AOMedia Video 1

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
AOMedia Video 1
AV1 logo 2018.svg
File extension : no
Developed by: Alliance for Open Media
Initial release: March 28, 2018
Type: Video compression
Contained in: Matroska , WebM , ISOBMFF
Extended by: VP9
Website : aomedia.googlesource.com/av1-spec

AOMedia Video 1 ( AV1 ) is an open , license-free method for video compression . It is being developed by the Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia), a consortium founded in 2015 with leading companies from the semiconductor industry, video-on-demand providers and web browser developers.

It is to succeed its predecessor VP9 and compete with HEVC /H.265 of the Moving Picture Experts Group . The first version of the specification of the new free video codec AV1 was released at the end of March 2018. The first version of the reference implementation was published at the end of June 2018, but the encoder was barely optimized and initially without multithreading . The coding times of the reference coder were very high at the beginning and were improved in the course of further development. In a study by BBC Research in May 2019, these were only 4 times the HEVC reference encoder HM (for HD resolution). The development versions of AOM and Intel's new SVT-AV1 encoder are constantly being improved and, with optimized settings, almost reach the level of the HEVC encoder x265.

Two of the world's most popular web browsers, Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox , have supported playing videos in AV1 encoding since the end of 2018.

Video data encoded with AV1 can be used in the MKV container format or together with the Opus audio format within WebM , for example for HTML5 web video .

history

The first official announcement of the project came with the press release on the foundation of the alliance on September 1st, 2015. Increasing use of the previous format VP9 was based on trust in the alliance and (the development of) AV1 as well as the costly and complicated licensing situation of high efficiency video coding (HEVC) explained.

However, the roots of the project are older than the alliance. Individual contributors began experimental tech projects years earlier: Xiphs / Mozillas Daala released code back in 2010, VP10 was announced on September 12, 2014, and Cisco's Thor was released on August 11, 2015. The first version 0.1.0 of the AV1 reference codec was released on April 7, 2016.

The inclusion of further functions was stopped at the end of October 2017 , with exceptions for the continuation of development for some important features. The bitstream format was originally scheduled to be completed in January 2018.

On November 28, 2017, the Firefox web browser began releasing its nightly builds with AV1 support. According to Mozilla developer Timothy Terriberry, eight critical bugs remained to be fixed in early February 2018, as well as final changes to transformations, syntax and the prediction of motion vectors and clarification of legal issues.

Apple joined the consortium in January 2018. The AV1 support in Safari for MacOS is still pending (as of April 2020).

On March 28, 2018, AOMedia announced that the specification has now been published and work on the first version of the new free video codec has officially been completed. Broad market penetration is to be achieved by 2020. By then, the development of a successor AV2 should have started.

On March 27, 2019, Sisvel International SA announced that it had launched a new patent pool with VP9 and AV1 relevant patents, which contradicts AV1's freedom from patent costs.

On May 18, 2020, the second version of the AV1 reference codec "AppleJack" was published (by corresponding marking in the repository).

On August 20, 2020, the founding of a working group called SIWG was announced, which is to concentrate on the development of optimized production-ready software encoders and decoders, also for future Aomedia standards.

purpose

AV1 is designed as a video format for the web, which both represents the state of the art and is free of license fees. The mission of the Alliance for Open Media remains the same as the mission of the WebM project.

In order to achieve the goal of freedom from license fees, the development process is designed in such a way that no feature is adopted until two independent tests confirm that no patents from competing companies are affected. This is in contrast to its main rival HEVC in which the review of intellectual property rights was not part of the standardization process. The latter is laid down in the ITU-T definition of open standards. The appearance of the several independent patent collections for HEVC has been characterized by critical observers as a failure in pricing policy.

Contributors license their AV1-related patents in accordance with the patent rules adopted by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) on a reciprocal basis to anyone, anywhere, anytime, as long as the user does not pursue patent litigation. As a defensive condition, anyone involved in patent litigation loses the right to use the patents of all patent owners.

The performance targets include an increase in efficiency compared to the VP9 and HEVC with a slight increase in complexity . NETVC's efficiency goal is a 25% improvement over HEVC. The complexity considerations primarily concern the software decoding, since hardware support for the user will be a long time coming. For WebRTC , however, the real-time coding performance is also relevant, which is Cisco's agenda: The Thor articles by the video conferencing device manufacturer aim at “decent compression with only moderate complexity”.

With its features, it is designed especially for real-time applications (especially WebRTC) and higher resolutions (wider color spaces , higher image frequencies , UHD ) than in the currently (H.264) typical video application scenarios, where the greatest increases in efficiency are expected. Therefore, the color space from the ITU-R recommendation BT.2020 and 10 and 12 bit accuracy per color component should be supported. AV1 is primarily intended for lossy coding , with lossless compression also supported.

technology

AV1 is a traditional block-based frequency transformation format with new techniques, some of which were developed in experimental formats that had tried technology for a next-generation format after HEVC and VP9. Based on Google's experimental VP9 advancement VP10, AV1 includes additional techniques developed in Xiphs / Mozilla's Daala and Cisco's Thor.

libaom

AV1 logo 2018.svg
FFmpeg libaom.png
Basic data

developer Alliance for Open Media
Publishing year March 28, 2018
programming language C , assembler
License FreeBSD ( free )
aomedia.googlesource.com/aom

The alliance publishes a reference implementation ( , ) written in C and assembly language as free software under the terms of the FreeBSD license . The development takes place in public and is open to contributions, regardless of AOM membership. aomencaomdec

The development process is that coding tools are first added to the reference code as experiments controlled by switches that enable or disable them at compile time to be checked by other group members as well as specialized workgroups responsible for hardware friendliness and compliance with Intellectual property rights. Once the trait has gained some support in the community, the experiment can be turned on by default, and eventually when all assessments are complete its switch will be removed. Experiment names are written in lowercase in the configure script and in uppercase in conditional compilation switches .

Data transformation

To transform pixel data into the frequency domain, AV1 includes a number of specialized frequency transforms such as rectangular versions of the DCT and asymmetrical versions of the DST for edge blocks.

It can combine two one-dimensional transformations to use different transformations for the horizontal and vertical dimensions ( ext_tx).

Partitioning

T-shaped block division

The prediction can be for larger units (≤ 128 × 128) and these can be further subdivided in more ways. “T-shaped” subdivision patterns for coding units are introduced; a feature developed for VP10. With a soft, wedge-shaped transition line (wedge-shaped subdivided forecast), two separate forecasts can now be used for spatially different parts of a block. This allows for a more precise separation of objects without the traditional stair lines along the boundaries of square blocks.

Parallelization within a single image is made possible by tiles (vertical) and rows of tiles (horizontal).

The configurable prediction dependency between the tile rows enables a higher degree of coding parallelism.

forecast

AV1 performs the internal processing with higher precision (10 or 12 bits per sample), which leads to an improvement in the compression, since the rounding errors in the reference images are lower.

Predictions can be combined in one block in more complicated ways (than a unified average), including smooth and sharp gradients in different directions. This enables the combination of either two inter predictions or an inter and an intra prediction in the same block.

Temporal (inter) prediction can use more references.

The Warped Motion ( warped_motion) and Global Motion ( global_motion) tools in AV1 aim to reduce redundant information in motion vectors by detecting patterns created by camera movements. They implement ideas that have already been tried to be used in earlier formats such as MPEG-4 ASP.

For intra prediction, there are 56 (instead of 8) angles for prediction by directional extrapolation and weighted filters for extrapolation on a pixel basis. Correlations between the luminosity and the color information can now be exploited with a Chroma- von- Luma -prediction tool (cfl).

Quantization

AV1 has new optimized quantization matrices.

filter

For the filter step integrated in the coding loop, the integration of Thor's bound low-pass filter and Daala's directional deringing filter was fruitful: The combined Constrained Directional Enhancement Filter ( cdef) outperforms the results of the individual or the combination of the original filters. It is an edge-directed conditional replacement filter that smooths blocks with a configurable (signaled) strength roughly in the direction of the dominant edge.

There is also the Restoration filter ( loop_restoration) to remove blurring artifacts caused by block processing.

Entropy coding

Daala's entropy encoder ( daala_ec), a non-binary arithmetic encoder , was chosen to replace VP9's binary entropy encoder . The use of non-binary arithmetic coding helps circumvent patents, but also gives bit-level parallelism to an otherwise serial process, which reduces the clock rate requirements in hardware implementations. This means that by using a larger alphabet, comparable effectiveness is achieved as with modern binary arithmetic codings such as CABAC , therefore higher speed than with Huffman coding (but not as simple and fast as Huffman coding). AV1 has also been given the ability to adapt the symbol probabilities in the arithmetic encoder with each coded symbol instead of just with each frame (FIG. 10 ec_adapt).

Notable features that have not been adopted

Daala's transformations implement discrete cosine and sine transformations, which the authors describe as "better in every way" than the current txmgtransformations. Both the txmg- and the - daala_txexperiments merged the code paths for high and low bit depths (as opposed to VP9), but daala_txachieved the complete embedding of smaller transformations into larger ones, as well as the use of fewer multiplication operations, increasing the cost of hardware implementations would have further reduced. The Daala transforms were kept as an option in the experimental code base until late January 2018, but there was a general concern about the delay in the availability of hardware implementations caused by changing hardware blocks at a late stage.

The coding complexity of Daala's Perceptual Vector Quantization was too high in the already complex overall system of AV1. The rate-distortion heuristic dist_8x8aims to speed up the encoder by a considerable factor regardless of PVQ, but PVQ was ultimately dropped.

Asymmetric Numeral Systems (ANS) was the other non-binary arithmetic coder developed in parallel with Daala's entropy coder. Of the two, Daala EC was the more hardware-friendly variant, with ANS being faster for software decoding.

Quality and efficiency

A first comparison from the beginning of June 2016 as well as a comparison with code from the end of January 2017 showed that AV1 is roughly at the level of HEVC.

From April 2017, Bitmovin was able to demonstrate favorable objective metrics and visual results in the animated films Sintel and Tears of Steel using the currently eight activated (of 77 total) experimental functions compared to HEVC . A follow-up comparison by Jan Ozer of Streaming Media Magazine confirmed this and came to the conclusion that "AV1 is at least as good as HEVC is now".

Ozer noted that his and Bitmovin's results contradicted a comparison by the Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications in late 2016, which found AV1 to be 38.4% less efficient than HEVC and even worse than H.264 / AVC, and justified this discrepancy with the Use of coding parameters recommended by the respective manufacturers, as well as with more functions in the newer AV1 encoder.

Tests by Netflix showed that (based on measurements with P SNR and VMAF at 720p) AV1 is likely to be about 25% more efficient than VP9 (libvpx), at the cost of a 4 to 10-fold increase in coding complexity.

Measurements with the final version (2018) showed that AV1 offers up to 30 percent higher compression rates than VP9 and HEVC, especially for videos in 4K / UHD resolution.

Encoder performance

However, the reference encoder initially proved to be of little practical use due to long coding times and a considerable need for computing power. In order to be able to use the method for live broadcasts, for example, encoding must be possible in real time. Bitkom demonstrated a solution for this through distributed computing in the cloud. Ateme, NGCodec and Socionext develop solutions based on FPGAs . The use of powerful graphics processors would also be conceivable. An alternative software implementation of the encoder, which should be faster than the reference encoder, is being developed by Xiph on GitHub under the project name rav1e in the Rust programming language .

Another software-based encoder called SVT-AV1 has been developed on Github (especially by Intel) since the beginning of February 2019. As with the reference software, C and assembler are used as programming languages. Shortly after its first release, the encoder surprised with a significantly improved performance, which according to a test when encoding Full HD videos on the fastest processor tested with 8.52 frames / s is only a factor of 3 behind real-time (e.g. at 25 Frames / s) lags behind. In March, the Intel developers succeeded in increasing the performance significantly, so that encoding in real time is only a question of the number of CPU cores, the coding speed at the end of March 2019 was around 20 times the speed of the reference Encoders. In an English-language white paper , Intel claims to be more than 50 times faster than the AOM encoder even with comparable image quality.

In a benchmark from 2019, AV1 shows its superiority to H.265 in terms of quality. The additional computing effort is then considerable.

AV1 as standard

AV1 is the primary candidate for standardization by the video standard working group is NetVC the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The group has compiled a list of criteria that the new video standard must meet.

commitment

Like its predecessor, the VP9, ​​AV1 can be used with the Opus audio format in WebM container files. These formats are well supported by web browsers, exceptions are Safari (only supports Opus) and Internet Explorer, the further development of which has been discontinued for a long time.

The Nightly Builds (development versions ) of the Firefox web browser had tentative support for AV1 since November 2017. Starting with version 64 of Firefox from December 2018, AV1 is also supported in the everyday version (however, the activation of media.av1.enabled in about: config was initially still necessary; version 63 contained a program error ). The development version of Google Chrome has been supported by AV1 since April 2018. Since October 2018 and the stable version 70, the decoder has been included and activated in Chrome for the desktop PC.

It is expected that the members of the alliance will be interested in adopting the format for their respective applications. The member companies represent various industries, including browser providers ( Apple , Google , Mozilla , Microsoft ), media content distributors (Apple, Google, Netflix , Amazon , Hulu ) and hardware designers ( Intel , AMD , ARM , Nvidia ). The video streaming service YouTube announced in June 2016 that it would switch to the new format as quickly as possible within six months of the completion of the bitstream format, starting with the highest resolutions. In July 2017, Netflix assumed it was "an early adopter of AV1".

According to Mukund Srinivasan, chief business officer of AOM member Ittiam, early hardware support will be dominated by software that runs on non-CPU hardware (such as GPGPU , DSP , or Shader programs, as is the case with some VP9 hardware Implementations ), since hardware with a fixed function needs 12 to 18 months after the format has been determined until chips are available, plus 6 months until products based on them are ready for the market.

The format was set on March 28, 2018. On June 25, 2018, version 1 of the codec was published on GoogleSource.

Streaming services

From September 2018, there was a playlist on YouTube for test purposes with AV1-encoded videos. After integration into various browsers, Youtube used the codec for some very frequently accessed videos if the browser and device were suitable. The user could influence the use of the codec with a setting at youtube.com/testtube and find out the codec actually used with the help of the YouTube function “Statistics for interested parties”.

In June 2019, the video portal Vimeo announced that it would support AV1. In February 2020, Netflix began streaming videos created with the AV1 codec in its Android app. Initially, however, AV1 videos were only played if the user had selected "data economy". By default, Netflix initially continued to display VP9 videos.

In April 2020, Google activated support for hardware-based AV1 decoding for certain hardware in its YouTube app for Android TV devices.

hardware

The first hardware products are expected in 2020.

  • Allegro DVT introduced a multi-format video encoder hardware that supports AV1.
  • The company Realtek announced a SoC for set-top boxes , which contains a AV1 decoder.
  • At the end of 2019, MediaTek announced the Dimensity 1000, a smartphone SoC with an integrated AV1 decoder. However, it could not establish itself on the market and was replaced by the Dimensity 1000+, which has been able to use AV1 hardware-accelerated for YouTube since May 2020.
  • The Japanese company D (o) wango announced the development of an FPGA-based hardware real-time encoder.
  • Samsung announced the Q950TS in January 2020, which supports streaming with AV1 in 8K.
  • Similarly, in January 2020, LG announced the ZX-OLED series of televisions that support 8K streaming with AV1. The first devices should go on sale in Germany in May and June 2020.
  • Intel's integrated graphics processors should contain an AV1 hardware decoder from generation 12.

software

You can find out whether AV1 is supported, for example, with a one-second AV1 video on the people.xiph.org page (click on the link in the receipt).

  • Pale Moon (from version 28.3; also here media.av1.enabled must be set to "true")
  • Mozilla Firefox (automatically activated from version 65 from January 2019, with older versions you had to set media.av1.enabled in about: config to "true")
  • Google Chrome (from version 70 from October 2018)
  • Microsoft Edge (together with the AV1 Video Extension (can be installed from the October 2018 version of Windows 10))
  • Opera (from version 57)
  • Vivaldi (browser)
  • VLC media player (According to the publication, AV1 streams are supported from version 3, the playback of AV1-encoded files works since 3.0.5, since 3.0.6 also for 12-bit HDR videos)
  • dav1d (AV1 decoder developed under the umbrella of VideoLAN . It is used in Firefox from version 67, in VLC and in the Netflix Android app.)
  • libgav1 (AV1 decoder developed by Google in C ++)
  • GStreamer (from version 1.14)
  • FFmpeg (from version 4.0)
  • boram (from version 0.5.2; Webm converter with GUI that uses FFmpeg)
  • MKVToolNix (from version 28.0.0, experimental support from version 22.0.0)
  • MediaInfo (from version 18.03)
  • Bitmovin Encoding (Version 1.50 or higher ) (proprietary)
  • Real-time video encoder from CISCO (proprietary)
  • Android 10 (formerly known as Android Q)
  • With Google Duo , the image quality is to be improved at low bandwidths with the help of AV1
  • XMedia Recode

Claims

In March 2019, Sisvel, based in Luxembourg, announced the formation of patent pools for AV1 and VP9. Members of the pools included JVC Kenwood , NTT , Orange SA , Philips and Toshiba , all of which licensed patents to the MPEG Licensing Administration for the patent pools of AVC, DASH or HEVC. Sisvel announced it would charge € 0.32 for display devices and € 0.11 for non-display devices using AV1, but would not charge license fees for encoded content. At the time of the announcement, a list of Sisvel's patents was not publicly available. However, the CEO of Sisvel stated in an interview that such a list will be posted on the Sisvel website before any licensing requirements are made.

On April 8, 2019, the Alliance for Open Media published a press release confirming its commitment to its royalty-free patent license and mentioning its "AOMedia patent defense program to protect AV1 ecosystem participants in the event of patent claims," ​​but not mentioning Sisvel's claim by name . She also refers to the comprehensive evaluation of the patent landscape of the video codec and the careful patent examination by first-class codec engineers and lawyers during the development phase.

On March 10, 2020, Sisvel published a list of "more than 1050" patents relevant to AV1 from their point of view for which a claim for patent fees is made.

AVIF image format

AVIF is an AV1-based image format that was also specified by the Alliance for Open Media. Version 1.0.0 of the specification was set in February 2019. The format could serve as a replacement for JPEG in the long term . Similar approaches with image formats extracted from video compression processes have already been made with WebP (based on VP8) and Better Portable Graphics as well as High Efficiency Image File Format (HEIF), both based on HEVC. The ISOBMFF container format, which is also used by HEIF, is practically reused here to transmit content encoded with the AV1 image format (AVIF). The file extension is .avif, for image sequences .avifs should be used.

The strength of the new image format lies in its ability to achieve high image quality at high compression rates compared to other image formats such as JPG or WebP . Only the HEIC format (= HEIF container with HEVC-coded content) is roughly on par. The (re) coding of high-resolution images for AVIF costs a lot more time and computing power than with other formats, the AV1 encoders are either very slow (AOM reference encoder, rav1e) or require special adjustments for the encoding of images (SVT-AV1, as of April 2019). Another advantage of the format could be if it can also be implemented in hardware under the terms of the Alliance for Open Media without license fees.

Netflix has already announced that it will use the format in the future.

Software support

  • Microsoft is using an extension to offer the AVIF image format in Windows 10 and for Xbox One .
  • The VLC media player also already supports the format in current developer versions.
  • Libavif library (under development)
  • Mozilla had announced AVIF support for Firefox for 2019; In fact, at the beginning of May 2020, the  first experimental support for the new image format was added to Nightly version 77.
  • Support has been included in Chrome since version 85 (August 2020).
  • With the help of JavaScript images can be displayed in the browser
  • Go interface for using the AVIF encoder from Go programs or from the command line
  • Image converter cavif for converting from the PNG format for command line

Further information can be found in the image format wiki.

Web links

Commons : AOMedia Video  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Steven Zimmerman: Google's Royalty-Free Answer to HEVC: A Look at AV1 and the Future of Video Codecs . XDA Developers. May 15, 2017. Archived from the original on June 14, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
  2. ^ The Alliance for Open Media Kickstarts Video Innovation Era with "AV1" Release . In: Alliance for Open Media . ( aomedia.org [accessed August 7, 2018]).
  3. ↑ a b c video codec: AV1 is officially ready . In: Golem.de , March 28, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018
  4. ↑ Last commit to version v1.0.0 on Googlesource. Retrieved September 11, 2018 .
  5. ↑ AOMedia AV1 Codec v1.0.0 Appears Ready For Release - Phoronix. Retrieved September 11, 2018 .
  6. ↑ Testing AV1 and VVC - BBC R&D. Retrieved December 23, 2019 .
  7. ↑ BBC Research and Development: AV1 and VVC Performance Evaluation. BBC Research and Development, accessed December 23, 2019 .
  8. ^ SVT-AV1 Already Seeing Nice Performance Improvements Since Open-Sourcing - Phoronix. Retrieved March 9, 2019 .
  9. ↑ Good News: AV1 Encoding Times Drop to Near-Reasonable Levels. March 4, 2019, Retrieved March 9, 2019 (American English).
  10. ↑ Browser market share. Retrieved December 12, 2018 .
  11. ^ David Bryant: Mozilla Celebrates Release of Free, High-Quality Video Compression Technology AV1 in Firefox 65. In: Mozilla Tech Blog. Retrieved February 10, 2019 .
  12. ↑ AV1 Codec ISO Media File Format Binding. Retrieved October 6, 2018 .
  13. ↑ Tsahi Levent-Levi: WebRTC Codec Wars: Rebooted . In: BlogGeek.me . September 3, 2015. Accessed March 1, 2017: "The beginning of the end of HEVC / H.265 video codec"
  14. ↑ a b c d e f Timothy B. Terriberry: Progress in the Alliance for Open Media (video) linux.conf.au . January 18, 2017. Accessed March 1, 2017.
  15. ↑ a b c d Timothy B. Terriberry: Progress in the Alliance for Open Media (slides) . January 18, 2017. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  16. ↑ Stephen Shankland: Google's Web-video ambitions bump into hard reality , CNET . September 12, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014. 
  17. ↑ Jai Krishnan: Jai Krishnan from Google and AOMedia giving us an update on AV1 . November 22, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
  18. ↑ a b Firefox now lets you try streaming-video tech that could be better than Apple's (en) . In: CNET , November 28, 2017. Retrieved December 25, 2017. 
  19. ↑ AV1 Codec Update. In: FOSDEM. February 3, 2018, accessed February 8, 2018 .
  20. ↑ https://www.golem.de/news/aomedia-apple-unterstuetzt-losen-videocodec-av1-1801-132059.html
  21. ↑ Andreas Schilling: Less data consumption: Netflix tests AV1 codec on Android devices. Retrieved April 15, 2020 .
  22. ↑ a b No Content Royalties in Sisvel VP9 / AV1 Patent Pools. March 28, 2019, Retrieved April 4, 2019 (American English).
  23. ↑ refs / heads / applejack - aom - Git at Google. Retrieved May 21, 2020 .
  24. ↑ AOMedia Software Implementation Working Group to Bring AV1 to More Video Platforms. August 20, 2020, accessed on August 24, 2020 .
  25. ↑ Thomas Daede: AV1 Update . October 5, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  26. ↑ a b c d e Matt Frost: VP9-AV1 Video Compression Update . July 31, 2017. Retrieved on November 21, 2017: "Obviously, if we have an open source codec, we need to take very strong steps, and be very diligent in making sure that we are in fact producing something that's royalty free. So we have an extensive IP diligence process which involves diligence on both the contributor level - so when Google proposes a tool, we are doing our in-house IP diligence, using our in-house patent assets and outside advisors - that is then forwarded to the group, and is then again reviewed by an outside counsel that is engaged by the alliance. So that's a step that actually slows down innovation, but is obviously necessary to produce something that is open source and royalty free. "
  27. ↑ http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/othergroups/ipr-adhoc/openstandards.html
  28. ↑ Standards are failing the streaming industry . May 4, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
  29. ↑ a b Integrating Thor tools into the emerging AV1 codec . September 13, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017: “Royalty-free video codecs: The deployment of recent compression technologies such as HEVC / H.265 may have been delayed or restricted due to their licensing terms. (...) What can Thor add to VP9 / AV1? Since Thor aims for reasonable compression at only moderate complexity, we considered features of Thor that could increase the compression efficiency of VP9 and / or reduce the computational complexity. "
  30. ↑ Neil McAllister, September 1, 2015: Web giants gang up to take on MPEG LA, HEVC Advance with royalty-free streaming codec - Joining forces for cheap, fast 4K video
  31. ↑ a b Sebastian Grüner: The next video codec should be 25 percent better than H.265 . golem.de. July 19, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
  32. ↑ a b Jan Ozer: What is AV1? . Information Today, Inc. . June 3, 2016. Archived from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved on November 26, 2016: “... Once available, YouTube expects to transition to AV1 as quickly as possible, particularly for video configurations such as UHD, HDR, and high frame rate videos ... Based upon its experience with implementing VP9, ​​YouTube estimates that they could start shipping AV1 streams within six months after the bitstream is finalized. ... "
  33. ↑ examples / lossless_encoder.c ( en ) Alliance for Open Media. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
  34. ↑ Romain Bouqueau: A view on VP9 and AV1 part 1: specifications , GPAC Project on Advanced Content . June 12, 2016. Accessed March 1, 2017. 
  35. ↑ Jan Ozer, 26 May 2016: What Is VP9?
  36. ↑ LICENSE. In: Git at Google. aom, accessed February 8, 2018 .
  37. ↑ a b Jan Ozer: AV1: A status update . August 30, 2017. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  38. ↑ Yushin Cho: Delete daala_dist and cdef-dist experiments in configure . August 30, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017: "Since those two experiments have been merged into the dist-8x8 experiment"
  39. ↑ Sebastien Alaiwan: Remove experimental flag of EXT_TX . November 2, 2017. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  40. ↑ a b c d e Analysis of the emerging AOMedia AV1 video coding format for OTT use cases . Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved September 19, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / show.ibc.org
  41. ↑ a b Alex Converse: New video coding techniques under consideration for VP10 - the successor to VP9 . November 16, 2015. Accessed December 3, 2016.
  42. ↑ Decoding the Buzz over AV1 Codec . June 9, 2017. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  43. ↑ Debargha Mukherjee, Hui Su, Jim Bankoski, Alex Converse, Jingning Han, Zoe Liu, Yaowu Xu (Google Inc.): SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications: An overview of new video coding tools under consideration for VP10 - the successor to VP9 ( en ), Volume 9599. International Society for Optics and Photonics ,, doi : 10.1117 / 12.2191104 .
  44. ↑ Sebastien Alaiwan: Remove experimental flag of WARPED_MOTION . October 31, 2017. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  45. ↑ Sebastien Alaiwan: Remove experimental flag of GLOBAL_MOTION . October 30, 2017. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  46. ↑ Thomas Davies: AOM_QM: enable by default . August 9, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  47. ^ Frederic Barbier: Remove experimental flag of CDEF . November 10, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
  48. ↑ Constrained Directional Enhancement Filter . March 28, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
  49. ^ Thor update . July 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  50. ^ Nathan Egge: This patch forces DAALA_EC on by default and removes the dkbool coder . May 25, 2017. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  51. ^ Nathan Egge: Daala Entropy Coder in AV1 . February 14, 2017.
  52. ^ Nathan Egge: Remove the EC_ADAPT experimental flags . June 18, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
  53. ^ Daala-TX . August 22, 2017. Retrieved September 26, 2017: “Replaces the existing AV1 TX with the lifting implementation from Daala. Daala TX is better in every way: ● Fewer multiplies ● Same shifts, quantizers for all transform sizes and depths ● Smaller intermediaries ● Low-bitdepth transforms wide enough for high-bitdepth ● Less hardware area ● Inherently lossless "
  54. ^ Nathan Egge: Daala Transforms in AV1 . October 27, 2017.
  55. ^ Nathan Egge: Daala Transforms Update . 1st December 2017.
  56. ^ Nathan Egge: Daala Transforms Evaluation . 15th December 2017.
  57. ^ Nathan Egge: Daala Transforms Informational Discussion . December 21, 2017.
  58. ↑ The Future of Video Codecs: VP9, ​​HEVC, AV1 . November 2, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  59. ↑ Sebastian Grüner: Free video codecs sometimes better than H.265 . golem.de. June 9, 2016. Accessed March 1, 2017.
  60. ↑ Results of Elecard's latest benchmarks of AV1 compared to HEVC . April 24, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2017: “The most intriguing result obtained after analysis of the data lies in the fact that the developed codec AV1 is currently equal in its performance with HEVC. The given streams are encoded with AV1 update of 2017.01.31 "
  61. ↑ a b Bitmovin Supports AV1 Encoding for VoD and Live and Joins the Alliance for Open Media . April 18, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2017. 
  62. ^ Jan Ozer: HEVC: Rating the contenders . Streaming Learning Center. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
  63. ↑ D. Grois, T, Nguyen, and D. Marpe, "Coding efficiency comparison of AV1 / VP9, ​​H.265 / MPEG-HEVC, and H.264 / MPEG-AVC encoders", IEEE Picture Coding Symposium (PCS) 2016 http://iphome.hhi.de/marpe/download/Preprint-Performance-Comparison-AV1-HEVC-AVC-PCS2016.pdf
  64. ↑ Netflix on AV1 (en-US) . In: Streaming Learning Center , November 30, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017. 
  65. ↑ https://www.golem.de/news/videocodec-av1-ist-offiziell-verbind-1803-133578.html
  66. ↑ Facebook: AV1 is extremely good, but also extremely slow - Golem.de . ( golem.de [accessed on August 9, 2018]).
  67. ↑ Bitmovin Supports AV1 Encoding for VoD and Live and Joins the Alliance for Open Media - Bitmovin . In: Bitmovin . April 18, 2017 ( bitmovin.com [accessed September 12, 2018]).
  68. ↑ ATEME Introduces a New Level of OPEX Efficiency with AOM Royalty Free AV1 CODEC . In: BREATH . April 3, 2018 ( ateme.com [accessed September 12, 2018]).
  69. ↑ NAB 2019: NGCodec Talks Hardware-Based High-Quality Live Video Encoding. April 22, 2019, Retrieved April 26, 2019 (American English).
  70. ↑ Socionext Europe • Socionext Implements AV1 encoder on FPGA over a cloud service. Retrieved May 14, 2020 (English).
  71. ↑ xiph / rav1e. Accessed August 27, 2018 (English).
  72. ↑ r / AV1 - AV1 encoder project from Intel. Accessed February 2, 2019 .
  73. ↑ Welcome to the GitHub repo for the SVT-AV1 encoder! To see a list of feature request and view what is planned for the SVT-AV1 encoder, visit our Trello page: http://bit.ly/SVT-AV1 Help us grow the .. Open Visual Cloud, February 2, 2019, accessed on February 2, 2019 .
  74. ↑ SVT-AV1: Intel publishes its own AV1 encoder - Golem.de. Retrieved on February 6, 2019 (German).
  75. ^ SVT-AV1 Already Seeing Nice Performance Improvements Since Open-Sourcing - Phoronix. Retrieved March 11, 2019 .
  76. ^ Intel: Scalable Video Technology for the Visual Cloud. Intel, accessed April 17, 2019 .
  77. ↑ http://www.compression.ru/video/codec_comparison/hevc_2019/download/high_quality_report_enterprise/MSU_HQ_Video_Codec_Comparison_Report_2019_enterprise.pdf
  78. ↑ Rick Merritt (EE Times), June 30, 2016: Video Compression Feels a Pinch
  79. ↑ Firefox 63: Support for the new AV1 video codec . In: soeren-hentzschel.at . July 29, 2018 ( soeren-hentzschel.at [accessed August 3, 2018]).
  80. ↑ Facebook video adds AV1 support. Retrieved April 29, 2018 .
  81. ↑ a b Google: Chrome 70 brings new option for Google login - Golem.de . ( golem.de [accessed on October 21, 2018]).
  82. ↑ Nick Stat: Apple joins group of tech companies working to improve online video compression . The Verge . January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  83. ↑ Eric Hoh: AV1 1.0: The new video codec for the Internet is ready . In: ComputerBase . ( computerbase.de [accessed on April 29, 2018]).
  84. ↑ v1.0.0 - aom - Git at Google. Retrieved January 16, 2019 .
  85. ↑ heise online: Netflix: Android app relies on AV1 codec. Retrieved May 1, 2020 .
  86. ↑ YouTube for Android TV adopts AV1 video codec in certain devices. In: xda-developers. April 29, 2020, accessed May 1, 2020 (American English).
  87. ↑ Allegro DVT Introduces the Industry First Real-Time AV1 Video Encoder Hardware IP for 4K / UHD Video Encoding Applications. In: Allegro. April 18, 2019, Retrieved June 17, 2019 (American English).
  88. ↑ Realtek Launches Worldwide First 4K UHD Set-top Box SoC (RTD1311), Integrating AV1 Video Decoder and Multiple CAS Functions - REALTEK. Retrieved June 17, 2019 .
  89. ↑ Free video codec: Realtek presents the first SoC with AV1 decoder - Golem.de. Accessed June 17, 2019 (German).
  90. ↑ Andrei Frumusanu: MediaTek Announces Dimensity 1000 SoC: Back To The High-End With 5G. Retrieved May 15, 2020 .
  91. ↑ MediaTek Dimensity 1000+ - Facelift with more success? May 13, 2020, accessed May 15, 2020 .
  92. ↑ Dimensity 1000: Mediatek activates AV1 decoding for Youtube - Golem.de. Retrieved May 15, 2020 (German).
  93. ↑ AV1 リ ア ル タ イ ム ハ ー ド ウ ェ ア エ ン コ ー ダ を 開 発 し ま し た - dwango on GitHub. Retrieved June 17, 2019 (Japanese).
  94. ↑ YouTube now streaming 8K video on 8K TVs with AV1 support. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .
  95. ↑ Cornelius Wolff: Samsung Q950TS: New borderless 8k television presented. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .
  96. ↑ ZX series: LG's 8K OLED televisions support AV1 codec - Golem.de. Accessed January 4, 2020 (German).
  97. ^ Daniel Boll: LG ZX: Prices, dates and details on the 8K OLED series. In: Prad.de. March 4, 2020, accessed on May 1, 2020 (German).
  98. ↑ Free video codec: Intel's Xe / Gen-12 GPU get AV1 decoder - Golem.de. Retrieved on August 8, 2020 (German).
  99. ↑ Video of a newscaster encoded in AV1. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on May 29, 2019 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / people.xiph.org
  100. ↑ https://linuxnews.de/2019/01/pale-moon-28-3-0-unterstuetzt-den-haben-video-codec-av1/
  101. ↑ DASH playback of AV1 video in Firefox - Mozilla Hacks - the Web developer blog ( en-US ). Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  102. ↑ Firefox 63: Support for the new AV1 video codec. see also comments from August 31, 2018 regarding program errors in Firefox 63 (did not work). July 29, 2018, accessed December 12, 2018 .
  103. ^ Chrome Platform Status. Accessed September 4, 2018 .
  104. ↑ https://www.microsoft.com/de-de/p/av1-video-extension-beta/9mvzqvxjbq9v
  105. ↑ AV1 Decoder - Chrome Platform Status. Retrieved October 5, 2018 .
  106. ↑ VLC release notes .
  107. ↑ VLC 3.0 arrives for Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS, Android TV, Apple TV, and Chrome OS . In: VentureBeat . February 9, 2018 ( venturebeat.com [accessed August 29, 2018]).
  108. ↑ Firefox brings you smooth video playback with the world's fastest AV1 decoder. hacks.mozilla.org, May 23, 2019, accessed May 24, 2019 .
  109. ^ Jean-Baptiste Kempf: Introducing dav1d: a new AV1 decoder. Retrieved October 6, 2018 .
  110. ↑ Dav1d: Videolan community creates its own AV1 decoder - Golem.de . ( golem.de [accessed October 6, 2018]).
  111. ↑ Videolan: Decoder Dav1d fully supports AV1-Spec - Golem.de . ( golem.de [accessed on November 22, 2018]).
  112. ↑ Dav1d: Netflix uses VLC decoder for AV1 in Android - Golem.de. Retrieved on February 7, 2020 (German).
  113. ↑ codecs / libgav1 - Git at Google. Retrieved February 23, 2020 .
  114. ↑ GStreamer 1.14 release notes . Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  115. ↑ FFmpeg-4.0 ( en ) Retrieved April 22, 2018.
  116. ↑ FFmpeg News ( en ) Retrieved April 22, 2018.
  117. ↑ Kagami / boram. Accessed October 7, 2018 (English).
  118. ↑ MKVToolNix v22.0.0 release notes .
  119. ↑ MKVToolNix v22.0.0 released | mosu's Matroska stuff ( en-US )
  120. ↑ MediaInfo 18.03 (en) . In: Neowin . Retrieved May 3, 2018. 
  121. ↑ Encoding Release Notes ( en-US ) Retrieved July 9, 2018.
  122. ↑ Cisco Leap Frogs H.264 Video Collaboration with Real-Time AV1 Codec. June 26, 2019, accessed July 1, 2019 .
  123. ↑ Welcoming Android 10! In: Android Developers Blog. Retrieved December 26, 2019 .
  124. ↑ heise online: Android: No more dessert and a new logo. Retrieved August 22, 2019 .
  125. ↑ Four new Google Duo features to help you stay connected. April 21, 2020, accessed on May 15, 2020 .
  126. ↑ January Ozer: Sisvel Announces patent pools for VP9 and AV1. In: Streaming Learning Center. Retrieved April 4, 2019 (American English).
  127. ↑ Did Sisvel just catch AOM with their patents down? March 28, 2019, accessed April 4, 2019 .
  128. ^ Evander Pierre: The Alliance for Open Media Statement. April 8, 2019, Retrieved April 23, 2019 (American English).
  129. ↑ Sisvel: List of AV1 relevant patents. Retrieved July 28, 2020 (English).
  130. ↑ Sisvel | We protect ideas - Video Coding Platform - Patents. Retrieved March 11, 2020 .
  131. ↑ AV1 Image File Format (AVIF). Accessed October 7, 2018 (English).
  132. ↑ Stephen Shankland: Photo format from Google and Mozilla could leave JPEG in the dust . In: CNET , CBS Interactive, January 19, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018. 
  133. ↑ Image quality: Netflix wants AV1 image format instead of JPEG - Golem.de. Retrieved on February 14, 2020 (German).
  134. ↑ Free video codec: Microsoft distributes Windows decoders for AV1 - Golem.de. Accessed June 9, 2020 (German).
  135. ↑ Microsoft launches AV1 video codec support for Windows 1809. November 13, 2018, accessed June 9, 2020 .
  136. ↑ git.videolan.org Git - vlc.git / commit. Retrieved December 28, 2018 .
  137. ↑ Joe Drago: libavif: Library for encoding and decoding .avif files - joedrago / avif. Alliance for Open Media, accessed June 30, 2019 .
  138. ↑ Catalin Cimpanu: Firefox and Edge add support for Google's WebP image format. Retrieved February 8, 2019 .
  139. ↑ Firefox Nightly with experimental support for AVIF image format. May 4, 2020, accessed May 4, 2020 .
  140. ↑ Chrome 85 rolling out: 10% faster page loads, collapsible Tab Groups, PDF editor, more. Retrieved on August 20, 2020 (German).
  141. ↑ Kagami Hiiragi :: shipit: AVIF polyfill for the browser. Contribute to Kagami / avif.js development by creating an account on GitHub. March 28, 2019, accessed March 31, 2019 .
  142. ↑ Kagami Hiiragi:: art: Go AVIF library. Contribute to Kagami / go-avif development by creating an account on GitHub. July 12, 2019, accessed July 14, 2019 .
  143. ↑ link-u / cavif. Link-U, July 30, 2020, accessed August 1, 2020 .
  144. ↑ Cyril Concolato: AVIF Wiki. In: AV1 Still Image File Format Specification. Alliance for Open Media, March 18, 2019, accessed March 31, 2019 .