Chiemgau impact

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The term Chiemgau impact or Chiemgau impact describes a hypothesis about the impact of a comet / asteroid, which is said to have exploded in the air after penetrating the earth's atmosphere and whose debris allegedly fell in Chiemgau . The impact is said to be between 2200 and 300 BC. Have occurred.

The assumption of the existence of the Chiemgau impact, first expressed by amateur archaeologists in 2000, is largely rejected by experts and, according to the Bavarian State Office for the Environment, has been refuted.

Presumed stray field

Coordinates: 47 ° 50 ′ 50 ″  N , 12 ° 34 ′ 5 ″  E

Map: Bavaria
marker
Tüttensee​
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Bavaria

In 2000, a group of amateur archaeologists and Bavarian local researchers who carried out probing with a metal detector came across unknown metal particles of various shapes with no recognizable archaeological origin in the area between Altötting and Burghausen near the Upper Austrian border. The finds were often in trough-shaped earth structures, partly in forests, partly in the open. The shape of the troughs, in connection with the metallic finds, led to the hypothesis that the remains of a meteorite impact were found. A research team of amateur archaeologists was then formed under the name Chiemgau Impact Research Team (CIRT) , which also includes the geologist and geophysicist Kord Ernstson . Other members of the CIRT are the archaeoastronomer Michael Rappenglück, the historian Barbara Rappenglück, the geologist Andreas Neumair, the experimental archaeologist Till Ernstson and formerly Ralph Sporn, one of the finders of the Neuschwanstein meteorites . Physicist Ioannis Liritzis from the University of the Aegean, Department of Mediterranean Studies, has been a member of the CIRT since 2014.

According to its own statements, the CIRT documented over 100 suspected impact craters in an elliptical stray field with a length of 58 kilometers and a width of up to 27 kilometers, which extends from a cluster of smaller craters northwest of Burghausen to the Chiemsee . According to the CIRT, a comparison with other terrestrial stray fields shows similarities in the arrangement and distribution of the objects. The approximately circular Tüttensee near Grabenstätt with a diameter of 370 meters is considered to be the largest crater in the litter field .

Based on the size and distribution of the postulated craters, the CIRT inferred that the impact might take place. According to this, a comet about one kilometer in size , coming from the northeast, entered the earth's atmosphere at a speed of 12 km / s at an angle of 7 ° . It exploded at a height of around 70 kilometers, and the fragments hit with the destructive power of 8,000 Hiroshima bombs .

Geological framework in the postulated impact area

Position of 12 crater-like depressions examined in the district of Altötting (Fehr et al. 2005)

Apart from the northernmost area of ​​the presumed litter field (near Marktl am Inn), where tertiary (Miocene) gravel, sand and marl are present in the hilly terrain, the postulated impact area is mainly composed of Pleistocene moraine sediments and gravel. Boulders and blocks up to 20 cm in size are mixed with sand and clays. The components represent alpine material in the form of sedimentary rocks (mainly limestones and sandstones), igneous rocks (mostly granitoids) and metamorphic rocks (mainly quartzites, gneisses, amphibolites, serpentinites and slates). Occasionally larger blocks of cemented conglomerates (Nagelfluh) are observed. Locally, Holocene gravel as well as loess and loess loam can contribute to the top layers in the postulated impact area. According to the CIRT, the lithological diversity in the target area contributes to a diversity of impact phenomena in the affected rocks.

Evidence of an impact

There are mandatory and less mandatory criteria for impacts. These have been reviewed by Norton, OR (2002): The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Meteorites - Cambridge University Press, pp. 291-299 and French, BM (1998): Traces of Catastrophe. A Handbook of Shock-Metamorphic Effects in Terrestrial Meteorite Impact Structures. Lunar and Planetary Institute, pp. 97–99 and others. It is currently agreed that the items shock effects, shatter cones , meteorite fragments and direct observation represent a confirmation of an impact event on their own.

morphology

Crater-like structures in the scattered field are morphologically formed as round to oval, bowl-shaped terrain depressions with a diameter of a few hundred meters and often provided with a rim wall. They are located in valley areas, slopes, on ridges and exposed on moraine ridges. The depth-to-diameter ratio with unchanged structures is on average 1: 6 to 1: 7.

The depression # 004 in the presumed stray field with a diameter of 11 m. Note the pronounced ring wall (Kord Ernstson)

Basically round structures; Depressions with ring walls or / and central hills / mountains, multiple ring structures. Ultimately, morphology is not very meaningful, as many other geological structures are circular or ring-shaped and, on the other hand, real impact structures can differ greatly from such a shape. The CIRT considers this criterion to be fulfilled, as it found countless circular craters with ring walls in the postulated stray field. One example is the 004 crater with a diameter of 11 m in the Chiemgau crater scattered field. The Tüttensee has been named by the CIRT as the largest impact crater to date , but according to geological doctrine this is an ice age kettle that was created when the glaciers retreated at the end of the last ice age , as can be found more frequently as such in the foothills of the Alps .

Geophysical anomalies

Gravimetry Grabenstätt Tüttensee: results in a ring-like structure with an indication of noticeable compression

Characteristic gravimetric and magnetic anomalies can be identified in many impact structures. However, other geological processes can also result in such anomalies.

Gravimetric measurements on Lake Tüttensee and its surroundings result in a ring-like structure in the evaluation, which indicates a noticeable compaction of the subsoil. This finding in an area of ​​loosely deposited ice age material (with the exception of the moraine on the northern edge of the Tüttensee, which was already compacted in itself) supports the impact thesis against an explanation of the Tüttensee structure as a (late) ice age formation.

Magnetic abnormalities: The anomalous magnetic soil susceptibility that Hoffmann et al. (2004) measured in the extreme north of the crater scattering field has meanwhile been identified with the same characteristics by the CIRT near Tüttensee crater detected in the forests of Marwang.

Geological features

In impact structures and around them are found regularly: large deformations, folding, warping , Zerbrechungen; polymictic and monomictic breccias and breccias, megabreccias; High pressure / short term deformations of clasts in unconsolidated matrix; Rocks that look like volcanic or magmatite; Rock horizons made of exotic material.

Thunder holes

Donnerloch Kienberg, October 25, 2013
Position of thunder holes in the vicinity of Kienberg

In the area of ​​Kienberg north of the Chiemsee, numerous ground collapses (locally referred to as thunder holes) have been documented in recent decades. Excavations of such burglaries to a depth of several meters show a Nagelfluhbank on the ground that broke open at the point of the burglary and parts of it with a mass of sometimes more than 100 kg were pushed up by up to 1 m. Geophysical measurements confirm a mass transport of soil material upwards, caused by earthquake-like shock waves in the subsurface at an extent that far exceeds the diameter of the visible collapse.

When a six-meter-deep sinkhole , a so-called “thunder hole”, was discovered near Kienberg on October 25, 2013 , CIRT boss Professor Kord Ernstson saw his theory confirmed after an on-site geophysical measurement. The tremendous shock of the earthquake waves liquefied parts of the Nagelfluh rock and pushed it up like a champagne cork into the layer of clay above. The CIRT carried out extensive studies on this in 2011, which were published in the "Central European Journal of Geosciences".

The Bavarian State Office for the Environment immediately rejected the theory that this and other thunder holes were caused by a meteorite impact. As a result, such holes in the ground arise because there is rock in the subsoil that can easily be loosened by water. Over time, an underground cavity forms, the roof of which could suddenly collapse without warning. In the hazard warning map from 2014, the LfU goes into more detail on the development and states that they mainly arise in flat terrain, often in depressions. Because there is no or only limited drainage of precipitation on the surface, fine sands are flushed out of underground cavities, resulting in a sinkhole.

With a new publication "The Donnerloch Phenomenon and the Chiemgau Impact: A New Dredge, Geophysical and Geological Findings" from July 2014, the CIRT continues to question the statement of the Bavarian State Office for the Environment as part of a precisely described and documented investigation .

In the Geo-Newsletter Bavaria No. 32 of August 17, 2016, the LfU points out that large-format exhibition boards on the subject of "Thunder holes - sinkholes in the foothills of the Alps" can be borrowed free of charge .
The geology in the area around Kienberg is presented on 4 pages and shows how the loosening of rock in the subsoil and the leaching of fine sediments by water can create cavities in the subsoil and suddenly collapse. The number of the local home nurse Mr. Cases documented by Schiebl since 1910 have been expanded to 194 objects through work by the Technical University of Munich.

In the Bavarian Environmental Atlas, the thunder holes are entered under the topic of natural hazards as sinkholes / sinkholes and as Georisk point objects.

High temperature features

Rock exposed to heat

Depression # 004 with exploratory cut

2005: A working group from the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen reported on the investigation of the “crater-like structure” # 004 with a diameter of about eleven meters, the rocks of which indicated the effects of temperatures up to 1500 ° C: The formation of this structure through an impact was considered but was not considered proven.

Furrow stones

Bioerosion on limestone rubble from Lake Chiemsee

Pro: Impact proponents consider them to be regmaglypts , the formation of which can be explained by a dissolution / erosion process with the melting of the debris during the impact. The explanation of the CIRT: The often pyramidal or cone-shaped sculpted pebbles with z. Sometimes very sharp-edged ridges, geometrically oriented on the cones and pyramids, which led to the stylolites (pressure sutures) following erosion through melting / decarbonization and thus to the directed ablation process . The heat signs of flint bulbs in regmaglypic limestones and the striated surfaces of the regmaglypes lead the explanation as the formation of organisms ad absurdum.

Cons: In the shallow water zone of the eastern Chiemsee there are regular limestone pebbles with conspicuous surfaces known as furrow stones . Furchensteine, on the other hand, are not restricted to the Chiemsee, but are widespread in lakes in the Alpine foothills and other regions and are caused by the activity of cyanobacteria and algae in shallow water.

High pressure features

Planar Deformation Structures (PDFs) in quartz, feldspars and other minerals; planar breaks (PFs) in quartz, diaplectic quartz and feldspars, diaplectic glasses; multiple sets of intense kink bands in mica, multiple sets of micro-twins in calcite. Kink bands in mica and planar fractures (fissile properties) in quartz are also known from extreme tectonic deformation. Breccias or broken rocks are deposited in and around the postulated craters. In addition, vitrified rocks were found, the formation of which, in the opinion of the CIRT, can be traced back to the heat exposure during the suspected impact. According to the critics, the glassy surfaces of some silicate pebbles were created during the pre-industrial extraction of raw materials, for example in small ironworks or lime kilns . Both the furrow stones and the pebbles with a glazed surface are found exclusively on the surface of the earth, but not in naturally grown material.

2013: As part of the mineralogy conference from May 19-22, 2013 in Syktyvkar, Ernstson et al. published an article about the many different types of carbon modifications (including the Chiemit with evidence of the highest pressures and temperatures during formation), which indicate a shock carbonization of the vegetation affected by the impact in Chiemgau. Shock coalification means that, unlike geologically long-lasting coal formation (organic material> peat> lignite> hard coal> anthracite), a direct conversion of organic material (especially wood, peat) into the highest levels of coalification such as glassy carbon and chiemite occurred spontaneously due to the extreme shock effect. Many finds give convincing arguments for this, such as diatoms and cyanobacteria in dense, hard, glass-like carbon and wood residues that are “baked in” in the high-temperature / high-pressure Chiemit.

2014: The shock effects determined by the CIRT in thin sections - diagnostic for shock metamorphosis - in rocks from the impact horizon at Lake Tüttensee (ejecta, colorful breccia) were rejected by Reimold, U. & Koeberl, C. without their own investigations.

2014: New findings on the "exotic" substances from the Chiemgau - crater strewn field were presented at the 2014 Mineralogy Conference in Syktyvkar. See meteorite fragments

Special features

In the scattered field, spherules (up to 1 mm in diameter) made of glass, metal and carbon were extracted from soil material from a depth of about 30 cm at several sites , as well as so-called accretionary lapilli in the vicinity of the Tüttensee.

carbon

Due to their internal structure and the carbon modifications they contain (diamonds in the nanometer range, fullerenes, etc.), the investigated carbon spherules are viewed as products of a process with high pressures and temperatures.

From the southern area of ​​the stray field, pieces of porous carbon up to several cm in size were identified after investigations as a mixture of amorphous carbon, vitreous carbon, diamond-like carbon and other modifications, e.g. Sometimes with educational conditions in the high temperature and high pressure range.

Chiemite - a pseudo-impactite

In a ceremony in 2012, CIRT will present the deputy district administrator and chairman of the Chiemgau-Impakt-Verein eV, Mr. Josef Konhäuser, with the Chiemgau impact rock, a rare carbon modification called Chiemit , together with the dedication document.

Scientists from CSIRO in Australia compared Chiemit material from Mauerkirchen and the Rauschberg with blacksmith coke and found a strong match. Evidence for a cosmic origin of the samples was not found.

Meteorite fragments

They are absent in the vast majority of cases in larger meteorite craters, due to the complete evaporation of the projectile on impact. Microscopic geochemical proof of the impactor is possible in principle. Fragments of the meteorite are generally found on young, small craters. However, the few particles found in the Macha crater litter field (Yakutia) that are believed to be meteoritic are no larger than 1.2 mm.

2005: Metallic particles that were found in parts of Eastern Bavaria and identified as iron silicide ( Fe Si ), gupeiite (Fe 3 Si) and xifengite (Fe 5 Si 3 ) were originally interpreted by the CIRT as presolar inclusions of the Chiemgau comet, their Age that the solar system is supposed to exceed. According to the CIRT, however, it could not be ruled out that the particles represent a residue from metal processing by humans. Further studies now name the industrial origin, as by-products in the manufacture of mineral fertilizers, as the most likely explanation for the formation of these iron silicides.

2005: A study of the region near Burghausen is available from a working group at the University of Munich . The size of the postulated stray field was given here, at 11 by 7 kilometers, significantly smaller than by the CIRT. An investigation of the iron silicides had shown that it could be earthly material of industrial origin. The investigation came to the conclusion that there is no clear evidence of an anthropogenic origin of the soil structures. Further geological and archaeological investigations were seen as necessary in order to be able to prove or reject the occurrence of an impact.

2009: The glasses and metal particles were also examined by scientists at various European universities and research institutes. There were no indications of a comet impact.

2014: As part of a mineralogists' conference of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Syktywkar ( Yushkin Memorial Seminar) by CIRT, in cooperation with Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH and Oxford Instruments GmbH NanoScience, new analyzes of the exotic materials found in the scattered field are published. The following substances could be detected in the material described by the LfU as industrially created: Iron silicides Fe 3 Si ( Gubeit ) - Fe 5 Si 3 ( Xifengit ) - Fe 2 Si ( Hapkeit ), Mineral SiC: (β) 3C-SiC ( Moissanite ) , Nanodiamonds in FeSi matrix, mineral crotite and mineral dicalcium dialuminate . Other materials from the assumed impact area are the new rock chiemite and vitreous carbon with C: 58.86% O: 39.91% and 1.23%: Na, S, Fe, Si, Al, K, Cl, Ca which arises at 3800-4000 K. The CIRT sees this as confirmation that it is not only a matter of materials that were secondary in the course of the impact process, but also found eight materials that are known from previous meteorite impacts.

Direct observation (historical record)

There are very few meteorite observations that can be assigned unequivocally to a crater formation (e.g. Sikhote Alin ). The interpretation of a myth as meteorite observation can therefore only be based on craters to a very limited extent. If the explanation of a crater as an impact sequence and its conclusive dating is still pending, a mutually supporting construct remains.

The myth of Phaethon

In 2010, the CIRT team published the thesis in the archaeological journal Antiquity that the legend of Phaethon handed down from Greek mythology could be traced back to an observation of the impact by Celts. The CIRT referred to earlier researchers who read possible impressions of observing a bright meteorite from the description of the runaway sun chariot. Of all known crater formations, none can be assigned to the time when the myth was created, except for the hypothetical Chiemgau impact in the CIRT dating. In this publication, however, compared to earlier publications, this was set to 2000 to 800 BC. Adapted.

In the next edition of Antiquity, employees of the Bavarian State Office for the Environment contradicted this interpretation, again referring to the accepted geological explanations for the formation of the rocks found and referred to the undisturbed moor horizons of the Tüttensee. In the same issue, the authors of the original article stated why they nevertheless upheld their thesis.

In a further study, however, the authors James and van der Sluijs (2016) come to the conclusion that the Phaeton story could not be explained by an impact in Bavaria. Rather, the myth can be explained by an event in the Middle East.

Views of alleged impact craters

  • Natural monument and geotope Toteisloch near Seeon

  • Depression Purkering

  • Bergham Depression

  • Depression Rieperting

  • Depression 011

Media coverage

Despite the uncertain situation, the hypothesis of the Chiemgau impact was taken up several times by the mass media .

First, the news magazine Der Spiegel reported on this alleged discovery on October 25, 2004 under the title “Forest of Fire Marbles” . Then it was reported in the Alpen-Donau-Adria-Magazin of Bavarian TV (January 15, 2005). On September 15, 2005 , the RTL 2 series “ World of Miracles ” broadcast a detailed report with computer-generated special effects and an invented framework story under the title “Projectile from space - a comet impact devastates Bavaria” . In this first report, criticism of the reality of this process was largely unmentioned, the curiosity was in the foreground. In the ZDF series “ Terra X ” on January 8, 2006, the discussion about the so-called Chiemgau comet was presented. The far-reaching cultural-historical effects presented in this program are, however, speculative in nature and are not supported by the CIRT. The representation of the comet's impact itself was also heavily criticized.

From 2006 onwards, the hypothesis was reported increasingly critically in the media and the dispute between supporters and critics came to the fore, for example in the BR series Faszination Wissen (2007) and the Arte series X: enius (2008) as well as due to a press release from the State Office for the Environment and a dpa report in autumn 2010 in numerous German daily newspapers and weekly magazines.

Statement from scientists on the activities of the CIRT

A group of over 20 scientists issued a statement on the theory in November 2006, criticizing that “despite a lack of evidence and lack of documentation in scientific journals [...] the 'Chiemgau Impact Theory' is very one-sided in the media was made ". Therefore, "the origin of the craters is clearly rejected by the impact of a comet." In a reply, the CIRT pointed out that it did not see any of its research results refuted in this press release and that its findings were confirmed by the very extensive research work in 2006. Further statements followed.

Due to press reports in local newspapers that described the impact theory as scientifically recognized, but also because the CIRT is increasingly public and politically present to spread its ideas, 16 scientists published an “open letter” in May 2011 in which the Attempts to prove the CIRT carried out to date are described as abstruse. In the letter, the impression is resolutely countered that the impact theory is based on a scientific basis or even withstands scientific examination. In a further statement, in which they equated the open letter with a defamation campaign, CIRT members resolutely defended themselves and went into some details of the arguments put forward by the opponents.

Missing confirmations

In the database on confirmed impact structures on Earth , the Earth Impact Database , maintained by the Planetary and Space Science Center (PASSC) at the University of New Brunswick (Canada) , there are only two entries for Germany: the Ries crater and the Steinheim Basin .

Since the confirmation missing by independent scientists postulated by CIRT crater from are scientific community (Engl. Scientific community) is not recognized.

Exhibitions of the CIRT

  • Museum of the Chiemgau Impact in the castle economy in Grabenstätt

Varia

Several authors have now processed the subject literarily. Among others, René Paul Niemann took up the hypothesis, its origins and accompanying phenomena in his homeland crime novel The Comet von Palling . The impact also plays a role in Ursula Isbel's fantasy story The Night of the Fairies .

literature

  • Kord Ernstson: The Chiemgau Impact. A Bavarian meteorite crater field. Chiemgau-Impakt eV, Traunstein 2010, ISBN 978-3-00-031128-4 .
  • Kord Ernstson: The Chiemgau Impact. A Bavarian meteorite crater field. Part 2 Chiemgau-Impakt eV, Traunstein 2015, ISBN 978-3-00-049099-6 .
  • Robert Darga & Johann Franz Wierer: The Chiemgau Impact - a speculative bubble - Or: The Tüttensee is NOT a cometary crater. In: In the footsteps of the Inn-Chiemsee-Glacier - excursions. Pfeil, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-89937-104-8 , pp. 174-185 ( scribd.com ).
  • Josef Gareis: The dead ice corridors of the Bavarian Alpine foothills as evidence of the type of ice shrinkage during the late worm age , Würzburger Geographische Arbeit , Würzburg 1978
  • E. Kroemer: Sediment extraction and dating in the silting zone of the Tüttensee. Bavarian State Office for the Environment 2010 ( lfu.bayern.de PDF).
  • Bavarian State Office for the Environment : Out of this world. Bavaria's meteorite. Self-published, Augsburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-936385-92-2 . (On pages 82–85, under It is not all meteorite that shines, the so-called Chiemgau impact is related).

Web links

Commons : Chiemgau-Einschlag  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Barbara Rappenglück, Michael A. Rappenglück, Kord Ernstson, Werner Mayer, Andreas Neumair, Dirk Sudhaus and Ioannis Liritzis: The fall of Phaethon: a Greco-Roman geomyth preserves the memory of a meteorite impact in Bavaria (south-east Germany) . In: Antiquity, Volume 84 (2010), pp. 428–439
  2. ↑ When did the sky collapse? The dating of the Chiemgau impact (PDF file)
  3. ↑ E. Kroemer: Sediment extraction and dating in the silting zone of the Tüttensee (PDF; 781 kB) , short report by the Bavarian State Office for the Environment, 2010
  4. ^ Kord Ernstson: The Chiemgau Impact . Chiemgau-Impakt eV 2010, ISBN 978-3-00-031128-4 , pp. 15-19
  5. ↑ Scatter ellipse and crater dimensions on chiemgau-impakt.de
  6. ↑ U. Schüssler, M. Rappenglück, K. Ernstson, W. Mayer, B. Rappenglück: Das Impakt-Kraterstreufeld im Chiemgau In: European Journal of Mineralogy. 17, supplement 1, 2005, p. 124.
  7. ↑ a b c K. T. Fehr, J. Pohl, W. Mayer, R. Hochleitner, J. Fassbinder, E. Geiss, H. Kerscher: A meteorite impact crater field in eastern Bavaria? A preliminary report. In: Meteoritics & Planetary Science . 40, No. 2, 2005, pp. 187-194.
  8. ^ French, BM (1998): Traces of Catastrophe. A Handbook of Shock-Metamorphic Effects in Terrestrial Meteorite Impact Structures. Lunar and Planetary Institute, pp. 97-99
  9. ^ A b Ernstson, K., Mayer, W., Neumair, A., Rappenglück, B., Rappenglück, MA, Sudhaus, D., Zeller, K. (2010): The Chiemgau Crater Strewn Field: Evidence of a Holocene Large Impact Event in Southeast Bavaria, Germany - Journal of Siberian Federal University Engineering & Technologies 1, (2010 3), 72-103
  10. ^ Ernstson, K. (2011): Gravity survey of the Holocene Lake Tüttensee meteorite crater (Chiemgau impact event)
  11. ↑ Gravimetric measurement at Tüttensee (K.Ernstson, 2011)
  12. ^ A b V. Hoffmann, W. Rösler, A. Patzelt, B. Raeymaekers, P. van Espen: Characterization of a small crater-like structure in southeast Bavaria, Germany. (PDF file; 20 kB) In: Meteoritics and Planetary Science. 40, 2005, p. A69.
  13. ↑ The Holocene Tüttensee meteorite crater in southeast Germany, CIRT p.16 / 17
  14. ↑ www.chiemgau24.de: New Donnerloch discovered
  15. ↑ CIRT - Ernstson 11.2013: "Donnerloch bei Kienberg - Result of the measurement by the CIRT"
  16. ↑ www.chiemgau24.de: A new "Donnerloch" and many old questions
  17. ^ Kord Ernstson, Werner Mayer, Andreas Neumair, Dirk Sudhaus: The sinkhole enigma in the Alpine Foreland, Southeast Germany: Evidence of impact-induced rock liquefaction processes . In: Open Geosciences . tape 3 , no. 4 , December 2011, ISSN  2391-5447 , p. 385-397 , doi : 10.2478 / s13533-011-0038-y ( link.springer.com ).
  18. ^ Bavarian State Office for the Environment: Hazard warning map Alps with Alpine foothills - Traunstein district , pages 49–50
  19. ↑ The Donnerloch Phenomenon and the Chiemgau Impact: A New Excavator Dig, Geophysical and Geological Findings, Kord Ernstson and Andreas Neumair, July 2014
  20. ^ LfU, Geo-Newsletter Bavaria, No. 32, August 17, 2016
  21. ↑ LfU (2016): "Donnerlöcher" - sinkholes in the foothills of the Alps (PDF; 12.4 MB).
  22. ↑ K. Ernstson: New Furchensteine ​​from Chiemsee - no bacteria, no algae, no mussels
  23. ↑ A new furrow stone from the Chiemsee CIRT
  24. ↑ New observations on the Furchensteinen from Chiemsee CIRT
  25. ↑ Robert Darga & Johann Franz Wierer: The Chiemgau Impact - a speculative bubble - Or: The Tüttensee is NOT a cometary crater. S. 174–185 in: On the trail of the Inn-Chiemsee-Glacier - excursions. 192 pp., Munich (Pfeil) 2009, ISBN 978-3-89937-104-8 .
  26. ↑ www.scribd.com Huber, R. & Götz, S - The Chiemsee Furchensteine, how bioerosion becomes a catastrophe.
  27. ↑ The Donnerloch Phenomenon and the Chiemgau Impact: A New Excavator Dig, Geophysical and Geological Findings
  28. ↑ The Bavarian State Office for the Environment - geological service - and the Chiemgau impact: a never-ending story. (2013)
  29. ↑ Chiemgau impact: Article on impact soil liquefaction (Liquefaktion) (2011)
  30. ↑ IMPAKT CRITERIA for the Chiemgau impact event and meteorite crater scatter field (2011)
  31. ↑ The archaeological excavation Chieming-Stöttham, archaeologist Dr. Möslein and the Süddeutsche Zeitung (SZ) (2011)
  32. ↑ The Colorful Breccia from Tüttensee (K.Ernstson)
  33. ↑ From biomass to glassy carbon and carbynes: evidence of possible meteorite impact shock coalification and carbonization K. Ernstson, TG Shumilova, SI Isaenko, A. Neumair, MA Rappengluck (2013)
  34. ↑ Shock effects (shock metamorphosis) in rocks from the impact horizon at Lake Tüttensee (CIRT)
  35. ↑ THE CHIEMGAU METEORITE IMPACT SIGNATURE OF THE STÖTTHAM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE (SOUTHEAST GERMANY)
  36. ↑ Reimold et al. (2014) Impact controversies: Impact recognition criteria and related issues. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Volume 49, Issue 5, 723-731
  37. ^ Reimold, U. & Koeberl, C. (2014) Impact structures in Africa: A review. Journal of African Earth Sciences. Volume 93, May 2014, Pages 57-175
  38. ^ A b Ernstson, K., Sideris, C., Liritzis, I., Neumair, A. (2012): The Chiemgau meteorite impact signature of the Stöttham archeological site (Southeast Germany) - Mediterranian Archeology and Archeometry, Vol.12.2, 249-259
  39. ↑ Hoffmann, V., Rösler, W., Patzelt, A., Raeymaekers, B., Espen, V. (2005): Characterization of a small crater-like structure in SE Bavaria, Germany - 68th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting, Abstract # 5158
  40. ↑ Hoffmann, V., Tori, M., Funaki, M. (2006): Peculiar Magnetic signature of Fe-Silicide phases and Diamond / Fullerene containing Carbon Spherules - in: TRAVAUX GEOPHYSIQUES XXVII - Abstracts of the 10th "Castle Meeting" - New Trends in Geomagnetism, Paleo, Rock and Environmental Magnetism, 52-53
  41. ↑ Rösler, W., Hoffmann, V., Raeymaekers, B., Schryvers, D., and Popp, J. (2005): Carbon spherules with diamonds in soils. - Paneth Colloquium Nördlingen
  42. ↑ Yang, ZQ, Verbeek, J., Schryvers, D., Tarcea, N., Popp, J., Rösler, W. (2008): TEM and Raman characterization of diamond micro- and nanostructures in carbon spherules from upper soils - Diamond & Related Materials, Volume 17, 937-943
  43. ↑ (Abstract) , (Poster) Shumilova, TG, Isaenko, SI, Makeev, BA, Ernstson, K., Neumair, A., Rappenglück, MA (2012): Enigmatic poorly structured Carbon substances from the Alpine foreland, southeast Germany: evidence of a cosmic relation - 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract & Poster # 1430
  44. ↑ (Abstract) , (Poster) Isaenko, SI, Shumilova, TG, Ernstson, K., Shevchuk, S., Neumair, A., Rappenglück, M. (2012): Carbynes and DLC in naturally occurring carbon matter from the Alpine Foreland, South-East Germany: Evidence of a probable new impactite - Abstracts European Mineralogical Conference Vol. 1, EMC 2012-217, Frankfurt
  45. ↑ Chiemit - dedication ceremony Mr. Josef Konhäuser
  46. ↑ (Abstract) (Poster) Brogan Smith, Anais Pages, Jens Klump (Mineral Resources, CSIRO, Kensington WA, Australia), Robert Huber (MARUM, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany), Robert Darga (Natural History and Mammut Museum, Siegsdorf, Germany): If you wish upon a star. Chiemite: an Anthropocene pseudo-impactite - EGU 2019 poster and abstract # 18826
  47. ↑ M. Rappenglück., U. Schüssler, W. Mayer, K. Ernstson: Are the iron silicides from the impact crater strewn field in Chiemgau cosmic? ( Memento from August 21, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 135 kB) In: European Journal of Mineralogy. 17, supplement 1, 2005, p. 108.
  48. ↑ U. Schüssler: On the origin of the iron silicides Xifengit and Gupeiit in the underground of SE Bavaria ( Memento of the original from December 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.uli-schuessler.de
  49. ↑ Heinlein, D. (2009) The so-called "Celtic killer comet" - Was there a comet impact in Chiemgau? Journal f. Astronomy, III (30): 84-86
  50. ↑ (Yushkin Memorial Seminar – 2014). Syktyvkar,… Academician NP Yushkin ― Problems and perspectives of modern mineralogy
  51. ↑ Meteorite impact on a micrometer scale: iron silicide, carbide and CAI minerals from the Chiemgau impact event (Germany) Michael A. Rappenglück (InfIS), Frank Bauer (Oxford Instruments GmbH NanoScience), Kord Ernstson (CIRT), Michael Hiltl (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH)
  52. ↑ Chiemit - 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2012)
  53. ↑ Gerhard Doppler, Erwin Geiss, Ernst Kroemer, Robert Traidl: Response to 'The fall of Phaethon: a Greco-Roman geomyth preserves the memory of a meteorite impact in Bavaria (south-east Germany)' by Rappenglück et al. (Antiquity 84) . In: Antiquity, Volume 85, No 327, pp. 274–277
  54. ↑ Barbara Rappenglück, Michael A. Rappenglück et al .: Reply to Doppler et al. 'Response to “The fall of Phaethon: a Greco-Roman geomyth preserves the memory of a meteorite impact in Bavaria (south-east Germany) (Antiquity 84)”' . In: Antiquity, Volume 85, No 327, pp. 278–280
  55. ↑ James, P. & van der Sluijs, MA (2016): The Fall of Phaethon in Context: A New Synthesis of Mythological, Archaeological and Geological Evidence. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 16, 67-94
  56. ↑ CIRT - regional research at the top level: Pferdehof ND
  57. ^ Geotope-Toteisloch SW of Klosterseeon
  58. ↑ BayernAtlas relief
  59. ↑ CIRT - Regional research at the top level: Purkering
  60. ↑ BayernAtlas relief
  61. ↑ Posters: Ries Steinheim Chiemgau
  62. ↑ BayernAtlas relief
  63. ↑ Chiemgau-Impakt.de: A new, larger impact crater?
  64. ↑ BayernAtlas relief
  65. ↑ BayernAtlas relief
  66. ↑ Matthias Schulz, Astronomy: Forest of Fire Marbles , in: Der Spiegel from October 25, 2004
  67. ↑ CIRT: The Terra X show under discussion.
  68. ↑ Elmar Jessberger: A fairy tale hour on ZDF. In: Stars and Space . March 2006 (letter to the editor)
  69. ↑ Gesine Steiner: The supposed impact of a comet in Chiemgau lacks a scientific basis. Press release by the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, November 21, 2006
  70. ↑ U. Reimold et al.: The supposed impact of a comet in Chiemgau lacks a scientific basis. ( Memento of 27 September 2007 at the Internet Archive ) (PDF, 77 kB) Full text of the press statement of the Museum of Natural History, Berlin November 21, 2006
  71. ^ CIRT: Reply to the press release (Gesine Steiner) of the Natural History Museum Berlin of November 21, 2006.
  72. ↑ CIRT: Critical commentary by Ferran Claudin, Spain, on the press release of the Natural History Museum Berlin. ( Spanish original text , German translation )
  73. ↑ CIRT: Chiemgau Impact Research Team calls for answers to the ten questions from the response to the press release by the Berlin Natural History Museum. ( Memento from May 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  74. ↑ R. Darga and JF Wierer: Explanation of the arguments for and against the comet theory.
  75. ↑ Open letter on the "Chiemgau Impact" and the activities of the "Chiemgau Impact Research Team" in public
  76. ↑ Chiemgau Impakt - defamation campaign against a meteorite impact in Chiemgau
  77. ↑ Earth Impact Database - European Impact Structures
  78. ^ Community of Grabenstätt: Museum of the Chiemgau Impact
  79. ^ Museums Portal Chiemgau: Museum of the Chiemgau Impact
  80. ↑ René Paul Niemann: The Palling Comet. Upper Bavaria crime series . Verlag HJ Emons, 2012, ISBN 3-86358-083-4 .
  81. ↑ Ursula Isbel: The night of the fairies. Ueberreuter Verlagm 2009, ISBN 3-8000-5464-7 .