Bernart de Ventadorn

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Berna (u) tz de Ventadorn
Author's picture in the historicized initials "Q". Chansonnier provençal "K" from the 13th century. BnF ms. 12473, fol. 15v.
This embellished capitals "Q" is the first letter of the first verse of the canso " Q-uan vei la flor, l'erba vert e la folha " (BdT 70,42).

Bernart de Ventadorn ( Old Occitan Bernatz de Ventadorn , French Bernard de Ventadour ; * around 1125 , † around 1200 ) was one of the most famous Trobadors. He lived in the Limousin region , in what is now the Corrèze department . The eponymous castle, le château de Ventadour (Corrèze), belongs to the municipality of Moustier-Ventadour .

We owe some of the most beautiful trobadoresque love songs to the old Provencal minstrel , the "chantador" Bernart, for example the lark song , the "canso" "Quan vei l'alauzeta mover" (When I see how the lark moves [her wings]) . Bernhard von Ventadorn is a main representative of the trobar leu ( t Stiluˈbaɾ lɛw ) style, which aims at general understanding , in contrast to the trobar clus ( tɾuˈbaɾ klys ), the hermetic , dark poetry that addresses an elite (main representative: Marcabru ).

Life

This folium from the manuscript “I”: “Recueil des poésies des troubadours, contenant leurs vies”, 13th century, BnF ms.854, fol. 26v, the “VIDA” Uc de Saint Circs, an important source on the life of Bernart de Ventadorn, comes down to us in red lettering .

Only two sources give sparse information about the life of Bernart, on the one hand the old Provencal, poetic-legendary biography, the Vida , of the trobador Uc de Saint Circ (BdT 457), and on the other hand the 4th stanza of the humiliating poem ( Sirventes ) Chantarai d 'aquest trobadors (I will sing about those trobadors) of the troubadour Peire d'Alvernhe (BdT 323, 11).

According to the old Occitan Vida of the troublesome Uc de Saint Circ from the 13th century, Bernart de Ventadorn was not of noble descent:

“ Bernartz de Ventadorn si fo de Limosin, del Castel de Ventadorn. Hom fo de pobra generacion, fils d'un sirven qu'era forniers, qu'esquadavaqu lo forn a coscer lo pan del castel. "

“ Bernart de Ventadorn came from the Limousin , from Ventadour Castle . He was a poor man's son, the son of a servant, an oven-heater who heated the castle's oven to bake bread for the castle. "

- Jean Boutière and Alexander Herman Schutz : Biographies des Troubadors , XIV Bernart de Ventadorn, pp. 23-29.

There is no mention of his mother here.

The second biographical source consists of six verses of the Sirventes " Chantarai d'aquestz trobadors ", the fourth stanza of a blacksmith in which the trobador Peire d'Alvernhe mocks twelve minstrels of his time:

01 Chantarai d'aquest trobadors
02 que chantan de manhtas colors,
03 e · l sordejor cuyda dir gen;

I will sing of those trobadors who sing
in some ways
And the worst still thinks he's awesome.

After Pierre d'Auvergne mocked his troubadour colleagues Peire Rogiers and Guiraut de Borneill in the first three stanzas (“coblas”) of this Sirventes, in the fourth “cobla” he made fun of “Bernatz de Ventadorn” as “the Third in the series ”(“ parents ”verse 19), emphasizing its lower origin.

Bernart's father is portrayed as a simple warrior and archer (verses 21/22), his mother as a simple maid who heated the oven and collected sticks (verses 23/24).

19 E · lter Bernatz de Ventadorn,
20 qu'es menres d'en Bornel un dorn;
21 mas en son pair'ac bon sirven
22 per trair'ab arc manal d'alborn,
23 e sa maire calfava · l forn
24 et amassava l'issermen.

And the third, Bernart de Ventadorn, is
a hand's breadth below Guiraut de Borneill;
But his father was a good warrior
who stretched a hand-made sapwood bow
And his mother heated the oven
And gathered firewood.

The first source, the Vida of the minstrel Uc de Saint Circs, is more detailed. In the manuscript Chansonnier provençal "N 2 ", this biography of Bernart de Ventadorn comprises 53 lines. She says that Bernart had a relationship with the Vice Countess Marguerite de Turenne, the wife of his liege lord, the Vice Count Eble III of Ventadour. That is why the vice count separated from his wife in 1153 and banished Bernart. Thereupon Bernart de Ventadorn moved to the Norman court of the Occitan Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine . She was a granddaughter of Wilhelm IX. , Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Poitiers, who is considered the first trobador in literary history. Because of the poetic quality of his art, Eleanor, the " Queen of the Troubadours ", welcomed Bernart into her service with open arms.

In 1152, just eight weeks after the annulment of her marriage to King Louis VII of France. , had married Eleonore Heinrich Plantagenet , the Duke of Normandy. When her second husband was soon to be crowned King of England as Henry II , she accompanied him to the land of the Anglo-Saxons. Uc de Saint Circs Vida reports that Bernart stayed in Normandy.

The novelist and editor of a critical edition of Bernart's songs, Carl Appel , comes to a different conclusion after his studies. Bernart de Ventadorn followed his patroness and muse Eleanor to England and there he attended the coronation of Henry II in 1154. At the Anglo-Norman royal court, the trobador continued to be able to poetry and sing in his native Occitan language.

After the conspiratorial Eleanor was captured and imprisoned by her husband, King Henry II, the troubadour left England around 1174 and entered the service of Count Raimond V of Toulouse. 1194, after the count's death he retired from worldly life to the Cistercian monastery of Dalon and ended his life there. In 1194 the famous troubadour Bertran de Born also became a monk in Dalon Monastery.

plant

45 cansos d'amors

Bernart de Ventadorn is awarded the authorship of around 45 love songs, in Old Occitan «cansos».

“ Bernart de Ventadorn only knows love canzones, and this trobador is rightly considered one of the greatest exponents of love poetry. "

- Dietmar Rieger : Medieval poetry of France I. Songs of the Trobadors. Bilingual Provencal / German. Reclam 7620, Stuttgart 1980, p. 267.

The Okzitanist Carl Appel , as part of the edition of his critical edition Bernart of Ventadorns songs compared variants from more than twenty manuscripts meticulously with each other, in his opinion, no particular manuscript TO ISSUE a priority role. Carl Appel's Bernart de Ventadorn edition comprises 45 songs, of which 41 are for certain assignments and four are for unsafe assignments . Carl Appel also included 23 songs by other trobadors in his edition, some of which are attributed to Bernart de Ventadorn.

Non es meravelha s'eu chan

In his kanzone Non es meravelha s'eu chan , the canso number 31 in Carl Appels Edition (BdT 70,31), the poet Bernart de Ventadorn does not put his light under a bushel . He considers himself the best trobador and the best lover and expresses this in the first stanza:

01 Non es meravelha s'eu chan
02 Melhs de nul autre chantador,
03 Que plus me tra.l cors vas amor
04 E melhs sui faihz a so coman.
05 Cor e cors e saber e sen
06 E fors' e poder i ai mes;
07 Si.m tira vas amor lo fres
08 Que vas autra part no.m aten.

09 Ben es mortz qui d'amor no sen
10 Al cor cal que dousa sabor!
11 E que val viure ses amor
12 Mas per enoi far a la gen?
13 Ja Domnedeus no.m azir tan
14 Qu'eu ja pois viva jorn ni mes.
15 Pois que d'enoi serai mespres
16 Ni d'amor non aurai talan.

17 Per bona fe e ses enjan
18 Am la plus bel 'e la melhor.
19 Del cor sospir e dels olhs plor,
20 Car tan l'am eu, per que i ai dan.
21 Eu que.n posc mais, s'Amors me pren,
22 E las charcers en que m'a mes,
23 No pot claus obrir mas merces,
24 E de merce no.i trop nien

25 Aquest 'amors me fer tan gen
26 Al cor d'una dousa sabor:
27 Cen vetz mor lo jorn de dolor
28 E reviu de joi autras cen.
29 Ben es mos mals de bel semblan,
30 Que mais val mos mals qu'autre bes!
31 E pois mos mals aitan bos m'es,
32 Bos er lo bes apres l'afan.

33 Ai Deus car se fosson trian
34 D'entrels faus li fin amador,
35 E.lh lauzenger e.lh trichador
36 Portesson corns el fron denan
37 Tot l'aur del mon e tot l'argen
38 I volgr'aver dat, s'eu l'agues,
39 Sol que ma domna conogues
40 Aissi com eu l'am finamen.

41 Cant eu la vei, be m'es parven
42 Als olhs, al vis, a la color,
43 Car aissi tremble de paor
44 Com fa la folha contra.l ven.
45 Non ai de sen per un efan,
46 Aissi sui d'amor entrepres!
47 E d'ome qu'es aissi conques,
48 Pot domn 'aver almorna gran.

49 Bona domna, re no.us deman
50 Mas que.m prendatz per servidor,
51 Qu'e.us servirai com bo senhor,
52 Cossi que del gazardo m'an.
53 Ve.us m'al vostre comandamen,
54 Francs cors umils, gais e cortes
55 Ors ni leos non etz vos ges,
56 Que.m aucizatz, s'a vos me ren.

57 A Mo Cortes, lai on ilh es,
58 Tramet lo vers, e ja no.lh pes
59 Car n'ai estat tan lonjamen.

It is no wonder if I sing better than
any other singer,
My heart draws me more to love,
And I am better made for its commandment.
Heart and body and knowledge and meaning
and strength and ability I have used,
The reins pull me so much towards love
that nothing steers me in another direction.

Whoever
does not feel the sweet taste of love in his heart is dead!
And what's the point of living without love
Than annoying other people?
May the Lord God not hate me in such
a way that I
live in grief and grief for just a day, just a month ,
Without longing for love.

Sincerely and without cunning,
I love the most beautiful and the best.
I sigh from my heart and cry from my eyes,
For I love so much that it harms me.
What can I still do when love takes hold of me
and the dungeon in which it has put me can
no longer be opened, except through grace,
and when grace cannot be found?

In this hymn of praise to love, which is his greatest good and his only purpose in life, the trobador uses a complex metric, a refined rhyming technique.

The meter obeys the principle of syllable counting . All 59 verses are octosyllables . The canzone is divided into seven eight-line stanzas. Each stanza is structured in two quatrains. The rhyme scheme extends over twelve " quatrains ". There are fourteen embracing rhymes (abba cddc cbbc adda abba cddc cbbc adda abba cddc cbbc adda abba cddc).

The masterfulness of the formal poetry of Bernart de Ventadorn is shown here in the use of the coblas capcaudadas technique, a refined way of linking stanzas: the closing rhyme of a stanza forms the opening rhyme of the following stanza (CC AA CC AA CC AA).

literature

Bibliographies

Biographies

Tradition history, manuscripts

  • Gustav Gröber : The song collections of the troubadours examined by Gustav Gröber , Strasbourg 1877, in: Romanische Studien 2, S. 337–670: limited preview in the Google book search
  • Manuscript "K", Chansonnier provençal, song manuscript from the second half of the XIII. Century. It is digitized and available from Gallica . Description of the manuscript K by Gustav Gröber, op.cit. P. 465 ff. Limited preview in the Google Book search

Editions

  • Carl Appel : Bernart von Ventadorn, his songs, with introduction and glossary (critical edition), Niemeyer Halle as 1915, online at Internet Archive .
  • (EN) Ronnie Apter (Ed.): Bilingual Edition of the Love Songs of Bernart De Ventadorn in Occitan and English: Sugar and Salt. Studies in Mediaeval Literature, Volume 17, 1999, ISBN 978-0773480094
    • (EN) Review by Walter Blue Blue, in: Speculum, vol. 77, no. 4, 2002, pp. 1236-1239, Review on JSTOR .
  • (FR) Luc de Goustine (Ed.): Fou d'amour. Chansons by Bernard de Ventadour . Bilingual edition Occitan / French, Verlag fédérop, Gardonne 2016. ISBN 978-2-85792-229-2 . (22 cansos, each with commentary).
  • (FR) Moshe Lazar (Ed.): Chansons d'amour de Bernart de Ventadorn. Edition critique intégrale by Moshe Lazar . Editions Carrefour Ventadour, Paris, 2001, ISBN 2-9516848-0-0 .
    • (FR) Review by Guy Mermier, in: The French Review, vol. 43, no. 1, 1969, pp. 195–196, (FR) review on JSTOR .
  • (IT) Mario Mancini: Canzoni / Bernart de Ventadorn. A cura di Mario Mancini , Carocci Publishing House, Rome 2003, ISBN 978-8843024445 .
  • (EN) Stephen G. Nichols (Ed.): The Songs of Bernart de Ventadorn , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Romance Studies, Volume 39, 2017, ISBN 978-0807890394 . (Edition with notes): Information on JSTOR

Anthologies

Secondary literature

Philological Studies

  • Heinz Bergner (Hrsg.): Poetry of the Middle Ages I. Problems and Interpretation. Reclam 7896, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-15-007897-0 .
  • (FR) Jean-Charles Huchet: La Dame et le Troubadour. "Fin'amors" et mystique chez Bernard de Ventadorn , in: Littérature, no. 47, Le lit la Table , October 1982, pp. 12–30, PDF on JSTOR and on Persée .
  • (FR) René Nelli : L'Érotique des Troubadours , private Toulouse 1997, ISBN 978-2708986077 .
  • Dietmar Rieger : Die Altprovenzalische Lyrik , in: Heinz Bergner (Hrsg.): Lyrik des Mittelalters , Reclam 7896, Stuttgart 1983, p. 232, ISBN 978-3150078976

(Culture) historical writings

  • Régine Pernoud : Queen of the Troubadours. Eleanor of Aquitaine . dtv 1461, 15th edition Munich 1979, pp. 145-160, ISBN 3-423-30042-6 .
  • Ralph V. Turner: Eleanor of Aquitaine: Queen of France, Queen of England . Yale University Press 2009, ISBN 9780300119114 .
    • German edition: Eleonore von Aquitaine - Queen of the Middle Ages , CH Beck, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-406-63199-3 .
  • Marilyn Yalom : How the French Invented Love. 900 years of passion , Graf Verlag 2013, ISBN 978-3-86220-038-2 . ( Chapter 1 The Minne - How the French Invented Courtly Love . ), Pp. 23–65, Google Books .
    • (EN) Original edition: How the French Invented Love. Nine Hundred Years of Passion and Romance Harper Perennial 2012, ISBN 978-0062048318 . Chapter one Courtly Love , pp. 25-57.
    • (FR) Marilyn Yalom: Comment les Français ont inventé l'amour: Neuf siècles de passion et de romance (Essais) , Galaad Publishing House, Paris 2013, ISBN 978-2351762509 . (Chapitre 1 L'Amour courtois, pp. 25-58).

Dictionaries

  • Old Occitan Dictionary - Old Occitan - French: (DOM) Dictionnaire de l'occitan médiéval : DOM online .

Web links

Commons : Bernard de Ventadour  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Bernart von Ventadorn, texts établi par Carl Appel, 1915 (p. 350-353).  - Sources and full texts (French)

Single receipts

  1. ↑ Ursula Peters: Das Ich im Bild: The figure of the author in vernacular illuminated manuscripts from the 13th to 16th centuries , Verlag Böhlau, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3412188061 - limited preview in the Google book search.
  2. ↑ Chansonnier provençal "K" - on Gallica
  3. ↑ "BdT" 70 .: 460 troubadours known by name are in the Bibliography of the Troubadours (symbol "BdT") listed in alphabetical order and numbered. Bernart de Ventadorn bears the number 70. - Alfred Pillet , Henry Carstens: Bibliography of the Troubadours , Max Niemeyer Halle 1933. Ristampa anastatica dell'edizione Halle (Saale), Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1933, a cura di Paolo Borso e Roberto Tagliani. Ledizioni Milano 2013, ISBN 978-88-95994-64-2 .
  4. ↑ Lark song - bilingual
  5. ↑ BdT 70.43. - The Lark Song - Old Occitan and German
  6. ↑ Dietmar Rieger: Die Altprovenzalische Lyrik , in: Heinz Bergner (Hrsg.): Lyrik des Mittelalters , Reclam 7896, Stuttgart 1983, p. 232, ISBN 978-3150078976
  7. ↑ Recueil des poésies des troubadours, contenant leurs vies. on Gallica
  8. ↑ In the older Romance studies , but often also in common parlance, “Provençal” was used to refer to the entirety of the Occitan dialects. In this meaning, the term "Occitan" is preferred today.
  9. ↑ (FR) Joseph Salvat: Provençal ou occitan? In: Annales du Midi , 1954, pp. 229–241: (FR) essay on Persée
  10. ↑ BdT = Bibliography of the Troubadours .
  11. ↑ All translations from Altokitan into German are from the lead author of this article.
  12. ↑ Recueil des poésies des troubadours, contenant leurs vies. on Gallica
  13. ↑ (BdT 323,11), Chantarai d'aquest trobadors - on Corpus des troubadours of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans , Barcelona
  14. ↑ In a Vida, Guiraut de Borneill is called "maestre dels trobadors", master of the troubadours. See also: Guiraut de Borneill - on trobar.org.
  15. ^ Jean Boutière and Alexander Herman Schutz : Biographies des Troubadors , XIV Bernart de Ventadour, p.pp. 26-28
  16. ^ Régine Pernoud : Queen of the Troubadours. Eleanor of Aquitaine . dtv 1461, 15th edition Munich 1979, pp. 145-160, ISBN 3-423-30042-6 .
  17. ^ Carl Appel : Bernart von Ventadorn, his songs, with introduction and glossary (critical edition), Niemeyer Halle as 1915, online at Internet Archive
  18. ^ Régine Pernoud : Queen of the Troubadours. Eleanor of Aquitaine . dtv 1461, 15th edition Munich 1979, pp. 145-160, ISBN 3-423-30042-6 .
  19. ↑ Luc de Goustine: Fou d'amour , p. 22
  20. ↑ Geneviève Hasenohr / Michel Zink (eds.): Dictionnaire des Lettres Françaises, Le Moyen Âge . Fayard , Paris 1964, p.167, ISBN 978-2253056621 .
  21. ^ A b Carl Appel : Bernart von Ventadorn, his songs, with introduction and glossary (critical edition), Niemeyer Halle as 1915, online at Internet Archive
  22. ↑ see article in the French language Wikipedia: (FR) Canso
  23. ^ Carl Appel : Bernart von Ventadorn, his songs, with introduction and glossary (critical edition), Niemeyer Halle as 1915: Page CXLIII
  24. ↑ see Carl Appel op. Cit .: table of contents pp. 403-404
  25. ↑ BnF ms. 12473 Folium 16v - This manuscript page of the Chansonnier provençal comes down to the canso " Non es maravelha s'eu chan ".
  26. ^ Text at Wikisource
  27. ↑ The debate you can gesungenenen version of the song refer
  28. ↑ The translation from Altocitan into German comes from the main author of this article, based on Luc de Goustine: Fou d'amour op. Cit. 143, to Carl Appel: Bernart de Ventadour, his songs op. Cit. P.193 and to Dietmar Rieger: Songs of the Trobadors op.cit. P. 115
  29. ↑ Dietmar Rieger (Hrsg. & Übers.): Medieval poetry of France I. Songs of the Trobadors , pp. 266/267.
  30. ↑ Manuscript K
  31. ↑ (FR) Description of the manuscript K
personal data
SURNAME Bernart de Ventadorn
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Bernart de Ventadour, Bernard de Ventadour
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French troubadour, composer and poet
DATE OF BIRTH 12th Century
DATE OF DEATH 12th Century