Peasantry Barmen
The peasantry Barmen was in the late Middle Ages and the early modern period a peasantry in the later city Barmen that a quarter of today Wuppertal is.
history
The farmers were an amalgamation of the Barmer Höfeverband under the Bergisch Sehlhof and the Markischer Höfeverband Wichlinghausen as well as other individual farms outside of these two villages. These farms together formed the Barmer Markgenossenschaft , which jointly used the 2103 Cologne acres (approx. 6.7 km²) in Barmer Markwald .
Former Bergischer, Märkischer and Werdener allodial property in Barmen
As early as 1245, the Counts of Berg acquired the Barmer Höfeverband as an allodial property within the territory of the Electorate of Cologne . They were the owners of the farms unnamed in the deed, but not yet their territorial lords and were therefore not allowed to exercise blood jurisdiction. The farms of the farm association were located in the western part of Barmens called Unterbarmen , which belonged to the Hilden parish (later the closer parish of Elberfeld ) and in the eastern part called Oberbarmen , which belonged to the parish in Schwelm .
In turn, the Counts of the Mark acquired the Wichlinghauser Höfeverband in 1384 with the associated living quarters Scheuren , Heckinghausen , Bockmühle , Werth , Westkotten , Bredde , Loh and later Vor der Hardt .
A living space could have several courtyards and cottages in different mixtures, which were named after their respective owners. So there was the residential area Wichlinghausen z. B. from four individual courtyards.
Outside of these distributed residential areas of the two farm associations, there were still individual farms owned by Werden and Freeware Abbey , but otherwise no settlement core that could be described as the main town of the Barmens area. Territorially, however, the area of Barmen belonged to Kurköln until the 14th century, despite the Bergisch, Brandenburg and Werden allodes .
The parish boundary by Barmen was also deanery border between the deans Lüdenscheid and Neuss . This border was secured by a Landwehr , the Barmer Line of the Bergische Landwehr , the time and purpose of which is disputed in research. The Bergisch and Brandenburg counts emancipated themselves from the 12th / 13th. Century from the status of the nobility and bailiffs from the sovereignty of the Archbishop of Cologne and began to build up their own territories, mostly at the expense of Kurköln. At the beginning of the 14th century, the Unterbarmen area was assigned to the Berg territory and later to the Bergische Amt Beyenburg , which was probably founded after 1363 . With the conquest of the parish and Gogerichtsbezirks Schwelm, Oberbarmen became part of the march by 1324 at the latest.
In 1397 Wilhelm II von Berg tried to assert claims against his nephews Adolf von Kleve and Dietrich II von der Mark . He was defeated by his nephews at the Battle of Kleverhamm and taken prisoner. In order to be able to raise the enormous sum of 3,000 gold shields for release, he subsequently pledged large parts of his property to the victors, including Elberfeld Castle and the Beyenburg Office with Unterbarmen. The pledge deed of 1399 also makes it clear for the first time that (Unter-) Barmen belonged to the Bergisches Amt Beyenburg .
The three sons of Wilhelm II von Berg, Adolf , Gerhard and Wilhelm, did not accept the loss, occupied their father's palace in Düsseldorf , temporarily deposed their father and began a military dispute with their Brandenburg cousins. After the death of Dietrich II von der Mark, presumably during the siege of Elberfeld Castle, the Bergische were able to assert themselves, received their Unterbarmer property back shortly after 1399 (at the latest in 1420 the Beyenburg and Barmen were again Bergisch) and extended their territorial holdings to the Brandenburg part of Barmens. It is not known whether this gain came at Mark's expense through military force or through an agreement. In any case, until 1420 the border of the Bergisch dominated territory shifted to the east to the Schellenbeck brook .
Origin and development of the peasantry
The two Barmer farm associations (the Bergisch under the Sehlhof and the Mark under the Wichlinghauser Hof) were now combined to form the Barmen farmers. The main courtyard is now the Dörner Hof (also called Haus Barmen) in the valley of the Wupper at the old Landwehr (compare the current street names Ober- and Unterdörnen), the surrounding courtyards and cottages, including the old Sehlhof and the Wichlinghauser Hof, were now its feudal courts. The peasantry was set up to administer the taxes to the Bergische sovereigns and included all Barmer farms, regardless of their respective owners (Berg, Mark or Werden), who in turn were entitled to other taxes of their own. Since the tax obligation was partly personal, the residents of a farm might have had to pay two gentlemen. Marriages between people from different courts had to be approved, and compensation payments had to be made for the possible release from the tax obligation.
Two undated wisdoms have come down to us from the two Barmer court associations (also from the becoming Villication Einern). The wisdoms probably arose after the establishment of territorial rule, when the peasants were forced to write down their traditional, orally handed down court rights in order to defend themselves against sovereign legal claims. For good reason, the wisdoms were not dated so that these court rights were accepted “ as valid from ancient times ”. Since there are only copies (constantly adapted to current conditions), no statement can be made about the exact age of the wisdom. Duke Wilhelm V had the oldest copy of the so-called " Barmer Court Scroll " of the Bergisch Villication made and dates from 1555.
According to the Beyenburger official invoice (Rentmeistereirechnung) from 1466, the first comprehensive dated list of Barmer living spaces, 19 residential spaces subject to payment are occupied in Barmen at that time, again divided into 40 full courtyards and 22 Kotten .
The full courtyards with a high tax burden include the Werther Hof (undivided courtyard), two of the three Loher Höfe , the Riddershof (undivided courtyard), the two Carnaper Höfe , one of the two Auer Höfe , two of the three Leimbacher Höfe , the two Lichtenscheider Höfe , one of the two Wuppermann farms , the four (1466: three) Clauhausener farms , one of the two Riescheider farms , the Wülfinger farm (undivided farm), one of the two Brucher farms and the three Brügel farms .
The full farms with a lower tax burden (and thus size) include one of the two Auer Höfe, one of the three Loher Höfe, one of the three Leimbacher Höfe, one of the two Riescheider Höfe, one of the two Wuppermannshöfe and one of the two Brucherhöfe, as well as the Hof zur Furt , the two Westkotter Höfe , the four Heckinghauser Höfe , three of the five Clever Höfe , Fettehenne and four Wichlinghauser Höfe .
These courts, as full courts, also provided the lay judges of the court court . In addition to the full courtyards, there was the Kotten Bockmoelen , two of the five Clever Höfe, two Heidter Kotten , the Sehlhof , Oberster Bruch, Im Springen , Fingscheid , Zum Kotten , Barendahl , Kapellen , Gockelsheid , Schwaffers Kotten , In der Marpen , Im Dickten , der Kotten in der Leimbach, Dahl , Hatzfeld , Klinkholt , Bredde and Scheuren , who also had to make cash payments.
The official account does not include the Dörner Hof or Haus Barmen, which, as the Oberhof, collected the taxes from the Höfe and Kotten and therefore does not appear in the list of taxes. The Kemna saddle farm , which was tax-exempt due to its status , is also not included .
Other Barmer Höfe and Kotten there that were only burdened with taxes in kind were Westen , Schönebeck , Kemna , Norrenberg , Scheuermannshof , Krühbusch , Biereneichen / Eckbrock and Winkelmannshof .
There were also other farms and cottages in the Barmer area, which do not appear in the official accounts because they were not allodes of the Bergisch dukes or had to pay them taxes. These include Allenkotten and Nickhorn , who belonged to the court association of Einern of the Werden monastery , and Rauental , which belonged to the Lords of Rauenthal.
According to a court list from 1641, other farms had been founded by then: Lattmorgen , Schlipperhof , Unter den Eichen , Vor der Hardt , Schimmelsburg , Kamp and Rauenwerth . In 1705 62 farmsteads are counted, of which 42 are full farms and 20 are half farms or cottages. Since two half yards / Kotten in the Markgenossenschaft had the vote of a full yard, this resulted in 52 markmen.
1634, during the Thirty Years' War the peasantry to the courts in order to equitable distribution of quartered Swedish troops Rotten divided, who until 1834 inventory. A rotting master presided over the ranks. The Rotten were: Clauser Rotte (later called Wester Rotte), Loher Rotter, Leimbach Rotte (later the Hatzfelder Rotte split off), Westkotter Rotte, Wichelhauser Rotte, Wülfinger Rotten (with Rittershaus), Clever Rotte (in Ober- and Unterclever Rotte divided), Brucher Rotte, Auer Rotte (later the Haspeler Rotte split off), Höchst Rotte and Gemarker Rotte (which split into Scheurer Rotte, Werther Rotte and two smaller Gemarker Rotte). Later the Dörner Rotte from the Dörner Hof was added.
In the 17th century a separate parish was set up for Barmen, and the dependency on the parishes in Elberfeld and Schwelm was lifted.
With increasing adoption of low jurisdiction by the Beyenburger bailiff the peasantry from the 17th century lost its importance. The Bergisch and Märkische Oberhöfe were only responsible for the collection of taxes, but this task was increasingly taken over by the central administrative headquarters in Beyenburg. The Barmer Markgenossenschaft was dissolved in 1705.
The town of Gemarke , the core of what would later become the city of Barmen, developed as a new political and economic center in the 18th century and initiated the transition from a rural community to a communal character. In 1806, the peasantry was dissolved by the French occupiers who, with the Code civil, introduced modern, generally applicable legislation, abolishing the complex, traditional legal relationships within the farms or to the sovereignty and a modern communal structure. The district / Barmen was finally elevated to a town in 1808, and in the 1830s the farms belonged to the external citizenship of Barmen in the Elberfeld district .
literature
- Walter Dietz: Barmen 500 years ago. An examination of the Beyenburger official accounts from 1466 and other sources on the early development of the place Barmen (= contributions to the history and local history of the Wuppertal. Vol. 12, ISSN 0522-6678 ). Born-Verlag, Wuppertal 1966.
- Hermann Kießling: Farms and farm associations in Wuppertal. Bergisch-Märkischer Genealogischer Verlag, Wuppertal 1977.