Alfred Filbert

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Alfred Karl Wilhelm Filbert , also Albert Filbert , (born September 8, 1905 in Darmstadt ; † August 1, 1990 in Berlin ) was SS-Obersturmbannführer in the National Socialist German Reich , head of the office groups VI A "General Tasks" (SD abroad), V Wi “Wirtschaftskriminalität” and VB “Einsatz” (both Reichskriminalpolizeiamt ) of the Reich Security Main Office , and first leader of the Einsatzkommando 9 in the war against the Soviet Union .

School and study

Filbert grew up with two siblings up to the age of six in the Darmstadt barracks of his father, who was a professional soldier and "spit" ( company sergeant ) there. The family moved to Worms in 1911 , where the father found a job as a telegraph inspector at the Reichspost. After finishing upper secondary school, Filbert took up a bank apprenticeship, but attended evening school at the same time. As an external he finally passed the Abitur in 1927 at the Oberrealschule Mainz . During his law studies he became a member of the Alemannia Gießen fraternity in 1927 . In August 1932 he joined the NSDAP (membership number 1,321,414) and the SS (membership number 44,552). The study he completed in 1934 at the University of Giessen with the promotion .

At the security service of the Reichsführer SS

After the first state examination in law, he applied during his legal traineeship to the Security Service (SD), where he was hired full-time in March 1935 in the defense department at the Berlin headquarters, headed by Heinz Jost . Filbert was the main department head there and was responsible for recruiting and deploying informants abroad. When the Reich Main Security Office (RSHA) was formed on September 27, 1939 , Filbert , who was promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer in January 1939, took over as group leader of office group A "General Tasks" in office VI (SD-foreign countries) and became deputy head of office VI. At this time, Filbert's older brother Otto, who was an engineer at Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG in Dessau , was arrested on the basis of denunciation by a work colleague and sentenced to four years in prison after he expressed his displeasure with the failed assassination attempt on Hitler Georg Elser had said on November 8, 1939. After serving his sentence, he was sent to the Buchenwald concentration camp as a political prisoner at the end of 1943 .

With the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the SD in the USSR

With the beginning of the war against the Soviet Union , Filbert took over the leadership of the Einsatzkommando 9 (EK 9) in the Einsatzgruppe B (EGr B) in June 1941 , which was led by the chief of the Reich Criminal Police Office (RKPA) SS-Brigadführer Arthur Nebe and for use in Lithuania and Belarus in the area of Army Group Center was intended.

The permanent staff of the task forces had been brought together and trained in the Pretzsch border police school and in the neighboring towns of Düben and Bad Schmiedeberg . During his post-war interrogation, Filbert remembered attending a meeting that the head of the RSHA, Reinhard Heydrich, held with the heads of offices I and IV of the RSHA, Bruno Straßenbach and Heinrich Müller, as well as some other RSHA members, in March or April 1941 and Hitler's planning for the War against the Soviet Union (" Operation Barbarossa ") and the associated tasks for the " Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the SD " to be formed. The main purpose was to "relieve the army" by fighting dispersed Red Army soldiers and partisans . Thereupon he volunteered for this mission, just like Meilenbach and Müller.

Heydrich became more specific when briefing the leaders of the Einsatzgruppen and Einsatzkommandos on June 17, 1941 in Berlin . Here, the immediate objective was the comprehensive security police pacification of the conquered area, which was to be ensured with "ruthless sharpness". In a telex dated July 2, 1941 to the Higher SS and Police Leaders , Heydrich once again formulated the instruction to the Einsatzgruppen in great clarity:

"All functionaries of the Comintern (like the communist professional politicians par excellence), the higher, middle and radical lower functionaries of the party, the central committees, the district and regional committees, people's commissars , Jews in party and state positions, other radical elements are to be executed ( Saboteurs, propagandists, snipers, assassins, agitators, etc.). "

In Filbert's memory, shortly before the march in Pretzsch, Heydrich gave a speech to all Fuehrer ranks, swore everyone present to Hitler and then opened the Fuehrer's order to "liquidate" all Jews, including women and children.

The about 120 men strong EK 9 advancing in the wake of Army Group Center and in the formation of EGr B reached Varėna (about 70 km southwest of Vilnius ) from Pretzsch via Posen , Warsaw and Treuberg on July 1, 1941 . Here Filbert sent partial commands to Grodno and Lida in order to “work through these cities with the security police”. Most of the EK 9 reached Vilnius on July 2, 1941, where it replaced the EK 7a under SS-Obersturmbannführer Walter Blume , which was already there . This had already instructed the Lithuanian "security service" to shoot the local Jews. EK 9 marched on to Wilejka and Molodeczno between July 20 and 24, 1941 . As early as August 2, 1941, it reached Vitebsk , which served as the main location. From here, in turn, partial commandos were sent to Polotsk, Lepel, Newel, Surash, Janowitschi and Gorodok. Sometimes there were mass shootings here, B. after the incident report no. 92 of September 23, 1941 concerning Janowitschi: "... the inmates of the ghetto [sic] in a number of 1,025 Jews were given special treatment ." After the predominant fight against partisans in September 1941, EK 9 began on October 8, 1941 the "evacuation" of the Vitebsk ghetto ; d. H. with the "liquidation of the Jews in the ghetto [sic]".

On October 20, 1941 Filbert handed over the management of EK 9 to Oswald Schäfer . He had been called back to Berlin, while his former unit moved on to Vyasma a day later as part of the “ Operation Taifun ” . According to the RSHA's "Event Reports USSR", the number of people executed by EK 9 by October 1941 was 11,449.

In the Reich Criminal Police Main Office of the RSHA

In Berlin, Filbert had to deal with allegations of misappropriating foreign currency , which ultimately led to a two-year suspension from service at the RSHA. Filbert's arrest had already led to a burden on Filbert, who after the Bürgerbräu assassination attempt on Hitler on November 8, 1939 by Georg Elser, expressed regret about the failure and was denounced. Disciplinary proceedings were discontinued in 1943. In the RSHA, however, Filbert no longer came to SD abroad, but took over the newly established office group "White Collar Crime" (V Wi) in Office V (RKPA). In 1944 he was appointed head of the “Einsatz” (VB) official group.

After the war

In April 1945 Filbert and some of the RSHA members left for Schleswig-Holstein, but separated from this group there in May of that year and went to his family. In Bad Gandersheim he lived until 1951 under the false name Dr. Selbert. He used the amnesty created by the Act of Impunity on December 31, 1949 to return to his real name. Employed at Braunschweig-Hannoverschen-Hypothekenbank , Filbert advanced to branch manager of their Berlin branch in 1958. In the end he was arrested and charged in February 1959 because of his work as the leader of a task force. In the judgment of the Berlin Regional Court of June 22, 1962, Filbert's mission in the east is stated:

“His appearance during this mission was that of a staunch National Socialist. He was a strict superior who held the command of the command firmly in his hand, had a very distant relationship with the members of the command - even if they were in the leader (officer) rank -, insisted on the strict implementation of his orders and was all considerations that aimed to restrict the shootings, inaccessible. "

Just as he directed shootings himself on various occasions - e.g. For example, the first one, which affected women and children - and took part in the shooting at least once, he also demanded that all SS leaders in his command should personally take part in the shootings. He thought of members of his unit who suffered a nervous breakdown after the shooting of women and children with the words: “This is what an SS leader wants to be. You should send it home with an appropriate assessment. "

Filbert was sentenced to life in prison for the collective murder of at least 6,800 people . The actual number of victims is likely to have been more than double. The Federal Court of Justice rejected Filbert's application for revision in April 1963, so that the judgment of the Berlin Regional Court became final. Twelve years later, Filbert was released in early June 1975 because of incapacity for detention, which was determined by a medical examination.

In the film wound channel of Thomas Harlan Filbert is in the role of "Dr. S. “interviewed by four invisible people. The film, which was presented at the Venice Biennale in 1984, refers Filbert as "Nazi monster" and police specialist manipulated suicides in the plot of the work one that pursues the theory that the imprisoned terrorists of the RAF were in 1977 Stammheim killed been.

dissertation

  • Can the right of refusal of the bankruptcy administrator of the conditional seller with the expectation of the buyer to acquire the property be removed? , Gießen, 1935 (Gießen, Jur. Diss., 1934).

literature

  • Christian Gerlach : Calculated murders. The German economic and extermination policy in Belarus from 1941 to 1944 . Hamburger Edition , Hamburg 1999, ISBN 3-930908-63-8 .
  • Alex J. Kay : "Unequal Brothers. The SS Mass Murderer and the Concentration Camp Prisoner". In: Insight 10 (Fall 2013). Bulletin of the Fritz Bauer Institute , pp. 49–55 PDF .
  • Alex J. Kay: Transition to Genocide, July 1941: Einsatzkommando 9 and the Annihilation of Soviet Jewry. In: Holocaust and Genocide Studies . Vol. 27, 2013, Issue 3, pp. 411–442 PDF .
  • Alex J. Kay: The Making of an SS Killer: The Life of Colonel Alfred Filbert, 1905–1990. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2016, ISBN 978-1-10714-634-1 .
    • Alex J. Kay: The Making of an SS Killer. The life of Obersturmbannführer Alfred Filbert 1905-1990. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2017, ISBN 978-3-506-78693-7 .
  • Helmut Krausnick / Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm: The troops of the Weltanschauung war. The Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and SD 1938–1942 . Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3421019878 .
  • Michael Wildt : Generation of the Unconditional. The leadership corps of the Reich Security Main Office . Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-930908-75-1 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Full name in the summary of the judgment of the Berlin Regional Court ( memento of the original from October 13, 2013 on WebCite ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in justice and Nazi crimes . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www1.jur.uva.nl
  2. ↑ This incorrect spelling in Michael Wildt : Generation of the Unconditional. The leadership corps of the Reich Security Main Office. Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-930908-75-1 , passim, and with Ernst Klee : Das Personenlexikon zum Third Reich. Who was what before and after 1945. Fischer-Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 3-596-16048-0 , p. 150.
  3. ↑ Alex J. Kay : "Brothers - The SS Mass Murderer and the Concentration Camp Inmate" . In: Tr @ nsit online , August 8, 2013.
  4. ^ Paul Wentzcke : Fraternity lists. Second volume: Hans Schneider and Georg Lehnert: Gießen - The Gießener Burschenschaft 1814 to 1936. Görlitz 1942, T. Alemannia. No. 475.
  5. ^ "LG Berlin June 22, 1962". In: Justice and Nazi crimes. Collection of German criminal judgments for Nazi homicidal crimes 1945–1966 , vol. XVIII, ed. by Irene Sagel-Grande, HH Fuchs and CF Rüter. University Press Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1978, No. 540, pp. 601-651, here p. 606.
  6. ↑ a b Kerstin Freudiger: The legal processing of Nazi crimes. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2002, ISBN 3161476875 , p. 71.
  7. ↑ Alex J. Kay: "Unequal Brothers. The SS Mass Murderer and the Concentration Camp Prisoner". In: Insight 10 (2013). Bulletin of the Fritz Bauer Institute , pp. 49–55, here p. 50ff. PDF .
  8. ↑ Quoted in: The Einsatzgruppen in the occupied Soviet Union 1941/42. The activity and situation reports of the chief of the security police and the SD , ed. by Peter Klein. Edition Hentrich, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-89468-200-0 , p. 325.
  9. ^ Helmut Krausnick / Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm: The troop of the Weltanschauung war. The Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and SD 1938–1942. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt Stuttgart, 1981, ISBN 3 421 01987 8 , pp. 182-183.
  10. ^ The "Event Reports USSR" 1941. Documents of the Einsatzgruppen in the Soviet Union , ed. by Klaus-Michael Mallmann , Andrej Angrick , Jürgen Matthäus and Martin Cüppers . Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2011, ISBN 978-3-534-24468-3 , EM No. 125 of October 26, 1941, p. 733.
  11. ↑ Wildt: Generation of the Unconditional , p. 322 u. 397.
  12. ↑ Kay: "Brothers" . Wrong date (1950) in Wildt: Generation des Unbedingten , p. 819.
  13. ↑ Law on Granting Impunity. 31 December 1949.
  14. ↑ Wildt: Generation of the Unconditional , p. 819.
  15. ^ "LG Berlin June 22, 1962". In: Justice and Nazi Crimes , Vol. XVIII, p. 607.
  16. ^ "LG Berlin June 22, 1962". In: Justice and Nazi Crimes , Vol. XVIII, p. 623 u. 631 f.
  17. ^ "Former SS leader free". In: Frankfurter Rundschau , June 6, 1975.
  18. ↑ wound canal. Execution for four votes. Germany / France 1984 - Director: Thomas Harlan in the Internet Movie Database (English). Brief description at worldcat
  19. ↑ Thomas Harlan in dispute with Filbert , video clip on YouTube .
personal data
SURNAME Filbert, Alfred
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Filbert, Alfred Karl Wilhelm; Filbert, Albert
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German SS Obersturmbannführer
DATE OF BIRTH September 8, 1905
PLACE OF BIRTH Darmstadt
DATE OF DEATH August 1, 1990
Place of death Berlin