Bornstedt (Potsdam)

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Bornstedt
State capital Potsdam
Coordinates: 52 ° 24 ′ 48 ″  N , 13 ° 1 ′ 46 ″  E
Height : 38 m
Residents : 12,011  (December 31, 2016)
Incorporation : August 1, 1935
Postal code : 14469
Area code : 0331

Potsdam-Bornstedt is a district of the city of Potsdam with around 12,000 inhabitants. It is bordered by Pappelallee and the Sanssouci Palace Park in the south, Amundsenstrasse in the west and Nedlitzer Strasse in the north and east. The Jägervorstadt connects to the south, the Nauener Vorstadt to the east, Nedlitz to the north and Bornim to the west .

history

The village of Bornstedt probably originated between 1160 and 1200. Several sources are conceivable for the name "Bornstedt":

  1. "Boruta" denotes a forest spirit or spruce wilderness in Slavic mythology,
  2. "Bos" means sandy landscape with birch, maple, spruce and aspens,
  3. The Bornstedt family from the county of Mansfeld settled in the Uckermark, pre-Pomeranian region in the 12th century and earned their name.

The manor area of ​​the village Bornstedt, first mentioned in 1304, extended from today's Friedrich-Ebert-Straße in the east to Habichtweg in the west, including the Schragen, the Alexandrowka and the Kapellenberg. The northern border was the Grenzallee, which is still called today. To the south of Potsdamer Straße belonged the Katharinenholz and Lindstedt , the Hopfenkrug and the area around the New Palais and half of Kaiser-Friedrich-Straße. The southern border was a ditch at the foot of the Bornstedter terminal moraine arch on which Sanssouci Palace , the orangery and the Belvedere are located. Slightly changed, this ditch now forms the southern boundary of the Sanssouci Park.

This means that a large part of the Potsdam parks are located in the Bornstedt area. However, the district boundaries have changed several times. Today only about a quarter of the described area is considered to be Bornstedt.

The Great Elector acquired the estate in 1664, and King Friedrich Wilhelm I left it to the Potsdam orphanage as a source of income. The wooded areas, the Marly Gardens and the vineyards were reserved for the king. A brewery was set up in the manor .

Formation of the ruin mountain

Norman tower and theater wall

From 1744 Friedrich II laid out a vineyard in the Bornstedt area and had a palace built, which became known as Sanssouci. Previously, he had to deal with the orphanage, which knew how to protect his rights and obtained good compensation.

In 1745, Friedrich released deer and partridges in the oak forest on what would later be the ruin mountain, at that time Hünenberg or Höneberg, as well as in the rest of the forest on the Bornstedter field. In 1746 a plan was drawn up to redesign the mountain as a baroque game reserve. The field between the castle and the mountain remained, an avenue was planted from the foot to the top of the mountain. Further back on the field, the square and pentagonal sheds were apparently newly laid out at that time. For a few years, Sanssouci was surrounded by baroque hunting enclosures in both the north and west. The king shot birds here until 1748.

But garden art soon replaced hunting. The deer garden, which was initially enclosed, became a park, and the Höneberg also received a new task. As the next major elevation, he had to carry the reservoir if Sanssouci was to be enriched with water arts. In 1748 the reservoir was started and the game moved to the other sheds. However, the basin on the mountain did not serve its intended purpose at first due to technical problems, and the king decided to decorate it with a ruined architecture. Artificial ancient ruins were built, which gave the mountain its current name.

Establishment of the parade ground

The armament of the army required larger training areas, especially for the cavalry. Presumably around 1750 the king designated Bornstedter Feld as a parade ground. Both the royal office and the kossaet, as subordinates of the office, had to tolerate the fact that the unused part of the field in the three- field economy was used for exercise. This was true for the entire municipality and not only for the part known today as "Bornstedter Feld".

Under the successors of Frederick II, the military continued to withdraw from Sanssouci. A map from 1824 indicates that the mill field south of the ruin mountain was exempt from the exercises. After the liberation of the peasants, which was completed in 1831, military use only weighed on the official areas and no longer on the private ones. Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Drew a straight line from west to east north of the ruin mountain to separate agriculture and the parade ground once and for all. A field path in an irregular shape has run behind the ruin mountain since ancient times. The new road from Jägerallee to Bornstedt was pulled straight through (probably 1841/42) and planted with Canadian poplars. Since then it has been called Pappelallee. The new route was on Jägerallee a good 200 m further north than the old route.

Bornstedt as a prime example of the country's beautification

Since taking office in 1840, Friedrich Wilhelm IV promoted the beautification of the country and garden art. Bornstedt was of particular interest here because it was in the immediate vicinity of his summer residence Sanssouci. The beautification of the Bornstedt area was at the beginning of the beautification work of Friedrich Wilhelm IV. It was probably Peter Joseph Lenné who suggested "in terms of beauty" the road connection to Hamburg planned since 1838 from the route of the previous country road on the western slope of the ruin mountain To relocate Bornstedter See and to carry out some straightening beyond Bornim. In 1842 the road was built up to the Heineberg. It took a bold sweep on the Bornstedt lake shore (today's B 273 ) in order to develop its picturesque potential.

On the north slope of the ruin mountain there were three shooting ranges of the 1st Guard Uhlan Regiment . In 1841 these shooting ranges were abandoned and relocated to Katharinenholz. In order to have a free hand for the redesign, the king bought back the Bornstedt estate and incorporated it into the Kronfideikommiss. He bought the ruin mountain from the forestry treasury. The king was the owner of most of the important lands north of Sanssouci, from the Bornstedter See to the Alexandrowka, from the Sanssouci Palace to the Nedlitzer Holz. Only between Bornstedt and Bornim there were still Kossätäcker.

In 1842 Bornstedt was the subject of a large-scale agricultural experiment by the king. The arable land between Ruinsberg and Bornstedter See were bordered with hedges, as he had seen on his travels. In addition to the “unimagined scenic charm”, he also counted on the evaporation protection that the hedges provided.

The new facilities planned by Lenné also included a landscaped path from Sanssouci Palace to the New Garden, which was christened "Königsweg" (now "Voltaireweg") and a branch to Bornstedter Feld, which later became the Ulanenweg or Lazarettweg, then Brandhorstweg, now Schlegelstrasse.

Finally, the ruin mountain was designed as a landscape park, and in 1845 Ferdinand von Arnim built a watch tower in the Norman style based on designs by Ludwig Persius . Its main job was to enable prospects. The Bornim official homestead could also be seen. This line of sight is now built in by a technology center. The tower was also the destination of the newly planted Bornim road and the Bornstedter nave. The route from Bornstedt to Nedlitz (today Kirschallee) was planted by Lenné in 1842 with a hedge and a row of linden trees on the east side.

The robbery

The wooded hill called Raubfang was opened up with walking paths in 1844 and designed as a panoramic mountain. Five ways led to a roundabout. One had a particularly good view of the Pfingstberg and Bornim. At the northern exit of the robbery area began the lime tree avenue to the official farmstead, which continues behind it to Marquardt. Parallel to the Chaussee, a park strip was laid out with a walking path that led from today's Habichtsweg to Predator and was called Parkstraße. Under the direction of Lenné, this bundle of measures in Bornstedt created a “new park or the Bornstädter Feld”, as a contemporary guide writes.

Boom in building culture in the 19th century

Bornstedt estate and church around 1850 with Ruinsberg in the background
Column arcade and bell tower at Bornstedter Friedhof
Bornstedt Crown Estate

Bornstedt consisted of poor half-timbered houses with thatched roofs until the middle of the 19th century. On the south side of the Chaussee, the Neu-Bornstedt colony was established in 1843 as a village extension. They were low cottages , each with an acre of land. The settlers mainly use the land to grow fruit. In 1843 the king obliged master carpenter Heinrich Rietz to build his house (today Ribbeckstraße 22) according to an Italianizing design with a tower by Ludwig Persius and granted him a grant of 600 thalers. Rietz had to undertake "not to undertake any external structural or other equipment or facilities without the approval of His Majesty the King." This declaration was entered in the mortgage book and also applied to subsequent owners. The clinker brick house was given a tower and was connected to the workshop building by a vine-covered pergola. This was the first Italianizing building in Bornstedt.

In 1844 the king discussed the conversion of all of the farmhouses in Bornstedt with Persius, but decided not to do so when he found out about the costs. However, he had all construction projects in Bornstedt assessed by Ludwig Ferdinand Hesse , later Ferdinand von Arnim .

1846–48 the buildings of the Bornstedt Crown Estate were redesigned in Italian style, and in 1851 the New Orangery was started, which is reflected in the Bornstedter See. In 1855/56 the king finally had the village church rebuilt in Italian style. In front of the church there was a terrace bordered by arcades for the view over the lake to the ruin mountain. The dilapidated old sexton and school house, which was exactly opposite the church, was demolished at the request of the king in 1855 and a new one was built further south next to it so that the view was clear. Of course, this also received an Italian robe (from Hesse) and a small tower. The future Wilhelm II went to school here. After the death of Friedrich Wilhelm IV, Italianization became out of fashion, although it lasted particularly long in Potsdam. In Bornstedt, the architect Emil Kopp still felt obliged to the royal model when he built a villa below the orangery in 1872 (Ribbeckstrasse 51), which was later provided with a tower. The villa of the merchant Heydemann (Ribbeckstrasse 2) from 1873, whose tower-like south side pushes obtrusively between the orangery and the crown estate, is only vaguely Italian. The rectory from 1870 only adapted to the Italian style in terms of material and roof pitch. Opposite was the Feodora children's home in 1912. The Nedlitzer Straße between the two buildings was not closed until 1938 and included in the school square. The later private new buildings on Dorfstrasse completely broke away from such requirements. For the last time, Kaiser Wilhelm remembered his brother's style when a wheelhouse was to be built on royal land at the beginning of the Königsweg in 1887 to collect road tolls. This little house, which attracts the view from the road and the lookout path, was built - completely anachronistic - in the style of Persius with a tower and arched windows.

In 1876 the regimental tailor Albert Burde had the first larger apartment house built on Potsdamer Strasse. This was the beginning of Bornstedt's humble early days. The population remained mainly composed of small farmers, craftsmen and workers.

Bornstedt as the residence of the Crown Prince couple

Friedrich Wilhelm IV hardly stayed in Bornstedt, although rooms were reserved for him on the upper floor of the office building. It was not until 1867 that Bornstedt came to life when King Wilhelm I gave the crown property to Prince Friedrich Wilhelm, who later became Emperor Friedrich III. , "For possession in kind and usufruct". His wife Victoria , the eldest daughter of the Queen of the same name, gave decisive impulses , “who was interested in agriculture and had long had the desire to set up such a model farm as her high father brought into being in England, in her immediate vicinity . "

In 1873 the gardens of the Victoria Crown Estate were redesigned. An Anglicising architectural style became decisive through the Crown Princess. When the school became too small, the Crown Princess had a new one built in the English style in the wood north of the town exit in 1877. According to Victoria, the church was expanded to the east by Reinhold Persius in 1881/82. In addition, an orphanage and two farm workers' houses were built on Potsdamer Strasse. Bornstedt became better known than ever because of the activities of the royal manor. This period ended in 1888 with the death of Emperor Friedrich III. Chaussee Friedrich-Wilhelm-Straße and Dorfstraße Victoriastraße were named in his memory (today Potsdamer Straße and Ribbeckstraße).

Prussian military buildings

Friedrich Wilhelm IV apparently did not want to see any military on his rides. The designs for the ruin mountain show how the military was pushed back more and more. A simple, rectangular riding arena for the 1st Guard Uhlan Regiment was created in Jägerallee in 1845, which was planted against the Königsweg. It was not until the king and Lenné had died that the barracks of the 3rd Guard Uhlan Regiment were built on Jägerallee on the site of the riding arena in 1867-68 . So began to build the decorated field east of the ruin mountain by building barracks. The land remained the property of the crown and was only leased to the military treasury for a limited period.

In 1872 Bornstedt received its first military memorial in Katharinenholz. It commemorated the fallen soldiers of the 1st Guards Regiment on foot from 1864–71. The location was chosen opposite the officers' restaurant “New World”. 1885–89 the 1st Guard Ulanen barracks was built on Königsweg. The garrison hospital was built next to it in 1893 and was given a hospital park by Hermann Kube . The hospital park was built in 1998 with multi-storey apartment blocks.

The robbery has been cut through the Döberitzer Heerstrasse (Amundsenstrasse) since 1912. It was financed as a road for the Osthavelland district , but mainly served to enable Kaiser Wilhelm II to get from the New Palace to the troops in Döberitz and Berlin quickly by car . Incidentally, the road was inserted into the landscape and planted with four rows of trees - in the wooded sections with plane trees, in the exposed sections with linden trees. The trunks were planted with garlands of maiden vines. The robbery was divided into building plots. Since Parkstrasse no longer had a destination and only caused costs, it was closed in 1936/37 and added to the front gardens of Potsdamer Strasse.

Umgemeindungen

In 1928 all manor districts were dissolved. The manor districts of Sanssouci and Bornstedt (not to be confused with the municipality of Bornstedt) and thus the ruins mountain, were transferred from the Osthavelland district to Potsdam. But only after 16 years of negotiations did the Krongutsverwaltung transfer the eastern section of the Pappelallee between Wegestern and Jägerallee, the Lazarettweg, the Königsweg between Lazarettweg and Jägerallee and the Lehmweg (ruinsbergstrasse) from Königsweg to the Vaterland settlement of the city on February 26, 1935. The remaining streets remained with the palace administration and the crown estate until 1945.

On June 27, 1935, Hermann Göring signed the law "in the name of the Führer" to incorporate Bornim, Bornstedt, Nedlitz and Eiche into Potsdam. In order to better connect these communities as well as the war school and the barracks on the poplar avenue, the poplar avenue was widened to the south and paved with small stones.

Bornstedt in the time of National Socialism

Hans Friedrichs , Lord Mayor of Potsdam since 1934, wanted to avoid “wild growth” and preserve the “natural beauty that still remained” and in particular the agricultural northern area of ​​Potsdam. He succeeded in protecting the Bornstedter Feld north of the ruin mountain from the building wishes of the military in such a way that the additional buildings of the Adolf Hitler and Ludendorff barracks as well as the Potsdam War School were built on the outermost edge of the field and its expanse when viewed from the ruin mountain in no way affected. "In particular, I have spoken out against occupying the area immediately below the ruin mountain with the barracks for the war school."

Behind the already existing military sports area of ​​the machine gun barracks on Pappelallee, Heeresbaurat Weyher built four team buildings and one farm building for infantry regiment No. 9 in 1934–1941 , which were named “Adolf Hitler barracks” in 1938 (today a technical college). The "Ludendorff barracks" (also known as "General von Wevern barracks") were built on Nedlitzer Strasse in 1934-36, followed by the "Hohenlohe barracks" further south in 1936-39, embedded in the forest (now vacant). At the same time, Weyher built the new Potsdam War School on Kirschallee from 1934-36 (today apartments and elementary school). It received a modern sports field and a swimming pool. On the west side of Kirschallee, the architects v. Estorff & Winkler civil servant houses for the war school. A cul-de-sac was created to access these buildings (today Neue Kirschallee), and a new square was created on which the Russians later erected a tank memorial.

In 1935/36 Hans Kölle designed the simple Heldenhain at the Bornstedter Friedhof on behalf of Friedrichs . In the memorial complex there is a bronze sculpture to the right of the entrance, which was created by Walter E. Lemcke in 1937 in honor of those who fell in the First World War.

Bornstedt in the GDR

Bornstedter Feldflur

The military facilities were used by the Red Army from 1945–93 . The Bornstedter field north of Poplar Avenue was fenced and was no longer accessible to the Potsdamer. The military use left clear traces. Even today, forgotten war materials are regularly found during construction work. The highlight was the discovery of a tank during the construction of the houses on the Hermann-Mattern-Promenade.

Volkspark (former Bugagel site)

The Volkspark Potsdam emerged from the area of ​​the Federal Horticultural Show 2001 (BUGA) . Particularly noteworthy is the possibility to explore the park by bike and skates, which is mostly forbidden in the other parks in Potsdam. Concerts and similar events take place on the central park stage in summer. The park is subject to entry. The Potsdam Biosphere is also located here . During the Buga times, there were short-term exhibitions about flora and flower making . The re-use concept provides for longer-term exhibitions on various topics ("Dinotopia", "The heirs of the dinosaurs", "The fascination of the rainforest"). Although the hall is located on the former Buga site, it is legally and economically independent.

Transport links

Tram at the Volkspark

Bornstedt is crossed by two federal highways. On the one hand the B 273 , which as Bornstedter Str. And Potsdamer Str. (Out of town) forms the connection to the A 10. On the other hand, the B 2 , which as Am Schragen and Nedlitzer Str. (Out of town) is the main road to the north.

Bornstedt cross two tram lines, which separate or unite at the Campus Fachhochschule stop. The route leading north ends at the “Campus Jungfernsee” stop in the residential area of ​​the same name. The second route leads westwards to the “Bornstedt Kirschallee” final stop in the “Kaserne Kirschallee” residential area. Both routes are connected by tram lines with Potsdam city center every 20 minutes. In 10 minutes you are in the pedestrian zone, in 20 minutes at the main station. Two bus routes “bypass” Bornstedt and thus open up the outer edges of Potsdam. A night bus line guarantees round-the-clock supply.

New development areas

Around the Volkspark, in the so-called Bornstedter Feld, a number of new building areas have emerged, of which the “Friederikenviertel” stands out with its architecture based on the Dutch quarter (jokingly called “1:10 scale model” among Potsdam residents). The expansion of the building areas is not yet complete, parts of the Volkspark are also to be built on. Bornstedt predominantly has the character of a sleeping and relaxation area. In the course of the construction work, 6,800 apartments and 5,000 jobs are to be created.

Campus University of Applied Sciences

The new campus of the Potsdam University of Applied Sciences was opened directly at the tram stop of the same name on the site of the former “Adolf Hitler barracks” of the 9th Infantry Regiment . It is intended to replace the location in the city center. In addition to the refurbished buildings, a new building was built, which mainly houses the design courses.

Attractions

The Bornstedter Church

literature

  • Gottfried Kunzendorf, Manfred Richter (ed.): Bornstedt, cemetery, church. Märkischer memorial of Prussian history and resistance. Extended and revised new edition. Hentrich & Hentrich, Teetz 2001, ISBN 3-933471-23-0 .
  • Bernd Maether (Ed.): "Krongut Bornstedt - A history of building and use", 1st edition, be.bra Wissenschaft verlag GmbH, 2010, ISBN 978-3-937233-55-0

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ https://www.potsdam.de/cms/beitrag/10035623/400366/
  2. ^ Potsdam Latest News from November 1, 2012
  3. ↑ website of Propotsdam ( Memento of 28 March 2013, Internet Archive )

Web links

Commons : Potsdam-Bornstedt  - Collection of images, videos and audio files