Brazilian Portuguese

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Brazilian (es Portuguese)
Português brasileiro / Português do Brasil

Spoken in

BrazilBrazil Brazil
speaker about 200 million
Linguistic
classification
Language codes
Locale / IETF

pt - BR

As Brazilian Portuguese ( Português brasileiro , português do Brasil ) is the variety of the Portuguese referred to in Brazil is spoken.

General

Brazil - as the largest lusophony country (Portuguese-speaking countries) - has a population of around 200 million, according to the latest figures from the Brazilian statistical office , the majority of whom have Portuguese as their mother tongue .

The Ibero-Romance languages ​​essentially go back to the Vulgar Latin ( Sermo plebejis ) of the mercenary troops of the Roman Empire on the Iberian Peninsula (= Spain and Portugal ), and they are similar enough to each other that (of the combined less than 1.5 Million inhabitants of Guyana , Suriname and French Guiana ) all Latin Americans can communicate with one another by means of semi-communication, all speaking their own language and understanding one another halfway. In practice, this often results in code switching called Portuñol (português + español) , comparable to Spanglish ( Spanish + English ), especially in the southern US states .

While the Portuguese in Angola and Mozambique is largely based on the European norm, the Portuguese in Brazil differs more or less clearly from the Portuguese in all aspects. In the following, Brazilian Portuguese will be abbreviated as BP and European Portuguese as EP .

emancipation

In view of the increasing differences between the two varieties of Portuguese in Portugal and Brazil, as in many other former colonies of European states, e.g. B. Argentina - since the 1930s there has been a patriotic awareness of the peculiarity of their own language, which was expressed in terms such as língua oficial or língua nacional , the latter going back to the programmatic title of the same name by João Ubaldo , one of the fundamental theorists of the growing linguistic National consciousness . Since then, the Brazilian variety has been in a process of emancipation from that of the former mother country . An example of this is that the former subject Língua portuguesa e literatura brasileira (Portuguese language and Brazilian literature) in the curriculum of general schools was gradually replaced by Língua e literatura brasileira (Brazilian language and literature) in the course of the 1990s . The past decades, however, have seen a renewed convergence between the written forms of the EP and BP. The spelling agreement of 1990 between the Portuguese-speaking countries established common spellings. In the past few years it has been implemented in Brazil and Portugal and thus, in contrast to American English and British English, there is a uniform spelling for Portuguese. Only in a few exceptional cases (significantly less than 1% of the vocabulary) do further separate spellings exist.

pronunciation

Vowel triangle of the BP
The consonants of the BP

In no aspect do the two great varieties of Portuguese spoken in Portugal and Brazil differ as clearly as in phonetics ( pronunciation ). An assessment can only be based descriptively (descriptively) on the general usage of the language, since there are expressly prescriptive (prescribed) norms for neither of the two varieties, as they exist for the high-sounding of German , e.g. B. Duden pronunciation dictionary, large dictionary of German pronunciation (GWDA), Siebs' German pronunciation.

For example, the consonants [β], [ð], [ɣ] of the EP are no longer available in the BP, as is the velar dark L [ɫ] of the EP, as in English , Ripuarian (Rhenish, compare the well-known Kölle [kɶɫə] der Kölner ) and also occurring in the Westphalian part of the Ruhr area (compare the demand from Dortmund's woll? [vɔɫ]). The rolled [r] of the EP, which is also formed with more beats, has largely given way to various variants in the BP, in addition to [ɾ] formed with fewer beats among them, [h] and [x] also not present in the EP, so that written <r > and <rr> are pronounced as [ɾ], [h] and / or [x] in the BP depending on the person and area. The plosive alveolar [d] and [t] are only affected in the BP again, depending on the person and area, before [i] or [ɪ] to [ʤɪ] and [ʧɪ] . The dark L [ɫ] of the EP is vocalized to [ʊ] in the BP when it is at the end of the syllable, whereby the preceding vowel ( vowel ) becomes a diphthong (double sound). The vowel [ɐ] of the EP is no longer present in the BP, and the Schwa [ə] (Murmel-e), which is extremely common in the EP, has largely been replaced by [ɪ] in the BP. Overall, EP tends to Fortisierung (gain) of the consonants and weakening of the vowels to Syn - and Apokopen (vowel fading), the BP whereas almost always the consonants lenited (softened), and the vowels raises or diphthongisiert, however, clearly pronounce, so that the In principle, the specific quality of the nasal vowels present in the EP is particularly emphasized.

vocabulary

Under the influence of a substrate (influence of an otherwise socio-culturally inferior language on the ruling one), the BP is enriched primarily by numerous Indianisms from the Tupí - Guaraní (Tupinisms) and other indigenous languages, e.g. B .:

  • ya-karé (lit .: looking to the side)> BP jacaré ( caiman )
  • ibá + káti (lit .: fragrant fruit)> BP abacaxi ( pineapple )

Some of them have found their way into the German vocabulary as foreign and loan words , e.g. B .:

  • acayu (lit .: small fruit)> BP caju > (am.) engl. cashew > German cashew (cf. French cajou with preserved sound)
  • naná (lit .: strongly fragrant fruit)> BP ananás > German pineapple
  • mbaracayá > BP maracujá > German maracuja ( passion fruit )
  • pará (lit .: the sea, big river)> State of Pará (the sea)> BP (castanha do) Pará > dt. Brazil nut
  • pirá + ãi (lit .: cut, bite)> BP piranha or Spanish piraña > German piranha

In addition, some words of the BP have also found their way into the German vocabulary as neologisms (new words) with consistently consistent spelling, which do not come from the indigenous languages ​​of the country, e.g. B .:

The indigenous languages ​​are mainly reflected in the toponymy (place names) of the country, e.g. B .:

In addition, by the Portuguese colonial power as slaves from Africa, forcibly displaced persons have left their lexical traces in various Africanisms, e. B .:

  • carimbo (stamp) and bunda ( butt ) from the Angolan Kimbundu

Differences have also developed in inherited vocabulary, e.g. B .:

  • EP pequeno almoço vs. BP café da manhã (breakfast)
  • EP cruzeta vs. BP cabide (coat hanger)
  • EP telefonada vs. BP ligação (phone call)
  • EP carro eléctrico vs. BP bonde (tram)
  • EP hospedeira vs. BP aeromoça (flight attendant)
  • banheiro (EP casa de banho vs. BP bathroom; toilet)
  • carona (EP dodger vs. BP carpool)
  • comboio (EP (wagon) train vs. BP convoy)
  • rapariga (EP girl vs. BP pejorative easy girl)

up to a few clear false friends , e.g. B .:

  • bicha (EP human snake vs. BP pejorative vulgar gay)

grammar

The grammar of the BP differs slightly from the standard used in Portugal. The almost widespread loss of the personal pronouns tu and vós , which are conjugated in the 2nd person (singular and plural), is particularly striking . While European Portuguese only abolished the vós form (which is now expressed using vocês ), in Brazil the tu form has also been replaced by the pronoun você . Você was originally a polite form and is conjugated with the 3rd person. In the southern states as well as in the Amazon states, however, the use of the 2nd person has largely been preserved. However, there is a trend in colloquial language to use the tu , but to conjugate the verb in the third person (like when using você ).

Furthermore, the position of the oblique personal pronouns in the sentence is often different.

Another difference to the Portuguese variety is that the normal indicative form is often used to form imperative forms in colloquial language, for example espera instead of espere (German: wait!). In the written language, however, the correct imperative must be used.

Language example

Universal Declaration of Human Rights , Article 1:

"Artigo primeiro. Todos os seres humanos nascem livres e iguais em dignidade e direitos. São dotados de razão e consciência e devem agir em relação us aos outros com espírito de fraternidade. "

German: “Article Eins. All people are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should meet one another in a spirit of brotherhood. "

See also

literature

  • Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira : Novo dicionário da língua portuguesa. 2nd Edition. Rio de Janeiro 1986.
  • JJ Besselaar: Het Portugees van Brazilië. 2nd Edition. 's-Hertogenbosch 1970.
  • Luiz Carlos Cagliari: Elementos de Fonética do Português Brasileiro. Campinas 1981.
  • José Edgard Casães: Descrição acústico-articulatória dos sons da voz - para um modelo dos sons do português do Brasil. Sao Paulo 1990.
  • Thaïs Cristófaro Silva: Fonética e Fonologia do Português - Roteiro de estudos e guia de exercícios. 6th edition. São Paulo 2002.
  • Antônio Geraldo da Cunha: Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa. 2nd Edition. Rio de Janeiro 1986.
  • Johann Anton Doerig: Mundo Luso-Brasileiro - Introduction to the Portuguese-Brazilian language, culture and economy. Zurich 1961.
  • William J. Entwistle : Las Lenguas de España - Castellano, Catalán, Vasco y Gallego-Portugués. 4th edition. Madrid 1982.
  • Eberhard Gärtner, Joaquim Thomaz Jayme: Portuguese Pronunciation - Brazilian Portuguese. 2nd Edition. Leipzig 1984.
  • James P. Giangola: The Pronunciation of Brazilian Portuguese. Munich 2001.
  • Langenscheidt: Universal Dictionary Brazilian Portuguese. Berlin / Munich / Vienna / Zurich / New York 1990.
  • Kai Langer: Contrastive Phonetics: German - Brazilian Portuguese. Frankfurt am Main 2010.
  • Claus Metzger: Langenscheidt's practical textbook Brazilian. Berlin / Munich / Vienna / Zurich / New York 1990.
  • Volker Noll: The Brazilian Portuguese - Development and Contrasts. Heidelberg 1999.
  • Stephen Parkinson: Portuguese. In: Bernard Comrie (Ed.): The World's Major Languages. New York / Oxford 1990, pp. 260-278.
  • João Ribeiro : A Língua nacional. Sao Paulo 1933.
  • Clemens Schrage: Brazilian for globetrotters. (= Gibberish. Volume 21). 7th edition. Bielefeld 2000.
  • Francisco da Silveira Bueno : Vocabulário Tupi-Guaraní - Português. São Paulo 1998.
  • Paul Teyssier: Manuel de Langue Portugaise. Portugal - Brésil. Paris 1976.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ População do Brasil Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), September 2015. Continuous counter of the estimated population, growth rate: one new resident every 19 seconds. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
    Note: The population was 190,732,694 according to the last official census of 2010. After that, only estimates until the next census are published. Different information from different organizations such as CIA or IMF always relate to their estimation calculation formulas at a certain , not always uniform point in time, which do not have to match those of the National Statistics Institute.