Acrocarpus fraxinifolius

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Acrocarpus fraxinifolius
Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, young plantation

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius , young plantation

Systematics
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Carob family (Caesalpinioideae)
Tribe : Caesalpinieae
Genre : Acrocarpus
Type : Acrocarpus fraxinifolius
Scientific name of the  genus
Acrocarpus
Wight ex Arn.
Scientific name of the  species
Acrocarpus fraxinifolius
Arn.

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius is the only species of the genus Acrocarpus in the subfamily Carob family (Caesalpinioideae) from the legume family (Fabaceae). It is widespread in Asia. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius , which is one of the tallest trees in Asia, is a spectacleduring its flowering period , when it is covered with scarlet flowers, and shortly afterwards when the foliage is shed with its bright red young leaves.

description

bark
Bark of a branch
Pinnate leaves
Underside of a leaflet with the leaf veins .
Habit of young specimens

Appearance, roots, bark and leaf

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius grows as a mostly deciduous or in some areas evergreen, medium-sized to large tree and reaches heights of usually 20 to 50, sometimes up to 60 meters. The rapid growth occurs all year round. Its cylindrical trunk is free of knots up to 3/4 of the total height of the tree, often up to 30 meters. The roots reach up to 4.5 meters deep. More or less massive buttress roots are formed. Above the buttress roots, the trunk diameter can be more than 2 meters. All parts of the plant are unreinforced. The relatively thin bark is light gray or light brown and smooth to a little rough. The horizontally standing branches remain relatively thin. The bark of the branches often has raised lenticels .

The alternate and spirally arranged leaves on the branches are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole and the main part of sheet rhachis are together to 80 centimeters long. The lower leaves of a branch are double-pinnate with three to eight opposing pairs of first-order pinnate; the uppermost leaves are simply pinnate in pairs. Each first-order leaflet has four to eight opposing pairs of leaflets. The leaf hachis and the first-order pinna are initially yellowish-brown and fluffy hairy and then balding. The stalked, almost leathery pinnate leaves are usually 7 to 13 (3.5 to 18) centimeters long and usually 4 to 7 (1.5 to 8.5) centimeters wide ovate or ovate-elongated with a slightly sloping, broad wedge-shaped or rounded base, pointed or pointed top and smooth edge; the leaf surface can be somewhat wavy. The leaflets have eight to twelve side veins on each side of the main vein.

Inflorescence and flower

In southern India, the flowering time is between November and January, when the trees are bare. In the racemose inflorescences of 20 to 25 or up to 30 centimeters long, hanging individually in the leaf axils or in twos or threes on short shoots , many flowers stand close together. The inflorescence rhachis is hairy in the upper area. The small bracts and bracts fall off early. The downy, hairy flower stalks are 4 to 10 millimeters long. The flowers are initially erect and later hang.

The relatively large, hermaphrodite flowers are less than 3 centimeters in diameter and have radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The base of the flower (receptaculum) is bell-shaped. Sepals and petals are hairy on the outside. The petals are about twice as long as the sepals, both and the flower base are hairy yellowish-brown. The five almost identical sepals overlap like roof tiles and are egg-shaped or triangular with a length of 2.5 to 4 millimeters. The five free, scarlet red petals of the same size are elongated or lanceolate with a length of 5 to 9 millimeters. There is only the outer circle with five stamens . The straight stamens are at least twice as long as the petals, so the 15 to 18 millimeter long stamens protrude above the corolla. The dorsifix anthers open with a longitudinal slit. The only stalked, medium-sized, flattened carpel is elongated to linear in outline with a length of 12 to 15 millimeters and contains many ovules . The inwardly curved, short stylus ends in a small scar. So much nectar is secreted in the flowers that it drips out.

Fruit and seeds

The long-stalked, flattened, purple-brown spotted legumes are 8 to 15 centimeters long and 1 to 2 centimeters wide and belt-shaped with a narrow, 3 to 5 millimeter wide wing at the belly seam. The legume opens with two fruit flaps and contains 14 to 18 seeds. The lenticular, flat seeds are obovate with a length of about 6.5 millimeters and a width of about 5 millimeters. The seed coat is smooth and light brown. There is endosperm . The embryo has an elongated hypocotyl and two little fleshy cotyledons ( cotyledons ). In southern India, the fruits ripen between April and June. 13,000-47,000 seeds weigh 1 kg.

Chromosome set

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.

ecology

Although acrocarpus fraxinifolius to the legume heard it does not form nitrogen-fixing root nodules from. The new leaves appear in the form of the foliage that is typical for many tropical tree species. The leaves are initially bright red. There is epigeic germination . Plenty of nectar attracts many insects.

Occurrence

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius is widespread in the Indian subcontinent , Indochina , southern China, and Malesia . There are sites in Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , Assam , Sikkim , Bhutan , Nepal , Myanmar , Laos , Thailand , Malaysia , Java, Sumatra and the Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Yunnan . Of course, this species occurs between 23 and 27 ° N.

Seedlings

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius is cultivated in tropical Africa, Asia and the Neotropics, for example in Tanzania, Uganda, Cameroon, Nigeria, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica .

This species is found at altitudes between 0 and 1500 meters. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius thrives in tropical to subtropical rainforests and evergreen gallery forests . It thrives best in submontane areas and in the subhumid tropics with short dry spells. Abundant rainfall is preferred. It is a pioneer plant that prefers full light. As a young plant, it also tolerates light shade. It is a typical type of tropical ruderal vegetation . Acrocarpus fraxinifolius thrives best at annual temperatures of 19 to 28 ° C. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius is sensitive to drought and very sensitive to frost.

In China, Acrocarpus fraxinifolius thrives in sparse forests at altitudes between 1000 and 1200 meters. This species is rarely found in Sumatra and Java and thrives there at altitudes between 600 and 1200 meters on nutrient-rich, constantly moist soils in forests, sometimes it also occurs on agricultural land. In Thailand this species thrives in evergreen gallery forests. In India and Myanmar it is found more frequently in areas with annual rainfall of 2000 mm, where it thrives best in deep, well-drained, clayey-loamy soils with pH values of 4–7. In Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania it thrives best at medium altitudes between 1000 and 1500 meters on laterite soils in humid climates. In Rwanda, Acrocarpus fraxinifolius was planted at altitudes of up to 1700 meters and in the Republic of the Congo at up to 2100 meters.

Systematics

The genus Acrocarpus was established in 1838 by Robert Wight with the type species Acrocarpus fraxinifolius in George Arnott Walker Arnott Magazine of Zoology and Botany , Volume 2, pp. 547-548. A homonym of Acrocarpus Wight ex Arn. is Acrocarpus Nees (published in Flora Brasiliensis , Volume 2, 1, 1842, p. 157) The genus name Acrocarpus is derived from the Greek words acro - for summit or tip and carpos for fruit, most likely referring to the long-stalked Carpels and fruits. The specific epithet fraxinifolius means ash-leaved . Synonyms for Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Arn. are: Acrocarpus combretiflorus Teijsm. & Binn. , Mezoneurum grande Miq. , Acrocarpus grandis (Miq.) Miq. , Acrocarpus fraxinifolius var. Guangxiensis S.L.Mo & Y.Wei .

The monotypical genus Acrocarpus contains only the single species Acrocarpus fraxinifolius . The genus Acrocarpus belongs to the tribe Caesalpinieae in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae within the family of the Fabaceae . According to molecular genetic studies, Acrocarpus is most closely related to Ceratonia .

The large differences in flower size in the large total distribution area earlier led to the view that there were two species.

Bark and wood

use

Although Acrocarpus fraxinifolius is grown in plantations , the wood is only used on a local scale. The wood Acrocarpus fraxinifolius is used in many ways, for example to produce veneers and plywood . It is used in interior wall cladding, for floors, stairs, doors, clapboards , tea transport boxes, beehive frames and as construction timber. After impregnation , it is used as a railway sleeper. The wood is easy to work with tools. It is also used as firewood.

The leaves serve as food. The resin is used. It is a good pasture for bees .

In tropical parks and gardens, Acrocarpus fraxinifolius is used as an ornamental plant because of its beautiful red flowers . It serves as a shade tree, for example in coffee and tea plantations. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius is used to prevent erosion on river banks and terraced areas. It is also used for reforestation. It is used as a natural windbreak. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius produces a lot of mulch .

Common names

There are many common names around the world :

  • English: pink cedar tree, pink-cedar, red-cedar, shingle tree, Indian ash, Australian ash
  • Spanish: cedro rosado, lazcar
  • French: kuranjan
  • Bengali: mundani
  • Burmese: yetama
  • Indonesian: delimas, madang pariek
  • Thai: khang chang, khang khi mot, sadao chang
  • Chinese: 顶 果木 ding guo mu
  • Lao (Sino-Tibetan): ket 'hoy, khan khak
  • Hindi: kuranjan
  • Tamil: Howligemara, Malaikonnai
  • others: Mandania, Handige, Havalige, Balanji, Mayahnin

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b National Research Council (US). Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation: Tropical Legumes: Resources for the Future: Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Commission on International Relations, National Research Council . In: Bostid reports. Plants . tape 25 . National Academies, 1979 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af RHMJ Lemmens: Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Arn. In: RHMJ Lemmens, D. Louppe & AA Oteng-Amoako, (Eds.): Prota , 7, 2, 2010: Timbers / Bois d'œuvre 2 , Wageningen, Netherlands: at Prota online.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n data sheet at Ecocrop of the FAO.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Dezhao Chen, Dianxiang Zhang & Ding Hou: Genus Acrocarpus and Species Acrocarpus fraxinifolius , p. 39 - online with the same text as the printed work , Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 10 - Fabaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010. ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v data sheet at AgroForestryTree Database ( Memento from January 13, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  6. ^ A b c d Acrocarpus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i ( page no longer available , search in web archives: kew.org ) (link not available)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.kew.org
  8. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  9. ^ Acrocarpus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 24, 2014.
  10. ↑ Data sheet at ILDIS - World Database of Legumes , Version 10.38 from July 20, 2010.

Web links

Commons : Acrocarpus fraxinifolius  - collection of images, videos and audio files