NRK (in Norwegian). 19 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
  46. ^ Manka, Stian (11 June 2008). "Gunnar Solum er død". Trønder-Avisa (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-06-18.
  47. ^ Bernhus, Rune (2008-06-16). "Ole-Jørgen Nilsen er død". Romerikes Blad (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-10-05.
  48. ^ "Hans Haga er død". Dagsavisen (in Norwegian). 24 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
  49. ^ KrF-politikeren Asbjørn Haugstvedt er død Template:No icon
  50. ^ Sasha Gabor er død - Side2 Template:No icon
  51. ^ Aftenposten: "Harald Heide Steen jr. er død", 3 July 2008 Template:No icon
  52. ^ Atlar, Christin (12 July 2008). "Erling Rønneberg er død". Østlandets Blad (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-07-23.
  53. ^ Berglund, Nina (2008-07-14). "Actor dead at 93". Aftenposten. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
  54. ^ NHHs internavis Paraplyen: Knut Boye er død Template:No icon
  55. ^ "Climbers killed on K2". Aftenposten. August 4, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  56. ^ Obituary Template:No icon
  57. ^ "2008 in Norway" (in Norwegian). Storting.
  58. ^ Kristiansen, Arnhild Aass (2008-09-06). "Aril Edvardsen er død". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-09-06.
  59. ^ Verdens Gang (in Norwegian)
  60. ^ "Arne Haugestad er død" (in Norwegian). Aftenposten. 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
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