Corsa camarguenca
The Corsa camarguenca ( Provencal / Occitan ; French : Course camarguaise ( f )) is a sport. It is about getting trophies off the forehead and horns of a bull, which is evaluated according to a point system. At the critical moment, a razeteur (' bull stripper ') and the cocardier (i.e. a Camargue bull carrying the cocarde ) face each other. The sport is one of the intangible cultural heritage of France . Over time , the risky game has become a professional sport that is subject to numerous rules .
It is a traditional festival or sport that takes place in the south of France in an area stretching from Languedoc to Provence , from Hérault to Vaucluse . It will be held in the four French departments of Gard (30), Hérault (34), Bouches-du-Rhône (13) and Vaucluse (84). The courses take place during the temporade , i.e. H. the season of traditional bullfighting ( année de traditions taurines ) from March to September.
This form of bullfighting differs from the traditionally known form from Spain , the Spanish bullfight ( Spanish Corrida de Toros ), with the breed of cattle called Spanish fighting cattle (Spanish toro de lidia ), which is also held in southern France . For the Provencal form discussed here, a smaller, semi-wild breed of cattle called the Camargue is used. In addition, the animals are not killed, but returned to pasture after the fight . The animals are used for years and some of them are highly prized.
history
The beginnings of this ancient tradition go back a long way. An old testimony is available about a course in Arles in 1402 , which was celebrated in honor of Count Ludwig II of Provence, with a fight between a lion and an ox . In this bullfighting game, however, there were constant changes over time. Despite a decree in 1662 due to a significant number of dead and injured, the bloody games continued in secret into the 19th century. Towards the end of the 19th century people began to attach various attributes to the horns of the bulls (flowers, scarves, etc.) in order to be taken down by young amateurs. Since 1890, cattle breeders have paid special attention to the Camargue cattle breed . Then the competitions took place in improvised arenas. They began to attach cocardes to the horns and bonuses were paid to those who took the trophies ( attributes ) away. This was the birth of the course libre (free competition). Then the attributes and the crochet ("hook") were regulated.
In 1975 the Fédération française de la course camarguaise was established under the law of July 1, 1901 . On October 10, 1975, the Fédération française de la course camarguaise (FFCC) was approved by the ministry. The course camarguaise has been recognized as a sport by the Secrétariat d'État à la jeunesse et aux sports . Since 1975 the course has been called Course Camarguaise . It was officially recognized as a sport. Until 1966 it was called Course libre , then Course à la cocarde . The current president of the Fédération française de la course camarguaise is Hadrien Poujol.
Course ('race')
Preliminary program
The course precedes the abrivado , this is the 'arrival' of the bulls in the bullring. They are accompanied from the pastures in the herd of gardians ( keepers ) on manade horses. The streets are kept free for this with signs, for example with the inscription: Vous êtes sur le Parcours des Abrivados et Bandidos . Your return to the pastures after the course under the same conditions is called the bandido . The goal of the gardians (guardians) is to keep the horses and the bulls together, the goal of the people on the street ( attrapaïres ) is to distract the bulls and break their marching order. At the big events in the big arenas there is a big support program, with marches, dances by people dressed in historical costumes, etc.
Arena ( slope )
The arenas are very different in size. They exist in large and small places. The arena is surrounded by a stable fence that is about chest-high, behind which the fighters can escape with a powerful jump if - as is usually the case - they are attacked by the bull during their actions. Behind it is a circulation ( contrepiste ). Many fighters, who know from experience that the bull sometimes jumps after this circuit, immediately flee further up the side wall from this circuit if they already suspect this.
The president of the respective event sits in the arena at the toril , the accommodation for the bulls during the event in the arena when they are not in the arena to fight. He opens the event with the sentence: "Messieurs les raseteurs, en place pour la capelado!"
course
A trumpet ( trompette ) announces the beginning and the end of the respective passage ( passage du taureau ) for the individual bull. A course usually consists of six bulls, each 15 minutes in the arena.
The bull is allowed into the arena and then given some time to orientate and find its way around. The game starts after about a minute. There are a number of men present who have different tasks. They are uniformly dressed in plain white. The clothing is made in such a way that the bull cannot hook itself with its horns, for example it has no pockets or belts. The actual bullfighters do not differ in appearance from the people who perform other functions, only in the color of the name inscription (red and black).
During the whole event, a stadium announcer will announce when the prize money for a trophy is increased. In the events, six bulls usually fight fifteen minutes each.
If the bull manages to defend its trophies, it leaves the arena as the winner after fifteen minutes and the next bull comes in line.
Raset
During the raset , the fighter touches the forehead or the base of the horns of the bull with the crochet ('hook') in order to get the trophies ( attributes ) from him .
A successful raset depends on the current through the square raseteur mainly from a good calculation of Wegbahn or length from. At the moment when the bull is distracted from the tourneur , the razor runs through the arena in the most promising way possible. The Taurus usually follows it as soon as it starts to run. The razor runs into a pre-calculated contact zone, an area where the bull will move in his estimation, and where the razor works best according to his experience. If the razor makes too short an arc in his run across the square, the bull will catch up with him, even if his path is too long. If the bull does not follow as expected, the razor evades the bull by breaking off the raset attempt .
Attribute (trophies)
The glands , the cocarde , the ficelles and the frontal are scored differently and each have a monetary value in the game, which is determined by the president and the jury of the. The most valuable are added by the president as the fight progresses, indicating the sponsors (companies, bull clubs or lovers) from whom they come. The prices are sometimes several thousand euros.
The trophies ( Provencal / Occitan los atributs ) are called in Provencal / Occitan: la cocarda , l'agland , la faissèla , in French: la cocarde , le gland and les ficelles . There is also the frontal .
These trophies ( attributes ) are objects that are attached to the horns and on the forehead of the castrated bull ( jingoistic or biòu ) that the speeders (with a black name tag) have to remove from the animal. This is done with the help of a special hand-like iron claw ( crochet - literally: "hook"), which you carry with you in order to receive points and bonuses for winning. The trophies are each given a certain number of points.
The cocarda (literally: cockade) is different than its name suggests, a small red cloth, about five to six cm long and one cm wide. It is pinned right in the center of the bull's forehead. Two small white pompons / tassels (provencal. Agland / French. Gland ) are attached to threads at the base of the horns, plus the ficelles , i.e. H. threads attached to the base of the horns.
The other attributs are at the base of the horns.
The trophies must be picked up by the razor in a set order.
Involved and accessories
At the course, around a dozen speedsters, a few tourers and the bull face each other at large events such as the large arena in Arles. While the tourers distract the bull, the razors try to tear the small trophies from its forehead or horns.
dress
The actors all wear white clothes. You are wearing sneakers, white trousers and a white shirt. The only difference in clothing between racers and tourers is the color of their name on the shirt. The speeders have the crochet (literally: "hook") in their hand, a small metal claw with which the trophies are pulled down from the horns. They wear shin guards, their fingers are wrapped in white cloth.
The speeders
The razor performs a raset (for example: foray), where he "grazes" the bull on the forehead or the base of its horns in order to get the trophies ( attributes ) from it. His accomplice, the tourneur , distracts the bull in order to bring the razor into a favorable position for his task. The bioù usually chases after the razor and sometimes he rams the barricade of the arena behind which the razor has fled from him. This is known as the coup de barrière . Sometimes the bull also skips this and is then in the circuit behind it, which is called the contrepiste . Different scores are given for the different trophies. The raseteurs are trained throughout the year at the schools for raseteurs ( écoles de raseteurs ). There are sixteen of these schools and the training lasts 3 to 5 years.
The speeders are divided into two groups in a fight, known as droitiers and gauchers , and they are in groups on different sides to the right and left of the arena.
The Tourneurs
The Tour Eure ( tourneur ) help the raseteur (or Raseteuren) at its destination, the trophies ( attributs ) to acquire from the bull and steer the attention away or try to get him into the arena in a position in which a raseteur can approach him advantageously from the left or right. The name is always red on the back of his jersey. A tourneur also does not carry a crochet ('hook') with him.
Crochet ("hook")
The crochet (literally: "hook"), a special hand-like metal claw to get hold of the trophies known as attributes , is regulated.
Cocardier
Cocardier or biou are on Provence , the designations for the Camargue designated Domestic Cattle breed of Camargue, specifically for the Course camarguaise is used. That the cocarde bearing animal is taureau Cocardier called. The oxen ( bœuf / biòu ) used for the fight are castrated at the age of one year. The Provencal cocardier is slightly smaller than the Spanish breed of cattle used for bullfighting, but wirier and faster than its Spanish cousin, and its horns are lyre-shaped or erect (in French the three forms are: Lyre - Gobelet - (most common) - Larguet ). The best cocardier of the season receives a prize every year, the Biòu d'or (“Golden Bull”) determined by a jury .
After the fight
After the fight, the bulls come back to the toril and at the end of the event they are driven back to the pastures in the arena.
Camargue bull
The Camargue bull is described by Meike Droste ( Arles: Gallula Roma ) as follows:
“The Camargues bulls are among the oldest animal species in Europe and go back to an ancient breed [...]. They were already very popular in the Roman gladiator fights. The body shapes of the Camargues bulls are strikingly reminiscent of cattle from Asia Minor, Egypt, the old Aegean Empire, Crete, Greece and North Africa. It is a Mediterranean animal and not a descendant of the aurochs or Bos primigenius (both are larger and more massive and more like the Spanish type). Special characteristics of the animal are the horns bent in the Greek lyre shape (harp). Their limbs are different from those of the draft ox and are not made for field work. "
Famous bulls
In some localities there are monuments to famous bulls, such as the bull named Goya. Others have their burial place on the mas (farm) where they have lived all their lives.
A famous bull, for example, was the cocardier named Vovo, of which there is a statue in front of the arena of Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer . He came from the manade Aubanel Baroncelli Santenco.
Another famous bull was the cocardier Muscadet, a bióu d'or from the Manade Rouquette in 1998, in whose honor a statue was erected in Mauguio (Hérault).
There were and are many other famous animals.
Competitions for speedsters
There is the Trophées des As for the elite of the “bull-raiders” and the Trophée de l'Avenir for their young successors. Every year three events draw the attention of afeciounados (the Provencal equivalent of the Spanish aficionado ). According to the Provencal poet Frédéric Mistral (1830–1914), this means afeciounado : passion , zélé and qui a du goût pour . The most important date with the most prestigious competition of all these tournaments is the first Monday in July, when the Cocarde d'Or (Golden Cockade) takes place as the end of the festivities in Arles (founded in 1931). Others are the Palme d'or of Beaucaire and the final of the Trophée des As , which takes place alternately in Nîmes and Arles . These three courses are the most important, but there are many more award-winning courses.
Beginner
When disciples fight, the bulls' horns are wrapped so that they are blunt. There is the Trophée de l'Avenir prize for the youngsters among the raseteurs .
museum
In the city of Nîmes , the Musée des Cultures Taurines , a museum of bullfighting and bull cultures, was inaugurated in 2002 , which deals with regional culture, particularly bullfighting .
Arenas
The arenas are scattered all over the area, even in smaller towns. There are over a hundred of them. Some bullring are on the French list of monuments historiques . The largest arena is the Arles amphitheater , which is also used for this purpose, and where the Spanish form of bullfighting takes place.
music
A collection of pieces of music published for the events in the arenas contains the following works:
«Avant la course; Prélude à l'acte I Carmen / Orchester national Bordeaux Aquitaine; Le Sanglier / Les negresses vertes; Lou Bandot / Goran Brégovic, Il faut arroser la piste / Chris Gonzales; Paint it black / Pascal Comelade; Le théâtre aux taureaux / Crhis Gonzales; Le taureau qui entre en piste; Wedding Cocek / Chris Gonzales; La bête / Dupain; Vovo te bacellaïre / Pascal Comelade; Les grenouilles, Infidèle cervelle; La cabane / Stéfane Mellino; Avant le déjeuner aux près; Le déjeuner aux près / Chris Gonzales; Après le déjeuner aux près / Pascal Comelade; Messieurs les rasereurs; Dernière minute de course / Goran Brégovic; Si je m'en vais / Les negresses vertes; Les arènes en fanfare. »
Movie
The film D'où viens-tu Johnny? shows a course accompanied by the Paso de l'abrivado specially composed by Eddie Vartan .
glossary
The following glossary provides some examples of Provencal / Occitan and French terminology along with some brief explanations.
abrivado ('arrival'). When thebulls abrivado towards the bullring, they are typically accompanied by the pastures in the herd of gardians (guardians) on manade horses. Their collective repatriation after the fight is called bandido . See also encierro (bull racing in the streets).
«Les abrivados les plus typiques se déroulent aux villages du Cailar et d'Aigues-Mortes où les taureaux partent des prés et, comme jadis, les gens suivent avec des vélos, des attelages, des chevaux mais il ya aussi, hélas! des véhicules à moteur. »
"The most typical abrivados take place in the villages of Cailar and Aigues-Mortes , where the bulls leave the pastures in the traditional way, people follow them on bicycles, carriages, horses, but unfortunately there are also motor vehicles."
afeciouna . One obsessed with the passion for the bull and bullfighting.
Arena ( dt. , Fr. here. Piste ) is (from a stable barricade barricade surrounded), a wooden red colored fencing in about chest height, the actors can escape from the nachsetzenden bull behind when they attacked by the bull by its actions become. Behind it is a circulation ( contrepiste ). (See also the section on arenas.)
attrapaïre is the name given to young people whotry to catchthe bulls on the route of the abrivado .
Attributs (Provencal. Los atributs ), the trophies, are called in Provencal: la cocarda , l'agland , la faissèla , in French la cocarde , le gland and les ficelles . They are placed on the forehead (the cocarda ) and on the bull horns (the glands or ficelles ). The cocarde is a small piece of red cloth between the horns of the bull, the glands (small woolen tassels / pompons / tassels) are attached to the base of each horn. The frontal one is a thread that is stretched from horn to horn on the neck side. A ficelle is wrapped around the base of each horn
bandido . The return of the bulls to the pastures after the event under the same conditions as when they arrived ( abrivado ) is called the bandido .
barricade is the red, chest-high side wall of the arena ( piste ) made of boards. Behind this is the circulation ( contrepiste ).
barricadier . A barracadier is a bull that follows the razor as far as the barricade during his action that he hits the obstacle. This type of bull is particularly appreciated by the public.
biòu , dt. ox, french bœuf , in the Camargue and in the bullfighting milieu ( bouvine ) in the broader sense the name for the bull in general. Animals used for combat were castrated at one year of age.
Biòu d'or (Golden Bull), name of a prestigious competition.
bouvine ( f ). As bouvine , the set of traditions and sporting practices of the tauromachie camarguaise , i.e. H. theform of bullfighting typical ofthe Camargue region.
Camargue is the name of the Camargue cattle breed used for fighting. Camargue is also the name of a breed of horse that is native there.
capelado (the Provencal equivalent of the paseo der Corrida, the Spanish form of bullfighting) is the opening of the course camarguaise with a parade in two rows to the sounds of the overture to the opera Carmen by Georges Bizet and the greeting of the razors before the president.
Carmen ( Opera by Bizet ). An excerpt from the opera Carmen , the Toreador song , is played during the capelado or as a reward after striking the fence ( coup de barrière ) or when a worthy bull leaves.
cocarde . The cocarde (dt. Roughly : cockade) is different than its name suggests (which rather suggests a round shape), a small red cloth, about five to six cm long and one cm wide. It is attached exactly in the center of the bull's forehead (see the photo for the attributes ).
Cocarde d'or (Golden Cocarde), the most important and prestigious competition in Arles
cocardier or biòu is the Provencal name for a Camarque domestic cattle breed , which is used especially for the course camarguaise , the Camargue bull that provesits qualitiesin the arena ( piste ) and shows its bravery.
contrepiste describes the circulation between the actual arena ( piste ) and the audience.
Corsa camarguenca ( Provencal ; French Course camarguaise ). There are many attempts at translation in German.
coup de barrière (push against the fence). The moment the razor arrives at the barricades and jumps over them, the bull sometimes follows him so closely that he hits the boards with his chest. This is the coup de barrière .
crochet ("hook"). With the crochet , a small, blunt metal claw, the razor tries to take the trophies ( attributes ) fromthe bull.
encierro . The bull run , the bull race in which the bulls are driven across public streets and squares. The audience can participate. In the encierro , the goal of the run is usually the arena where the fights take place. In contrast to abrivado and bandido , no riders are involved in this event. The villagers take refuge on piled up straw bales or behind barriers.
Fédération française de la course camarguaise (FFCC). The French Association for the Course camarguaise was founded in 1975 and is the largest bullfighting association for this sport.
ferrade . A Ferrade is the action in which bulls or horses with a fire-mark to be provided, particularly in the Camargue and in the Petite Camargue.
ficelles . Ficelles are threads attached to the base of the horns that belong to the trophies ( attributes ).
frontal , one of the trophies ( attributes ), a thread that is stretched from horn to horn on the neck side.
gardian . The gardians (guardians) on their Camargue horses are the mounted horse and cattle herders of southern France. You ride the Camargue horse . Horses and cattle live in herds semi-wild in the Camargue. The Brotherhood of the Bull Keepers of St. George ( Confrérie des Gardians de Saint Georges ) was founded in 1512 and organizes the Gardians Festival in Arles every year on May 1st.
gland . Two small white pompons / tassels / tassels (Provencal. Agland / French. Gland ) are attached to threads at the base of the horns, they are among the trophies ( attributes ). See also the logo of the Camargue Regional Nature Park , on which the lyre-shaped bull horns and a gland (pompon) can be seenin whiteon a green background.
Intangible cultural heritage of France , French Inventaire du patrimoine culturel immatériel en France
jingoistic (or biòu ) is a castrated male cattle of the Camargue breed used for fighting.
manade . Herd of cattle or horses or the place where they graze.
Musée des Cultures Taurines , a museum of bullfighting and bull cultures in the city of Nîmes .
passage du taureau is the passage for a single bull, which is 15 minutes each.
slope . Name for the arena or ring where the fights take place.
raset (Provencal rasa ), see raseter .
raseter Do a raset (Provencal rasa ), move by the bull by a hair's breadth (for the purpose of obtaining the attribute ).
raseteur (from raser = to move close to something; to touch; to tap. - Compare the Wiktionary definition: “ Passer tout près, effleurer. ”) Dressed in white, the main character of the event. He tries to take away the trophies ( attributes ) fromthe bull's forehead and horns. To do this, he uses an iron claw called crochet .
Le Sanglier (1916-1933). A famous bull.
taureau , pl. taureaux . Bull, bull or the ox used in combat (i.e. the castrated male cattle).
taureau cocardier . That the cocarde bearing animal is taureau Cocardier called. The cocarde is one of the trophies ( attributes ).
temporade . The season of traditional bullfighting. See the Spanish word.
toril . The place in the arena where the bulls are temporarily housed before or after their fight.
tourneur . The tourneur is the razor's ally . He is also dressed in white. He helps and works with the razor who is in actionby determining the position of the bullto facilitatethe razets .
trompette (trumpet). The trumpet announces the beginning and the end of a respective passage ( passage du taureau ) for the individual bull.
Trophée de l'Avenir . An event of fights that takes place over the entire season and is spread over many locations, with points being awarded for occupied places. The razor with the most points is the winner. This competition is for young raseteurs under 24 years of age.
Trophée des As . An award given on the same terms as other trophies, but the participants come from thecategory classified as Category 1by the Commission du Trophée des As .
Trophée taurine camarguais . Name of a bullfighting competition.
Vovo . A famous bull. (See also the section: Famous bulls)
See also
literature
(see also the references at culture.gouv.fr (PDF) or bouvine.info )
- Jacky Siméon: Dictionnaire de la course camarguaise. Au diable vauvert, Vauvert 2013, ISBN 978-2-84626-424-2 .
- René Domergue, Patrick Ouradou: Avise, le biòu! petit vocabulaire illustré de la course camarguaise. Self-published, Montpezat 2008 ( illustration examples ).
- Sébastien Fournier: Tauromachies, sport, cultureregards croisés sur le public. 2èmes Journées d'Études Universitaires, 3 et 4 juin 2005, Center Universitaire Vauban-Nîmes. Journées d'Études Universitaires <2, 2005, Nîmes> Imprint: Paris [u. a.]; Harmattan; 2006
- Frédéric Saumade: Des sauvages en occident, les cultures tauromachiques en Camargue et en Andalousie. Paris, Mission du patrimoine ethnologique, 1994 et 1995 ISBN 2-7351-0587-3 .
- S. Popovitch: Course camarguaise. Librairie Lacour, 1993, ISBN 2-904725-12-1 .
- Christian Louis Sourina: La course camarguaise. Toulouse, Ecole Nat. Vét., Diss. 1984.
- Lise Gros: La corsa camarguenca. Calendreta Aimat Serre, 1996 (Provencal)
- Richard Holt: Sport and Society in Modern France. 1981 ( excerpt )
- Nicola Williams, Miles Roddis: Languedoc-Roussillon . 2009 ( partial view )
Web links
- La course camarguaise (PDF) nimes-metropole.fr (with various sketches)
- Traditions camarguaises en images (Stephan Marin, with various sketches, also on the various paths of the razor)
- La Course camarguaise (PDF) Ministère de la Culture (with extensive literature references)
- bibliography
- Standard de la race autochtone de taureau appelée “raço di biòu” (PDF)
- Fête de Mudaison juin 2015
- Lexic francés-occitan de la corsa camarguenca
- Edicion d'un novèl lexic franco-occitan: la corsa camarguenca ( Institut d'Estudis Occitans )
- Advise, le biòu!
- occitanica.eu
- The Camargue Bullfight
- Bouvine et traditions
- Picasso, Nîmes et les toros
- Bonjour France
Videos
- Video (Paluds-de-Noves)
- Arles - interesting facts about bullfighting in Provence (bullfighting school in Arles and others)
- Course Camarguaise: Jubilé Christian Garrido
References and footnotes
- ↑ In the following, the French terms are used in the main text, if not explicitly indicated. - The following glossary also contains terms in the Provencal language .
- ↑ patrimoine-de-france.com
- ↑ La course camarguaise (PDF) nimes-metropole.fr
- ↑ On the changes that are taking place, see, for example, the caricature by Eddie Pons: Expo Camargue ( Memento of the original from August 21, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ^ FFCC - official website
- ↑ La course camarguaise (PDF) nimes-metropole.fr
- ^ "Course Camarguaise" - Man and Bull (DLF), using the example of Arles
- ↑ Traditions camarguaises en images (Stephan Marin) - With a sketch of the various 'careers' of the razor.
- ↑ cf. Traditions camarguaises en images (Stephan Marin)
- ↑ Traditions camarguaises en images (Stephan Marin)
- ↑ Traditions camarguaises en images Stephan Marin (sketches): "Il est à noter que si un taureau est facile, il aura un nombre de tours de ficelle plus important, pouvant aller jusqu'à 30 tours."
- ↑ culture.gouv.fr (PDF)
- ↑ Meike Droste: Arles: Gallula Roma. 2003, p. 112 ( partial view )
- ↑ quoted from mudaison.fr . - See the definitions of the French-Provence dictionary: Lou Trésor dou Félibrige ou Dictionnaire provençal-français - Digitized
- ↑ For further dates, see e.g. B. Bulls and bull races (provence-pays-arles.con)
- ↑ The Bouvine et Traditions website (as of July 16, 2017) lists 107 locations with arenas.
- ^ Arenes, musique pour la course camarguaise [Sl]: Naïve; Fondation de France; Cercle d'art contemporain du Cailar, 2001 (based on catalogue.bm-grenoble.fr )
- ↑ sound sample
- ↑ For terminology, cf. the glossary and the sketches at nimes-metropole.fr (La course camarguaise), the two glossaries at arlestourism.com ( lexique taurin ; the lexicon of the bull's world ) and that at bouvine.info (glossaire), as well as the dictionary of the former razor Jacky Siméon: Dictionnaire de la course camarguaise.
- ↑ Jacky Siméon: Dictionnaire de la course camarguaise.
- ↑ cf. The cinq siècles de la Confrérie des Gardians de Saint Georges
- ↑ provence-pays-arles.com
