BM-27

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BM-27
9P140 Uragan rocket launcher based on a ZIL-135

9P140 Uragan rocket launcher based on a ZIL-135
General properties
crew 4-6
length 9.3 m
width 2.8 m
height 3.2 m (including launcher)
Dimensions 15.2 t (without rockets)
20.1 t (with rockets)
Armor and armament
Armor no
Main armament 16 rockets with a caliber of 220 mm
Secondary armament no
agility
drive 2 × ZIL 375 gasoline engines
2 × 130 kW (2 × 177 PS )
suspension unknown
Top speed 65 km / h
Power / weight 6.2 kW / t (8.8 PS / t)
Range 570 km

The 9P140 Uragan ( Russian Ураган / 'Hurricane') or BM-27 is a multiple rocket launcher system that was developed and put into service in the Soviet Union in the 1970s . The rockets with a caliber of 220 mm are called 9M27 .

Surname

The GRAU index is 9P140 Uragan . The system index of the Russian Armed Forces is 9K57 . When the Western intelligence services discovered the Soviet system in 1977, they gave it the provisional designation M1977 . It is also known under the names BM-27 and BM-22 .

development

The system was developed by the state arms manufacturer Splaw in Tula from the late 1960s . From 1972 the first systems were delivered to the Soviet land forces . It was introduced in 1976, when the Uragan replaced the multiple rocket launchers BM-24 , BM-25 and BMD-20 in the Soviet armed forces .

Versions

  • 9P140 Uragan: standard version with a truck ZIL-135 .
  • 9K512 Uragan-1M: Introduced 2007; with 8 × 8 truck KamAZ-6350 . Can also use the 300 mm missiles of the 9K58 Smertsch system.
  • 9A53 Tornado-U : Successor model with 2 × 15 launcher tubes on 8 × 8 truck MZKT-7930 , presented in 2009. Thanks to the modular design, the rockets of the BM-30 and BM-21 systems can also befired.
  • Bastion-03: Prototype of the Ukrainian company AvtoKrAZ , presented in 2010. Installed on a 6 × 6 truck of the type KrAZ-6322 1RA.
  • 9P140MB Uragan-M : Successor model of the Belarusian company ОАО "ВОЛАТАВТО" with 16 launcher tubes on 6 × 6 truck MAZ-631705 , presented in 2019.

vehicles

The 9P140 launch vehicle is based on the four-axle ZIL-135 LM truck . The vehicle is powered by two eight-cylinder - gasoline engines of the type ZIL-375 , each with 177  hp driven performance. One motor each is responsible for the wheels on the right and left side. The vehicle has eight wheels, and the front and rear axles can be used for steering. The vehicle weighs around 20.1  tons and is equipped with a tire pressure system that can be regulated by the driver. A maximum driving speed of 65 km / h is achieved on the road and the maximum range is 570 km. The vehicle has a crew of four (six in wartime). The driver has a night vision device . The vehicle cabin has NBC protection and enables the crew to fire safely without having to leave the vehicle. In addition, the rocket launch can also take place via a wired control console from a distance of up to 60 m. Uragan can be operated in a temperature range of −40 to +50 ° C. Operation is possible for a maximum of six hours at temperature extremes of −60 to +60 ° C. The maximum permissible wind speed for the rocket launch is 20 m / s (72 km / h). The launch vehicle is 9.3 m long, 2.8 m wide and 3.2 m high. For longer transports, Uragan can be transported by rail or by Ilyushin Il-76 , Antonov An-22 and Antonov An-124 transport aircraft.

A tube package with 16 tubes of the caliber 220 mm is mounted on the vehicle . The pipes are arranged in two layers of six and a third layer with four pipes. The pipe package can be rotated horizontally by 60 ° in the direction of travel (30 ° on each side). The pipe package can be adjusted vertically at an angle of 0–55 °. The throwing arm is driven by an electric motor.

The truck-based 9T452 is used to reload an empty- fired 9P140 starter vehicle . This vehicle is also based on the ZIL-135LM truck. The vehicle transports 16 missiles and has a hydraulically operated crane . The rockets are individually attached to the launch tubes of the 9P140 launch vehicle using a crane and pushed into them. The reloading process takes 20 to 30 minutes.

Operational principles

Uragan-1M
Artillery reconnaissance radar 1L219M
BM-27 battery at a practice shooting in 2018

With the Uragan system, the automated Kapustnik-BM command system is used at battalion level . This consists of a fire control station in a BTR-80 , a command post vehicle on an Ural-4320 , three battery control stations on BTR-80 and three control stations on Ural-4320 . There is also a weather radar , topographical surveying vehicles and, if required, additional reconnaissance equipment and workshop vehicles. All target data converge in the Kapustnik-BM guidance system and are sent to the launcher batteries. Based on the position of the starting positions and the target to be fought, the guideline values ​​are calculated. Values ​​such as the ambient temperature or wind direction and speed are included in the calculation. The guidance system can also be supplied with data from the 1L219 Zoopark-1 and 1L220U Zoopark-2 artillery reconnaissance radars .

Before the rockets can be launched, two supports must be extended at the rear of the vehicle to stabilize the vehicle; in addition, a protective shield for the driver's cab must be erected. The preparation of the fire readiness takes about three minutes in a prepared position. Otherwise around 12 minutes are required. After the last missile has been fired, the vehicle can leave the position after 90 seconds. For safety reasons, the vehicle must be at least 100 m away from the rocket launch. As a result of flying stones and rocket parts, there is a danger area behind the vehicle that is 135 m long and 230 m wide, which must not be entered at takeoff.

A 9P140 launch vehicle is capable of firing all 16 missiles in 8.8 seconds. As a rule, however, a volley is fired within 20 seconds. A battery of four 9P140 launch vehicles with a total of 64 missiles covers a target area of ​​650 m × 650 m. The maximum range of the missiles is 35 kilometers. The rockets have a large dispersion and are therefore only suitable for combating area targets. Typical targets are artillery and missile positions, troop concentrations, lightly armored mechanized formations as well as field fortifications and infantry positions . The Uragan system can also be used for remote mining. For this purpose, Uragan has missile types with different warheads.

An Uragan Brigade consists of three battalions with twelve 9P140 launch vehicles, which can be increased to 18 in wartime. The twelve starting vehicles are distributed over three batteries .

Missiles

Ukrainian BM-27 missile launchers on a military parade in Kiev

The rocket in caliber 220 mm is a single-stage, unguided, spin-stabilized solid rocket . The rocket consists of the rocket propellant and the warhead. The warhead is in the front part of the missile, behind it is the 9H164 missile propellant . There are four winding control systems at the rear of the rocket. Depending on the type, the rockets have a length of 4.83–5.17 m and weigh 270–280 kg. The warheads are triggered with an impact fuse or an electric time fuse. The missiles have a maximum flight speed of 700–800 m / s. The rocket propellant burns for 3.18 seconds and develops a thrust of 58 kN . For short target distances, the missile's burnout speed can be reduced by using resistance rings on the tip of the rocket. The maximum shooting distance is 35 km. The minimum shooting distance is 8-10 km.

9K57 Uragan uses the following missiles:

  • 9M27F with the 9N218F 100 kg fragmentation warhead containing 51.7 kg of explosives; Range 35 km.
  • 9M27D with the parachute- braked fragmentation warhead 9N218N .
  • 9M27K with 9N128K warhead with 30 pieces of 9N210 fragments bomblets (submunitions) of 1.85 kg each, each producing 370 fragments; Range 35 km.
  • 9M27K1 with 9N516 warhead with 30 pieces of 9N235 fragment bomblets (submunitions) of 1.75 kg each, each producing 400 fragments; Range 35 km.
  • 9M27K2 with 9N211 -Gefechtskopf with 24 pieces PTM 1 - tank mines .
  • 9M27K3 with 9N212 -Gefechtskopf with 312 pieces PFM-1 - anti-personnel mines .
  • 9M27S with 9N128S warhead with 4 pieces of 9N236 fireballs.
  • 9M27FIN Version of the 9M27F with laser aiming head for precision attacks ; only prototype.
  • 9M51 with 9N515 (FAE) thermobaric warhead weighing 149 kg; Range 13 km.
  • 9M59 with 9N524 -Gefechtskopf with 9 PTM-3 - anti-tank mines having magnetic igniters ; Range 35 km.
  • 9MXX prototype with a range of 70 km.

In addition to conventional missiles, there are also missiles for the spread of chemical warfare agents . These missiles were armed with the 9N519 warhead, which contained 20 kg of soman . 27,219 of these warheads were produced.

User states

Current users

  • EritreaEritrea Eritrea - As of January 2018 there are 9 9P140 in service.
  • Guinea-aGuinea Guinea - As of January 2018, 3 9P140 are in service.
  • KazakhstanKazakhstan Kazakhstan - As of January 2018, there are 180 9P140 in service.
  • KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan - As of January 2018, 6 9P140 are in service.
  • Moldova RepublicRepublic of Moldova Moldova - As of January 2018, 11 9P140 are in service.
  • RussiaRussia Russia - As of December 2017, there are 206 9P140 in service with the Army .
  • SyriaSyria Syria - As of January 2018, there are an unknown number of 9P140 in service.
  • TurkmenistanTurkmenistan Turkmenistan - As of January 2018, there are 60 9P140 in service.
  • UkraineUkraine Ukraine - As of January 2018, there are 70 9P140 in service.
  • UzbekistanUzbekistan Uzbekistan - As of January 2018, there are 48 9P140 in service.
  • BelarusBelarus Belarus - As of January 2018, there are 36 9P140 in service.

Former users

  • AfghanistanAfghanistan Afghanistan - Decommissioned by January 2018.
  • YemenYemen Yemen - Decommissioned by January 2018.
  • PeruPeru Peru - Decommissioned by January 2018.
  • TajikistanTajikistan Tajikistan - Decommissioned by January 2018.
  • TanzaniaTanzania Tanzania - Decommissioned by January 2018.

Combat missions

The 9K57 Uragan multiple rocket launchers were used during the conflicts in Afghanistan and Chechnya . The Syrian armed forces used the Uragan against the Israeli army during the Lebanon conflict in 1982 . The Russian armed forces also used the Uragan in the 2008 Caucasus War . In addition, the Uragan was used in the 2014 crisis in Ukraine and in the civil war in Syria .

literature

  • Andrew W. Hull, David R. Markov, Steven Zaloga : Soviet / Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices: 1945 to Present. Darlington Productions, Darlington 1999, ISBN 1-892-84801-5 .
  • Kirill, Mefodiy: Encyclopedia of Armaments: Soviet and Russian Missile Artillery. Moscow 2005.
  • Christopher Foss: Jane's Armor and Artillery, Edition 2005-2006. Jane's Information Group , ISBN 0-710-62686-X .
  • Ove Dullum: Rocket Artillery Reference Book. Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (FFI), 2010.
  • TJ O'Malley: Modern Artillery Systems. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-613-01758-X .

Web links

Commons : BM-27 Uragan  - Collection of Images

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Andrew W. Hull: Soviet / Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices: 1945 to Present. 1999
  2. ↑ a b c d Kirill, Mefodiy: Encyclopedia of Armaments: Soviet and Russian rocket artillery. 2005
  3. ↑ Бикалиберная РСЗО "Ураган-1М" прошла государственные испытания (Russian) ( Memento from August 25, 2015 in the web archive archive.today ) warfiles.ru
  4. ↑ MILEX 2019: Belarus upgrades mid-range MRL inventory (English)
  5. ↑ a b c RS30 9K57 Uragan - army-guide.com Accessed: November 6, 2015.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Реактивная система залпового огня 9К57 "Ураган" - rbase.new-factoria.ru Accessed: November 6, 2015.
  7. ↑ a b BM-27 9P140 Uragan 9K57 220mm MLRS Multiple Launch Rocket System - armyrecognition.com Accessed November 6, 2015.
  8. ↑ a b c d e BM-27 Uragan - military-today.com Accessed November 6, 2015.
  9. ↑ a b c T. J. O'Malley: Modern Artillery Systems. 1996
  10. ↑ a b Ove Dullum: Rocket Artillery Reference Book. 2010
  11. ↑ 220-мм реактивный снаряд с химической головной частью 9Н519. soviet-ammo.ucoz.ru, accessed December 5, 2016 (Russian).
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS): The Military Balance 2018 . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2018, ISBN 978-1-85743-955-7 (English, January 2018).
  13. ^ The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS): The Military Balance 2017 . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2017, ISBN 978-1-85743-900-7 , pp. 212 (English, January 2017, 200 9P140).
  14. ↑ Артиллеристы ЗВО в Подмосковье получили новые гаубицы "Мста-СМ" и РСЗО "Ураган" (including 6 more 9P140 units) handed over to an artillery unit. structure.mil.ru, December 12, 2017, accessed December 15, 2017 (Russian).
  15. ↑ Florian Rötzer: Cluster bombs and executions in Eastern Ukraine. October 22, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2014 (9N235 pictured).
  16. ↑ 9M27K Series Cargo Rockets in Syria - Armament Research Services (ARES) Accessed November 10, 2015.