Braunschweig telegraph system
The Braunschweig telegraph system covers the history of telegraphy in the area of application of the Braunschweig Oberpostdirektion .
Prussian optical telegraph
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After France (1794) and England (1796), Prussia built an opto-mechanical telegraph line between Berlin and Koblenz. Starting in Berlin, it went from the Prussian Fallstein near Veltheim ( station 20) via Hornburg (21) to Hanover. You came to the Duchy of Braunschweig via bookstores near Schladen (22) and Liebenburg (23). There it went to the Osterköpf near Hahausen (24), via Naensen (25), via Mainzholzen (26), to the Holzberg near Stadtoldendorf (27). Via the Burgberg near Bevern (28) you came to the Prussian Fürstenau on the 496 m high Köterberg . The distance between Hahausen and Naensen was too long at around 20 km. An additional stop at Altgandersheim (24a) removed the shortage in 1842.
The optical telegraph line in Prussia was a communications link used exclusively by the state and military and was in service for its entire length from 1833 to 1849.
With the commissioning of the electromagnetic line between Berlin and Cologne on June 1, 1849, the opto-mechanical telegraph line could be abandoned.
Electromagnetic Telegraphy
Ampère had the idea for an electromagnetic telegraph as early as 1820 . He suggested using the distraction of magnetic needles for signing.
After the discovery of electromagnetic induction by Michael Faraday in 1832, tried Gauss and his colleague Wilhelm Weber later translate these findings into practice a year. On Easter Sunday in 1833 they made the first successful experiments with an electromagnetic telegraph at the University of Göttingen . Two wires were drawn from the Physics Institute to the observatory high above the roofs of the city of Göttingen. First Gauß and Weber transmitted the agreed signals, and later also messages.
The Duke of Braunschweig Railway Administration carried out the first tests in 1846. The aim was to use electromagnetic telegraphy to secure railway operations. A new pointer telegraph was developed. Braunschweig was waiting for Berlin to decide whether Prussia would move a telegraph line from Berlin to Cologne. The shared use of the telegraph line was offered to permit passage through the Braunschweig area. Ultimately, they decided to have their own telegraph facility, they didn't want to be dependent. Therefore, the administration decided in 1848 to set up a "Duke of Brunswick electromagnetic telegraph". A here on written memorandum made express, "that the Telegraph as soon as practicable to despatch transport was being used for the public" .
The first telegraph stations were in Braunschweig, Vechelde , Wolfenbüttel , Schöppenstedt , Jerxheim , Wegersleben in Große Bruch and Oschersleben . They were connected to one another by a copper wire that ran along poles next to the track. The highest authority was the "Telegraphen-Bureau" in Braunschweig.
On September 13, 1848, Prussia was allowed to “lay an insulated wire line under the planum of the railway from Oschersleben to the Hanover state border, to establish a telegraph station in the city of Braunschweig and to install the system by Prussian officials, both for their own purposes and for public transport In return, Braunschweig was allowed to use the Berlin-Cologne and also the telegraph line to Frankfurt am Main within a certain framework.
The Braunschweig telegraph office was opened in June 1849 in the station building. Braunschweig was now connected by telegram to Berlin via Oschersleben and Magdeburg, to Cologne via Hanover, Hamm and Düsseldorf, and a little later to Aachen. The connections were not always smooth.
The Ducal Post Office, the Telegraph and Railway Administration merged in 1850 to form one authority, the "Ducal Railway and Post Office". In the same year the stations in Braunschweig and Vechelde received Morse code writers. The “Telegraphen-Anstalten” in Wolfenbüttel, Schöppenstedt, Jerxheim, Wegersleben, Oschersleben, Börßum, Schladen, Vienenburg and Harzburg followed in 1853. From 1855 onwards, private dispatches could be sent to the “Ducal Telegraphen-Office” . Göttingen , Northeim , Hannoversch Münden and Einbeck were connected to the telegraph network in 1854.
With the construction of the Braunschweigische Südbahn to Holzminden (1856), further telegraph stations were built on the railway line in Ringelheim , Lutter am Barenberge , Seesen , Bad Gandersheim and Kreiensen and, from 1865, in Naensen , Vorwohle , Stadtoldendorf and Holzminden . There were further stations in Helmstedt , Schöningen , Oker and Goslar .
A “simple dispatch” in 1855 still cost 15 silver groschen. Since 1862 the fee for a "simple telegram" (20 words) within the Duchy was 8 silver groschen. However, those who telegraphed to Hanover or Celle “abroad” had to pay 15 silver groschen. For comparison: a letter cost 1 to 3 Sgr, depending on the distance. The Braunschweigische advertisements wrote in 1862: “ The fee for telegrams between Braunschweig and the Hanoverian telegraph stations (including Cassel, Hamburg, Cuxhaven, Stadthagen, Kirchhorst, Bückeburg, Pr.-Minden, Ibbenbueren, Rheine and Bremen) is up from January 1, 1863 8 groschen reduced. For every 10 more words ½ fee more ”. In 1866 one reads in the same newspaper: "(due to the war) private telegrams to Hanover stations cannot be accepted until further notice".
With the establishment of the North German Confederation on January 1, 1868, all telegraph facilities in the North German states were placed under the "General Direction of Telegraphs of the North German Confederation".
In the seventies the merging of the unprofitable telegraphy with the profitable postal service was discussed. From January 1, 1876 the "Reichs-Post- und Telegrrafenverwaltung" worked as an independent authority under the "General-Postmeister" Heinrich Stephan. The telegraph directorates disappeared and the superior postal directorates took over their function. Some telegraph stations were merged with the post offices, such as Göttingen and Holzminden. A special telegraph office remained in Braunschweig. The telegram fee was determined based on the number of words, not the distance.
automation
Attempts with the telephone were successful. The telegraph network was easy and cheap to expand. The costs for the Morse code machine and the training of the staff were eliminated. The time was right for the phone. So the telegram text could be transmitted orally.
On March 1, 1878, the first "telegraph station with telephone " was set up in Hehlen on the Weser . The length of the telegraph lines at that time was 901.88 km. Eight "1st class telegraph lines" ran through the Oberpostdirektion district, including the Berlin-Brussels-London, Berlin-Antwerp (London), Emden-Vienna and Berlin-Paris lines.
A telegraph workshop was set up at the Oberpostdirektion in 1887, which later became the Braunschweig telecommunications office. In October 1892 the Braunschweig telegraph office moved into a new building on Kattreppeln and Johannishof. On this occasion, a pneumatic tube connection was established between the telegram reception at the Braunschweig 1 post office and the telegraph hall.
In order to cope with the increased telegram traffic, faster and safer transmission devices were purchased. In Braunschweig and Göttingen it was decided to use Hughes and Etienne Schreiber . These machines worked twice as fast as a Morse code writer and they also provided immediately legible print.
Since 1929 the spring writer, the first form of today's teleprinter, replaced the old devices at the Braunschweig and Göttingen telegraph offices.
In 1942, a "telegraph office" with three telex users was put into operation in Braunschweig. In 1968 there were 16 automatically working telex exchanges in our district, through which around 1,000 participants in the “ telex service ” could dial their partners at home and abroad themselves.
After the war, the post-war difficulties had to be overcome, the network expanded and automated. Today the end telegraph offices dial each other directly within the Federal Republic. The international dial-up telegraph network , known as the Gentex network , is also expanding more and more for international traffic . But the number of telegrams is decreasing more and more. Communication via telephone, fax and the Internet is faster, easier, more versatile and cheaper. Nevertheless, Deutsche Post AG still offers (jewelry) telegrams today.
literature
- Dr. H. Scheller: The electromagnetic telegraph , Braunschweig, at Vieweg and son 1850
- Ludwig Galle: Catechism of the Electric Telegraphy , Leipzig 1855
- Henri Bade: 333 years Braunschweigische Post , Verlag Pfannkuch & CO, Braunschweig, 1960
- Horst Besold: The Oberpostdirektion Braunschweig, 1868 - 1968 , Oberpostdirektion, 1968
See also
- Braunschweig Post Offices ,
- Brunswick post mark ,
- Airmail Braunschweig ,
- OPD Braunschweig ,
- Kitchen post - Post connection Hamburg - Braunschweig (Hanover)
- Yellow carriage - postal connection Braunschweig - Leipzig
- Post route Braunschweig – Calvörde (Bahrdorf, Calvörde, apprenticeship, Velpke, Vorsfelde)
- Postal route Braunschweig – Helmstedt – Magdeburg (Helmstedt, Hessen am Fallstein, Groß Winnigstedt, Jerxheim, Königslutter, Schöningen, Schöppenstedt),
- Post route Braunschweig – Blankenburg (Blankenburg, Braunlage, Hasselfelde, Hohegeiß, Rübeland, Tanne, Walkenried, Zorge)
- Postal route Wolfenbüttel – Harzburg (Börßum, Harzburg, Immendorf, Lesse, Oker, Salder, Wolfenbüttel)
- Post route Braunschweig – Hildesheim (Bettmar, Vechelde, Thedinghausen)
- Postal route Braunschweig – Göttingen (Badenhausen, Barum and Klein-Rhüden, Bodenburg, Delligsen, Gandersheim, Gittelde, Greene and Kreisensen, Langelsheim, Lutter am Barenberg, Mühlenbeck, Naensen, Seesen)
- Post route Braunschweig – Holzminden (Amelunxborn, Bevern, Bisperode, Eschershausen, Fürstenberg, Halle on the Weser, Holzminden, Hehlen, Mainzholzen, Ottenstein, Stadtoldendorf, Vorwohle, Wickensen).
- Postal history of Blankenburg
- Brunswick coin history
- Brunswick finance laws
Web links
- It all started with telegraphy ( memento from February 12, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ), Freunde Historischer Fernmeldechnik Bielefeld e. V.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Deutsche Post AG ( Memento of the original from March 30, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
