Wood sandpiper
| Wood sandpiper | ||||||||
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Wood sandpiper ( Tringa glareola ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||
| Tringa glareola | ||||||||
| Linnaeus , 1758 |
The wood sandpiper ( Tringa glareola ) is a Eurasian bird from the family of snipe birds (Scolopacidae). It is a breeding bird of the temperate and boreal to subarctic tundra zone . In Central Europe it is a very rare breeding and summer bird that only occurs locally. The 2015 Red List of Germany's breeding birds lists the species in Category 1 as critically endangered. However, it can be seen quite frequently and regularly as a migrant and resting bird during migration times .
Appearance
The wood sandpiper is 19–21 centimeters long and weighs 50–90 grams and has a wingspan of 36 to 40 centimeters. The wood sandpiper is therefore just about the size of a starling . It is very similar to the wood sandpiper , but the latter is generally darker in appearance, more black-gray than gray-brown in color. When observing in the field or on photos, this difference is sometimes of little use, because the lighting conditions and the colors of the surroundings strongly influence the visual impression there. However, this difference in color is quite clear in flight, where the wing underside of the wood sandpiper is light gray-brown, while that of the wood sandpiper is almost black. Two particularly useful distinguishing features in non-flying birds are the light over-eye stripe and the color of the breast. The over-eye stripe in the wood sandpiper still runs far behind the eye to the neck, in the wood sandpiper it ends above the eye or just behind it. The dark chest color of the wood sandpiper gradually changes into the white color of the abdomen, with the wood sandpiper there is usually a clearly recognizable border. The green legs of the wood sandpiper are also lighter, with the wood sandpiper they sometimes appear blackish. While wood sandpipers often move more calmly and leisurely and, for example, individual passing specimens can sometimes be approached within a few meters, wood sandpipers are mostly noticeably hectic and extremely shy of people. The wood sandpiper shows a more crouched posture both when moving and resting.
Other European Schnepf birds which could confuse the Sandpiper is one of the Sandpiper , which is however significantly short-legged and colored sand brown. In addition, he always has a very crouched posture and in flight a white vertical stripe shows on the wings. The greenshank is considerably larger, has a particularly long, slightly raised beak, and in flight a long, white rump wedge becomes visible that reaches down to the back. The latter is also found in the somewhat smaller pond sandpiper , which runs through Central Europe, but is still significantly larger and noticeably slender and long-legged compared to the wood sandpiper. The North American Little Yellow Thigh is a very rare stray visitor in Europe, but its legs are longer and bright yellow, while in the Wood Sandpiper they are at most yellowish-green. Female and young ruffs as well as the males in simple dress have only a diffusely drawn stripe over the eyes, an overall no or only imprecisely patterned brown coloration on the neck and chest, are larger and have a more upright instead of horizontal posture.
In flight, the wood sandpiper calls giff -giff -giff. The alarm call is a repeated gip-gip-gip.
Occurrence
The breeding area of the wood sandpiper stretches from Scotland and Norway to Eastern Siberia , Kamchatka and the Pribylow Islands . The wood sandpiper is predominantly a long-distance migrant . Its winter quarters are found in the tropics to subtropics of the southern hemisphere . In the western Palearctic , the northern border of the winter quarters runs along the south coast of the Mediterranean and the south of the Middle East . They move as broad fronts across Central and Western Europe in a south-south-west direction. Important resting places on this train can be found on the northern edge of the Mediterranean, for example in the Po Valley and in the Camargue , where up to 50,000 individuals can be observed. Migrating birds can also be seen in the Ebro Delta . Wetlands International identified six European areas as important resting, wintering and breeding areas. Four of them are in Finland , with only the wetlands in the province of Oulu being important as a resting place during the train. The rest are areas with a high density of breeding birds. Two other important resting places are in Greece and Sweden (mouth of the Ume älv ).
The wood sandpiper breeds in raised bogs with a small population of trees as well as in open water and in swamps of the taiga and tundras. Further to the east of its distribution area, it can also be observed in denser tree populations near the water. The wood sandpiper is much more adaptable on the migration and in winter quarters, but it prefers fresh water. It can be observed, among other things, in nutrient-rich shallow water zones, on muddy surfaces and flooded meadows and on oxbow lakes of rivers.
behavior
Wood sandpipers are diurnal , but they often migrate at night. Thanks to its relatively long toes, it can also walk on floating algae lawns and floating leaves of aquatic plants. During the breeding season, the wood sandpiper is territorial. A singing flight serves to mark the territory and consists of whistling calls. The wood sandpiper can live to be 9-11 years old.
Reproduction
Wood sandpipers usually build their nests on the ground well hidden in vegetation. In Fennoscandinavia and Russia , wood sandpipers use tree nests of thrushes and other songbirds, similar to wood sandpipers. Ground nests are hollows that are lined with material from the environment. Laying begins in Central Europe at the end of April at the earliest, but usually at the beginning of May. Wood sandpipers that breed in Fennoscandinavia do not usually begin to lay eggs until mid-May. The main season here is at the beginning of June. The clutch comprises four eggs. These are top-shaped and have a light brown to greenish base color and dark to red-brown spots. The breeding period is 22 to 23 days, both parent birds breed. The young birds are able to fly at 28 to 30 days.
Duration
Current inventory and inventory development
The total European population is estimated at 350,000 to 1,200,000 breeding pairs. Of these, between 75,000 and 750,000 breeding pairs breed in the European part of Russia and between 270,000 and 440,000 breeding pairs in Fennoscandinavia. In Central Europe the species is only represented as a breeding bird in Poland . Three to five breeding pairs breed there. Due to the destruction of the bog , this species has disappeared in Central Europe with the exception of the few breeding pairs in Poland, and the population has also declined in Scandinavia. It is listed in Appendix I of the EU Bird Protection Directive (RL 79/409 / EEC), so that bird protection areas must be designated for protection .
Wood sandpipers were regular breeding birds in the lowlands of north-central Europe until the 19th century. The Central European breeding area reached from the Netherlands to Poland. Loss of habitat from the second half of the 19th century resulted in a significant decline in the number of populations and regional tasks. The wood sandpiper disappeared as a breeding bird from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania as early as the 19th century . From the 1960s onwards, the last remaining populations in Central Europe also collapsed. The breeding population in Schleswig-Holstein decreased from 47 breeding pairs in 1968 to five breeding pairs in 1979. The cause of the population decline in Central Europe is the destruction of the raised bogs through drainage, industrial peat extraction and the reforestation of bogs. Similar to the golden plover , it is assumed that climatic causes are also responsible for the large-scale loss of area.
Inventory forecasts
The wood sandpiper, like many other snipe birds, is one of the species that could be particularly affected by climate change . A research team that, on behalf of the British environmental agency and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, examined the future development of the distribution of European breeding birds on the basis of hypothetical climate models assumes that the range of the wood sandpiper will shrink considerably by the end of the 21st century and will move north. According to these forecasts, the wood sandpiper would only breed in Norway and the Urals south of the 63rd parallel. The few current Central European breeding areas will accordingly go out. New potential distribution areas are emerging on Novaya Zemlya and Svalbard , but cannot compensate for the loss of area in the south.
supporting documents
literature
- Hans-Günther Bauer, Einhard Bezzel and Wolfgang Fiedler (eds.): The compendium of birds in Central Europe: Everything about biology, endangerment and protection. Volume 1: Nonpasseriformes - non-sparrow birds. Aula-Verlag Wiebelsheim, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-89104-647-2 .
- Peter Colston , Philip Burton: Limicolen - All European wader species, identifiers, flight images, biology, distribution. BlV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-405-13647-4 .
- Simon Delany, Derek Scott, Tim Dodman, David Stroud (Eds.): An Atlas of Wader Populations in Africa and Western Eurasia. Wetlands International , Wageningen 2009, ISBN 978-90-5882-047-1 .
- Richard Sale: A Complete Guide to Arctic Wildlife , published by Christopher Helm, London 2006, ISBN 0-7136-7039-8 .
Web links
- Tringa glareola in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2008. Posted by: BirdLife International, 2008. Accessed on December 18 of 2008.
- Videos, photos and sound recordings of Tringa glareola in the Internet Bird Collection
- Age and gender characteristics (PDF; 1.8 MB) by J. Blasco-Zumeta and G.-M. Heinze (Eng.)
- Wood sandpiper feathers
Single receipts
- ↑ Christoph Grüneberg, Hans-Günther Bauer, Heiko Haupt, Ommo Hüppop, Torsten Ryslavy, Peter Südbeck: Red List of Germany's Breeding Birds , 5 version . In: German Council for Bird Protection (Hrsg.): Reports on bird protection . tape 52 , November 30, 2015.
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 512.
- ↑ Delany et al., P. 342.
- ↑ Bauer et al., S: 513
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 514.
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 512.
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 512 and p. 513.
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 513.
- ^ Brian Huntley, Rhys E. Green, Yvonne C. Collingham, Stephen G. Willis: A Climatic Atlas of European Breeding Birds , Durham University, The RSPB and Lynx Editions, Barcelona 2007, ISBN 978-84-96553-14-9 , S. yy