Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña (Bishop)

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Archbishop Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña
painting by Juan de Borgoña in the Chapter House of Toledo Cathedral

Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña (* 1412 in Carrascosa del Campo , Cuenca , Spain , † 1482 in Alcalá de Henares ) was a Castilian cleric and politician .

Origin and ecclesiastical career

Alfonso Carrillo was probably born in Carrascosa in 1412 as the third child of the nobleman Lope Vázquez de Acuña and his wife Teresa Carrillo de Albornoz. As the second-born son, a spiritual career was planned for him. At the age of eleven he was given to his uncle Alfonso Carrillo de Albornoz for education. This uncle lived in Italy. He was in 1408 by Benedict XIII. was appointed cardinal deacon of San Eustachio. After the election of Martin V at the Council of Constance in 1417, Alfonso Carrillo de Albornoz left Benedict and recognized Martin as the new Pope.

On May 4, 1429, when Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña was sixteen years old, Pope Martin V appointed him Archdeacon of Moya in the diocese of Cuenca at the request of his uncle, who renounced this office . In a papal document dated January 23, 1431, he is referred to as the Apostolic Protonotary . After his uncle, Cardinal Alfonso Carrillo de Albornoz, on March 14, 1434 as a participant of the council in Basel had died, was Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña in 1435 by Pope Eugenius IV. To lifelong administrator of the Diocese of Sigüenza ordered and on May 9, 1440 to Consecrated bishop. The antipope Felix V appointed him cardinal deacon of San Eustachio on April 12, 1440. Alfonso Carrillo refused this appointment. He reached the peak of his career when he was ordained Archbishop of Toledo on August 10, 1446 at the age of 34 .

Career as a politician

Johann II. And Heinrich IV.

He took up his first job as a diplomat in February 1433 as an employee of the Castilian embassy at the council in Basel. After the death of his uncle, he was appointed chairman in March 1434. It turned out, however, that he did not follow the instructions of King John II of Castile. Therefore, the task was withdrawn from him.

In 1436 he returned to Castile and became a member of the Privy Council. As Bishop of Sigüenza, he fought personally in the first battle of Olmedo on May 19, 1445 on the side of King John II of Castile. In 1453 he took part in the meeting of the Privy Council, in which the future of his relative Álvaro de Luna should be decided. After the Crónica de don Álvaro de Luna , the archbishop asserted his clerical status and left the assembly before the decision. In this way he avoided being involved in the imposition of the death sentence. After the death of King John II, Carrillo was also a member of the Privy Council of King Henry IV. The Archbishop of Toledo was, together with the Archbishop of Seville Alonso de Fonseca and the Margrave of Villena Juan Pacheco, one of the most important persons in the Privy Council until 1464 a clash with the monarch over supporting the movement in favor of the Prince of Asturias Alfonso of Castile came about .

Rebellion against Henry IV.

In the course of further development, Alfonso Carrillo was next to his relatives the Marquis of Villena Juan Pacheco and his brother, the Grand Master of the Calatrava Order Pedro Girón de Acuña Pacheco, the most important person in the environment of the eleven-year-old Prince of Asturias. Alfonso Carrillo also played a leading role in the Farsa de Ávila , the theatrical impeachment of King Henry IV and the proclamation of the Prince of Asturias as King Alfonso XII. Up until the death of Alfonso in 1468 there were some armed clashes between the supporters of "King Alfonso XII." And the supporters of King Heinrich. The most important military conflicts were the (unsuccessful) siege of Simanca by royal troops and the second battle of Olmedo in 1467, in which "King Alfonso XII" and Alfonso Carrillo also took part personally.

On July 5, 1468, "King Alfonso XII" died. The attempts of the opponents of King Henry to replace her deceased brother with the presumably new princess of Asturias, Isabella , who lived in Avila under the "protection" of Alfonso Carrillo, failed Isabella's refusal to take part in an uprising against her half-brother Henry IV. Instead, she wanted to reach an agreement with Henry in which she and not her niece Johanna would be recognized as the rightful heir to the kingdoms of the Crown of Castile in the event of the death of King Henry IV. After difficult preliminary negotiations, Heinrich and Johanna met in Guisando.

Isabella as Princess of Asturias

Alfonso Carrillo was also involved in the subsequent negotiations between Heinrich and Isabella about the succession to the throne. In the pact of Toros de Guisando of September 18, 1468, King Henry IV again publicly disinherited the Infanta Johanna . He continued to regard her as his daughter, but acknowledged that his marriage to Johanna of Portugal was invalid, thereby excluding the child who came from this connection, namely Johanna, from the line of succession. Heinrich officially named Isabella his heiress and bestowed on her the title of Princess of Asturias. Isabella undertook not to marry without the king's consent, while the latter, on the other hand, promised not to marry her against her will. The agreement became official through the presence of the papal legate Giacopo Antonio Venier. The papal legate rescinded all oaths that the king, the Infants, nobles and citizens had sworn in the context of the preceding acts of war, including the oaths that had been given on Johanna as heir to the throne. Then Isabella, Alfonso Carrillo and everyone else present promised obedience to King Heinrich. Heinrich ordered that all those present recognize Isabella and take an oath on the Crown Princess.

Isabella's marriage

On July 17, 1468, after the death of Alfonso of Castile in Aragon became known, Pedro de Peralta y Ezpeleta , the father-in-law of Troilo Carrillo, an illegitimate son of Alfonso Carrillo, received an order from John II to marry the new appointed King of Sicily, the Aragon heir to the throne Ferdinand and the new princess of Asturias Isabella . At the time, Archbishop Carrillo was the main proponent of this wedding. The negotiators of King John II of Aragon and Isabellas agreed on the terms of the marriage. Therefore, in May 1469, Isabella left Ocaña under the protection of an escort of the Archbishop of Toledo, officially to visit her mother. However, she traveled on to Valladolid . The city was under the protection of the Almirante de Castilla Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza, the maternal grandfather of Ferdinand of Aragon. She lived in the Palacio de los Vivero . The host, Juan Pérez de Vivero, was married to María de Acuña, a niece of Archbishop Alonso de Carrillo de Acuña.

On October 18, 1469, the bride and groom signed the marriage contract. A papal bull with the dispensation for the wedding was also read. This bull had been forged with the knowledge of Alfonso Carrillo, who was present at the ceremony. (On December 1, 1471, Pope Sixtus IV issued a real retroactive dispensation.) The following day, October 19, Pedro López de Alcalá, the court chaplain of the Archbishop of Toledo, celebrated the bridal mass in the house chapel of the Palacio de los Vivero .

The couple spent the first time after the wedding on the estate of Almirante de Castilla Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza, Ferdinand's grandfather. From May to December 1470, Isabella and Ferdinand lived in Dueñas in the palace of the Counts of Buendía. The Count of Buendía, Pedro de Acuña, was a brother of Alfonso Carrillo. In Dueñas, Isabella was born on October 2, 1470 , the couple's first child. The tension between Isabella and Ferdinand on the one hand and Alfonso Carrillo on the other increased over time. While Carrillo expected the two to heed his advice, they followed a separate policy. Carrillo's constant reference to his experience annoyed Ferdinand, who was not yet 20 years old. He made it clear to Carrillo: “I'm doing what I set out to do, and the Archbishop of Toledo won't stop me either.” Only through the mediation of John II could the relationship between Ferdinand and Alfonso Carrillo be somewhat improved. At the end of 1470 the archbishop withdrew to his archdiocese. In 1472 Isabella and Ferdinand accepted an invitation from Carrillo to live on one of his country estates.

On May 7, 1473 Pope Sixtus IV, after the intercession of King Henry IV, appointed the papal legate Rodrigo de Borja (later Pope Alexander VI ) and Ferdinand, the bishop of Sigüenza Pedro González de Mendoza cardinal. Mendoza was 16 years younger than Carrillo. Mendoza was in the Castilian church hierarchy under Carrillo. Sigüenza was (and is) a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Toledo. Carrillo felt left out.

Segovia Treaty

Isabella was first proclaimed queen in Segovia after the death of her brother Henry IV on December 13, 1474 . The official formula of the proclamation was: Isabella, Queen of Castile; Ferdinand, her rightful husband . Her husband Ferdinand was in Aragon at this time to support his father John II of Aragon in the fight against France. Ferdinand arrived in Segovia on January 2nd, 1475. He did not agree with the proclamation formula, because, in his opinion, it did not refer to him as an equal king, but as a prince consort. Isabella and Ferdinand asked Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña and Cardinal Pedro González de Mendoza to draw up a treaty that should eliminate ambiguities in the wording. In a few days the two warring clerics drafted the text of the Treaty of Segovia which became the basis for the lifelong joint government of the Catholic Kings .

War of the Castilian Succession

In March 1475 Alfonso Carrillo retired to Alcalá de Henares . In May 1475, at the beginning of the War of the Castilian Succession , Queen Isabella tried to meet Alfonso Carrillo. But he refused a meeting.

During the civil war, Carrillo also intervened personally in the events. In the Battle of Toro he fought on the side of the Portuguese King Alfonso V against Ferdinand II and Cardinal Mendoza. On May 3rd and 4th of the same year, the archbishop took part in the defense of the Uclés fortress with more than a thousand people. He was defeated by Rodrigo Manrique the Grand Master of the Order of Santiago. In the second phase of the war against Portugal from the middle of 1477 to the end of 1478 Carrillo was again on the side of the Portuguese monarch whose invasion of Castile was thereby facilitated. At the end of 1478 he gave up the resistance against the Catholic Kings and concluded a peace agreement with the monarchs on December 31, 1478. This is how the aged Archbishop Alonso Carrillo obtained royal forgiveness.

Archbishop Carrillo's tomb ( Jean Laurent ca.1870) in Alcalá de Henares .

In the following years of his life his importance on the political level was of secondary importance. He died on July 1, 1482 in the archbishop's palace of Alcalá de Henares and was buried in the Franciscan monastery of Santa María de Jesús, which he founded. The grave is now in the Catedral de los Santos Niños Justo y Pastor in Alcalá de Henares.

literature

  • Jorge Díaz Ibáñez: El arzobispo Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña (1412-1482). Una revisión historiográfica . In: Medievalismo: Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales . No. 25 , 2015, p. 135–196 (Spanish, unirioja.es [accessed January 20, 2016]).
  • Guillermo Mirecki: Apuntes genealógicos y biográficos de don Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña, arzobispo de Toledo . In: Anal toledanos . No. 28 , 1991, pp. 55–76 (Spanish, unirioja.es [accessed January 20, 2016]).
  • Shima Ohara: La propaganda política en torno al conflicto sucesorio de Enrique IV (1457-1474) . Ed .: Universidad de Valladolid. Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, Alicante 2004, ISBN 84-688-7203-2 , p. 459 (Spanish, cervantesvirtual.com [accessed February 28, 2016]).
  • Joseph Perez: Ferdinand and Isabella . Callwey, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7667-0923-2 , pp. 394 (from the French by Antoinette Gittinger).
  • Luis Suárez Fernández: La conquista del trono (=  Forjadores de história ). Ediciones Rialp, SA, Madrid 1989, ISBN 84-321-2476-1 , pp. 391 (Spanish).
  • María Isabel del Val Valdivieso: La sucesión de Enrique IV . In: Espacio, tiempo y forma. Series III, Historia medieval . No. 4 , 1991, pp. 43–78 (Spanish, unirioja.es [accessed September 10, 2015]).

Web links

Commons : Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The information on the date of birth is between 1410 and August 11, 1413, Consistory of April 12, 1440 (I). In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website ), accessed July 23, 2016. (English)
  2. ↑ Jorge Díaz Ibáñez: El arzobispo Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña (1412-1482). Una revisión historiográfica . In: Medievalismo: Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales . No. 25 , 2015, p. 139 (Spanish, unirioja.es ).
  3. ↑ Jorge Díaz Ibáñez: El arzobispo Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña (1412-1482). Una revisión historiográfica . In: Medievalismo: Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales . No. 25 , 2015, p. 143 (Spanish, unirioja.es [accessed January 20, 2016]).
  4. ↑ Guillermo Mirecki: Apuntes genealógicos y biográficos de don Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña, arzobispo de Toledo . In: Anal toledanos . No. 28 , 1991, pp. 65 (Spanish, unirioja.es [accessed January 20, 2016]).
  5. ↑ Jorge Díaz Ibáñez: El arzobispo Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña (1412-1482). Una revisión historiográfica . In: Medievalismo: Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales . No. 25 , 2015, p. 141 (Spanish, unirioja.es [accessed January 20, 2016]).
  6. ↑ Jorge Díaz Ibáñez: El arzobispo Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña (1412-1482). Una revisión historiográfica . In: Medievalismo: Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales . No. 25 , 2015, p. 165 (Spanish, unirioja.es [accessed January 20, 2016]).
  7. ↑ María Isabel del Val Valdivieso: La sucesión de Enrique IV . In: Espacio, tiempo y forma. Series III, Historia medieval . No. 4 , 1991, pp. 51 (Spanish, unirioja.es [accessed September 10, 2015]).
  8. ↑ Joseph Perez: Ferdinand and Isabella . Callwey, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7667-0923-2 , pp. 64 (from the French by Antoinette Gittinger).
  9. ↑ María Isabel del Val Valdivieso: La sucesión de Enrique IV . In: Espacio, tiempo y forma. Series III, Historia medieval . No. 4 , 1991, pp. 52 (Spanish, unirioja.es [accessed September 10, 2015]).
  10. ↑ Joseph Perez: Ferdinand and Isabella . Callwey, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7667-0923-2 , pp. 65 (from the French by Antoinette Gittinger).
  11. ^ Luis Suárez Fernández: La conquista del trono (=  Forjadores de história ). Ediciones Rialp, SA, Madrid 1989, ISBN 84-321-2476-1 , pp. 27 (Spanish).
  12. ↑ Jorge Díaz Ibáñez: El arzobispo Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña (1412–1482). Una revisión historiográfica . In: Medievalismo: Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales . No. 25 , 2015, p. 153 (Spanish, unirioja.es [accessed January 20, 2016]).
  13. ^ Luis Suárez Fernández: La conquista del trono (=  Forjadores de história ). Ediciones Rialp, SA, Madrid 1989, ISBN 84-321-2476-1 , pp. 31 f . (Spanish).
  14. ↑ There are different representations of the course of the wedding ceremony. Today, the basis is probably the letter that Ferdinand sent to the city council (jurados de Valencia) on October 20, 1469 to inform him about the events in Valladolid. Jorge Díaz Ibáñez: El arzobispo Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña (1412-1482). Una revisión historiográfica . In: Medievalismo: Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales . No. 25 , 2015, p. 154 (Spanish, unirioja.es [accessed January 20, 2016]).
  15. ↑ Joseph Perez: Ferdinand and Isabella . Callwey, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7667-0923-2 , pp. 74 (from the French by Antoinette Gittinger).
  16. ↑ Joseph Perez: Ferdinand and Isabella . Callwey, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7667-0923-2 , pp. 81 (from the French by Antoinette Gittinger).
  17. ↑ Joseph Perez: Ferdinand and Isabella . Callwey, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7667-0923-2 , pp. 83 (from the French by Antoinette Gittinger).
  18. ↑ Jorge Díaz Ibáñez: El arzobispo Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña (1412-1482). Una revisión historiográfica . In: Medievalismo: Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales . No. 25 , 2015, p. 160 (Spanish, unirioja.es [accessed January 20, 2016]).
  19. ↑ Jorge Díaz Ibáñez: El arzobispo Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña (1412-1482). Una revisión historiográfica . In: Medievalismo: Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales . No. 25 , 2015, p. 162 (Spanish, unirioja.es [accessed January 20, 2016]).
  20. ↑ Jorge Díaz Ibáñez: El arzobispo Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña (1412-1482). Una revisión historiográfica . In: Medievalismo: Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales . No. 25 , 2015, p. 162 (Spanish, unirioja.es [accessed January 20, 2016]).
  21. ↑ Jorge Díaz Ibáñez: El arzobispo Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña (1412-1482). Una revisión historiográfica . In: Medievalismo: Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales . No. 25 , 2015, p. 163 f . (Spanish, unirioja.es [accessed January 20, 2016]).
personal data
SURNAME Carrillo de Acuña, Alfonso
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Carrillo de Acuña, Alonso
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Spanish bishop and politician
DATE OF BIRTH 1412
PLACE OF BIRTH Carrascosa del Campo , Cuenca , Spain
DATE OF DEATH 1482
Place of death Alcalá de Henares