Memorial to the memory of 96 members of the Reichstag murdered by the National Socialists
The memorial to the memory of 96 members of the Reichstag murdered by the National Socialists is located in front of the Reichstag building in Berlin . The monument, which from the club perspective Berlin was initiated recalls since 1992 to a part of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic, between the " seizure " of the Nazis in 1933 and the end of World War II in 1945 forced were killed or from the consequences of their detention died. An official memorial for the members of the Nazi regime persecuted is located inside the Reichstag building.
prehistory
On the initiative of AL- MP Hilde Schramm , the Berlin House of Representatives decided unanimously on May 23, 1985 that a memorial plaque for MPs with their “name, occupation, date of birth and death with reference to the place and circumstances of death, party affiliation and place of origin” should be placed in the Reichstag building as a member of parliament and the period of membership in the Reichstag ”. Philipp Jenninger , who as President of the Bundestag exercised the house rules in the Reichstag, pleaded for a general text and pointed out that the data mentioned could hardly be obtained in full. In September 1985 the CDU and FDP spoke out against mentioning party membership on the memorial plaques.
In autumn 1985 the historians Wilhelm Heinz Schröder and Rüdiger Hachtmann published a preliminary inventory of the members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic as victims of National Socialism. It contained short biographies of 83 members of parliament who were murdered by the National Socialist regime, who died in custody or shortly after they were arrested. Of these, 40 were members of the KPD and 33 were members of the SPD. In the spring of 1986, the Bundestag Presidium gave the Commission for the History of Parliamentarism and Political Parties a research assignment on the Reichstag members of the Weimar Republic during the National Socialist era. In 1991 a biographical documentation was published on the political persecution, emigration and expatriation of Reichstag members between 1933 and 1945. A proposal by the historian Wilhelm Heinz Schröder to design the memorial plaque as a mosaic that could be supplemented by new research results, which delays the realization of the Monument could be avoided.
In view of the lengthy realization of the memorial in the Reichstag, the association Perspektive Berlin e. V. around the journalist Lea Rosh unveiled a provisional plaque not far from the Reichstag building on September 1, 1989. The memorial plaque, intended as a "positive provocation", contained the initially controversial data on individual MPs; it was co-financed by two unions.
On February 26, 1992, President of the Bundestag, Rita Süssmuth , inaugurated the memorial for the persecuted members of the Reichstag from the Weimar Republic in the Reichstag building. The memorial consists of a large-format photo work by Katharina Sieverding , which is supposed to symbolize the burning Reichstag , as well as three memorial books. The books designed by Klaus Mettig contain biographical information on 120 murdered MPs and other MPs who were in custody, emigrated or were subjected to other persecution. The memorial is located in the parliamentary lobby. At the inauguration, Süssmuth explicitly recalled the KPD MPs, who had been persecuted in a special way. NSDAP MPs who were executed after the so-called Röhm Putsch in 1934 were excluded from the award , as they were leading National Socialists until the end, according to Süssmuth.
On September 12, 1992 Lea Rosh presented the memorial to the public in memory of 96 members of the Reichstag who were murdered by the National Socialists. The German Trade Union Federation , the Tiergarten District Office and the Senator for Cultural Affairs contributed to the total cost of the project of 150,000 DM . The monument was designed by the Berlin art students Klaus Eisenlohr, Justus Müller and Christian Zwirner under the direction of Dieter Appelt . It consists of 96 standing cast iron plates with irregular edges, each about 120 centimeters wide and 60 centimeters high, on which the name, party affiliation, dates and place of death of the 96 members are listed. At both ends of the installation, panels are embedded in the floor with inscriptions.
Following the memorial project, the Chronos documentary “Parliamentarians under the swastika. The persecution of Reichstag members of the Weimar Republic - 1933 to 1945 ”. Michael Kloft directed, Dagmar Gassen wrote the book and Wilhelm Heinz Schröder, who had also prepared the data for the memorial and the memorial book, took over the scientific management. The film can be seen in the Bundestag exhibition in the German Cathedral . The documentary deals with the various forms of persecution of parliamentarians in the Weimar Republic by the National Socialists after 1933. First, the year 1933 is described with the first wave of terror, the loss of a job and everyday life in fear. Then the fates in exile, the forced emigration and extraditions to Germany are presented. The chapter “Prison and Concentration Camps” recalls the victims of the National Socialist terror, especially Jewish parliamentarians. The section " Resistance " provides an overview of the participation of MPs from all political directions in the resistance against National Socialism.
Alphabetical list of the people on the monument
The MPs belonged to the following parties:
- Bavarian People's Party (BVP),
- German Peasant Party (DBP),
- German Democratic Party (DDP),
- German People's Party (DVP),
- German Center Party (Center),
- Communist Party of Germany (KPD),
- Conservative People's Party (KVP),
- Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and
- Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD).
The following list contains names, dates, and party affiliations as recorded on the records.
First and Last Name | birth year |
death year |
Place of death and circumstances | Party affiliation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Julius Adler | * 1894 | † 1945 | Bergen-Belsen concentration camp | KPD |
Hans Adlhoch | * 1884 | † 1945 | Munich, previously death march | BVP |
Eduard Alexander | * 1881 | † 1945 | Transport to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp | KPD |
Julius Assmann | * 1868 | † 1939 | Bodino, Poland, murdered | DVP |
Elise Augustat | * 1889 | † 1940 | Lägerdorf, consequences of imprisonment, Ravensbrück concentration camp | KPD |
Bernhard Bästlein | * 1894 | † 1944 | Brandenburg prison | KPD |
Artur Becker | * 1905 | † 1938 | Burgos, Spain, murdered | KPD |
Anton bias | * 1876 | † 1945 | Dachau concentration camp | SPD |
Adolf Biedermann | * 1881 | † 1933 | Found dead near Recklinghausen | SPD |
Conrad Blenkle | * 1901 | † 1943 | Berlin-Plötzensee prison | KPD |
Fritz Bockius | * 1882 | † 1945 | Mauthausen concentration camp | center |
Clara Bohm-Schuch | * 1879 | † 1936 | Berlin, after-effects, women's prison in Berlin, Barnimstrasse | SPD |
Eugene Bolz | * 1881 | † 1945 | Berlin-Plötzensee prison | center |
Rudolf Breitscheid | * 1874 | † 1944 | Buchenwald concentration camp | SPD |
Lorenz Breunig | * 1882 | † 1945 | Sachsenhausen concentration camp | SPD |
Conrad Broßwitz | * 1881 | † 1945 | Dachau concentration camp | SPD |
Otto Eggerstedt | * 1886 | † 1933 | Esterwegen concentration camp | SPD |
Eugen Eppstein | * 1878 | † 1943 | Lublin concentration camp | KPD |
Helene Fleischer | * 1899 | † 1941 | Stadtroda, previously Gera City Prison | KPD |
Albert Funk | * 1894 | † 1933 | Police headquarters in Recklinghausen | KPD |
Otto Geiselhart | * 1890 | † 1933 | District court prison Günzburg | SPD |
Otto Gerig | * 1885 | † 1944 | Buchenwald concentration camp | center |
Paul Gerlach | * 1888 | † 1944 | Sachsenhausen concentration camp | SPD |
Ernst pit | * 1890 | † 1945 | Bergen-Belsen concentration camp | KPD |
Franz Haindl | * 1879 | † 1941 | Sonnenstein-Pirna State Agency | DBP |
Eduard Hamm | * 1879 | † 1944 | Berlin Lehrterstrasse prison | DDP |
Ernst Heilmann | * 1881 | † 1940 | Buchenwald concentration camp | SPD |
Rudolf Hennig | * 1895 | † 1944 | Sachsenhausen concentration camp | KPD |
Franz Herbert | * 1885 | † 1945 | Mauthausen concentration camp | BVP |
Eugene Herbst | * 1903 | † 1934 | Dachau concentration camp | KPD |
Christian Heuck | * 1892 | † 1934 | Neumünster prison | KPD |
Guido Heym | * 1882 | † 1945 | Shot by the SS in Weimar | KPD |
Rudolf Hilferding | * 1877 | † 1941 | Paris La-Sante prison | SPD |
Gustav Hoch | * 1862 | † 1942 | Theresienstadt concentration camp | SPD |
Lambert Horn | * 1899 | † 1939 | Sachsenhausen concentration camp | KPD |
Friedrich Husemann | * 1873 | † 1935 | Sögel, consequences of imprisonment, Esterwegen concentration camp | SPD |
Albert Janka | * 1907 | † 1933 | Reichenbach concentration camp | KPD |
Heinrich Jasper | * 1875 | † 1945 | Bergen-Belsen concentration camp | SPD |
Friedrich Jendrosch | * 1890 | † 1944 | Sachsenhausen concentration camp | KPD |
Reinhold Juergensen | * 1898 | † 1934 | Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp | KPD |
Eugene Kaiser | * 1879 | † 1945 | Dachau concentration camp | SPD |
Albert Kayser | * 1898 | † 1944 | Buchenwald concentration camp | KPD |
Franziska Kessel | * 1906 | † 1934 | Penitentiary Mainz | KPD |
Anton Krzikalla | * 1887 | † 1944 | Sachsenhausen concentration camp | KPD |
Franz artist | * 1888 | † 1942 | Berlin, after-effects of the Lichtenburg concentration camp | SPD |
Max Lademann | * 1896 | † 1941 | Sachsenhausen concentration camp | KPD |
Julius Leber | * 1891 | † 1945 | Berlin-Plötzensee prison | SPD |
Paul Lejeune-Jung | * 1882 | † 1944 | Berlin-Plötzensee prison | ChrNA / KVP |
Richard Lipinski | * 1867 | † 1936 | Bennewitz, previously ill-treated in custody | SPD |
Karl Mache | * 1880 | † 1934 | Kislau concentration camp | SPD |
Max Maddalena | * 1895 | † 1943 | Brandenburg-Görden prison | KPD |
Ludwig Marum | * 1882 | † 1934 | Kislau concentration camp | SPD |
Stefan Meier | * 1889 | † 1944 | Mauthausen concentration camp | SPD |
August merges | * 1870 | † 1945 | Braunschweig Wolfenbüttel prison | SPD |
Franz Metz | * 1878 | † 1945 | Geretsried, consequences of imprisonment at Dachau concentration camp | SPD |
Julius Moses | * 1868 | † 1942 | Theresienstadt concentration camp | SPD |
Arthur Nagel | * 1890 | † 1945 | Bergen-Belsen concentration camp | KPD |
Theodor Neubauer | * 1890 | † 1945 | Brandenburg-Görden prison | KPD |
Franz Petrich | * 1889 | † 1945 | Sonnenburg prison | SPD |
Andreas Portune | * 1875 | † 1945 | Roslau | SPD |
Friedrich Puchta | * 1883 | † 1945 | Munich, consequences of imprisonment at Dachau concentration camp | SPD |
Serious plaster | * 1896 | † 1933 | Berlin-Moabit remand prison | KPD |
Siegfried Rädel | * 1893 | † 1943 | Berlin-Plötzensee prison | KPD |
Paul Redlich | * 1893 | † 1944 | Brandenburg, consequences of imprisonment at Sonnenburg concentration camp | KPD |
Walter Reek | * 1878 | † 1933 | Gdansk prison | SPD |
Ernst Reinke | * 1891 | † 1943 | Flossenbürg concentration camp | KPD |
Max Richter | * 1881 | † 1945 | Neustädter Bucht, transport to Neuengamme concentration camp | SPD |
Theodor Roeingh | * 1882 | † 1945 | Sachsenhausen concentration camp | center |
Julius Rosemann | * 1878 | † 1933 | Hamm police prison | SPD |
Karl Sattler | * 1896 | † 1945 | Bergen-Belsen concentration camp | KPD |
John Schehr | * 1896 | † 1934 | Berlin Columbiahaus concentration camp | KPD |
Michael Schnabrich | * 1880 | † 1939 | Sachsenhausen concentration camp | SPD |
Ernst Schneller | * 1890 | † 1944 | Sachsenhausen concentration camp | KPD |
Ernst Schneppenhorst | * 1881 | † 1945 | Berlin Lehrterstrasse prison | SPD |
Werner Scholem | * 1895 | † 1940 | Buchenwald concentration camp | KPD |
Georg Schumann | * 1886 | † 1945 | Dresden remand prison | KPD |
Walter Schütz | * 1897 | † 1933 | Murdered by the SA in Königsberg | KPD |
Hugo Sinzheimer | * 1875 | † 1945 | Bloemendaal-Overeen, consequences of imprisonment in Theresienstadt concentration camp | SPD |
Willi Skamira | * 1897 | † 1945 | Brandenburg-Görden prison | KPD |
Fritz Soldmann | * 1878 | † 1945 | Wernigerode, consequences of imprisonment in Buchenwald concentration camp | SPD |
Robert Stamm | * 1900 | † 1937 | Berlin-Plötzensee prison | KPD |
Johannes Stelling | * 1877 | † 1933 | District court prison Berlin-Köpenick | SPD |
Franz Stenzer | * 1900 | † 1933 | Dachau concentration camp | KPD |
Walter Stocker | * 1891 | † 1939 | Buchenwald concentration camp | USPD, KPD |
Georg Streiter | * 1884 | † 1945 | Ravensbrück concentration camp | DVP |
August Streufert | * 1887 | † 1944 | Neuengamme concentration camp | SPD |
Hermann Temple | * 1889 | † 1944 | Oldenburg, consequences of imprisonment in Wolfenbüttel prison | SPD |
Johanna Tesch | * 1875 | † 1945 | Ravensbrück concentration camp | SPD |
Ernst Thalmann | * 1886 | † 1944 | Buchenwald concentration camp | KPD |
Mathias theses | * 1891 | † 1944 | Sachsenhausen concentration camp | KPD |
Nikolaus Thielen | * 1901 | † 1944 | Mauthausen concentration camp | KPD |
Fritz Voigt | * 1882 | † 1945 | Berlin-Plötzensee prison | SPD |
Paul Voigt | * 1876 | † 1944 | murdered in Berlin | SPD |
Paul Wegmann | * 1889 | † 1945 | Bergen-Belsen concentration camp | USPD |
Georg Wendt | * 1889 | † 1948 | Berlin, previously Brandenburg prison | SPD |
Lotte Zinke | * 1891 | † 1944 | Ravensbrück concentration camp | KPD |
Data at a glance
The memorial records a total of 96 people, including 90 men and 6 women. With regard to the party affiliation of the listed MPs, representatives of the left-wing parties (KPD, SPD or USPD) dominate, from whose ranks 85 of the named come: These are divided into the individual left parties with 43 (KPD), 41 (SPD) and 1 ( USPD). From the camp of the middle parties or denominational parties of the Weimar Republic, 9 deputies are listed on the monument, 4 of them center and two BVP as well as one each from the Chr.NA, DBP and DDP. The moderate-right DVP finally included two of the listed MPs. MPs from the right wing parties DNVP and NSDAP are not represented on the memorial, although a number of MPs murdered by the National Socialists are known at least from the ranks of the NSDAP. The background to not including these was the fact that, as Rita Süssmuth explained on the occasion of the inauguration of the monument, they were leading representatives of the regime until their death and were only killed in the context of internal power struggles and not because of opposition to National Socialism itself. Technically speaking, the exceptions to this are the farmer Andreas von Flotow , who had sat for the NSDAP in the Reichstag for a few months in 1932, but then turned against the party and at the turn of 1932/1933 had participated in attempts to split it, which is why he was murdered by the SA in 1933, and Wolf-Heinrich von Helldorff , who was a member of the NSDAP from 1933 to 1944 and then executed in 1944 for his involvement in the attempt to overthrow the Nazi regime on July 20, 1944 had been, so that z. B. Martin Schumacher uses the turning away of these temporary Nazi Reichstag deputies from the Hitler movement and their active participation in measures directed against their rule (or claims to rule) as an opportunity to place them in the series of dated from Regime to sort the murdered.
The majority of the MPs listed in the memorial were murdered in the early phase (18 people) or in the final phase (52) of the Nazi regime: in 1933 and 1934, eleven and seven of the named were killed, respectively, while in 1944 and in 1945 20 and 32 MPs were killed. 23 MPs were put to death between 1935 and 1943. No year of death is given for two others.
Member of Parliament Georg Wendt is a special case ; he died in 1948 as a result of the serious health problems inflicted on him by the National Socialists.
47 MPs are listed as having died in concentration camps and 27 as having died in prisons or penitentiaries. Two others are reported as murdered while being transported to the concentration camp. In the end, seven were identified as having died as a result of concentration camps and three as having died as a result of imprisonment in prison.
In the case of some of the people who are defined as "murdered" on the memorial, the research, contrary to their clear classification on the memorial as murder victims, is actually undecided as to whether they were actually murdered or whether they died in accidents or through suicide. This applies, for example, to the SPD member Adolf Biedermann , who was found dead next to a railway line near Recklinghausen on May 11, 1933, and whose circumstances the research group around Martin Schumacher considers unsecured.
literature
- Martin Schumacher (Hrsg.): MdR The Reichstag members of the Weimar Republic in the time of National Socialism. Political persecution, emigration and expatriation 1933–1945 , 3rd exp. Edition Düsseldorf 1994.
Web links
Remarks
- ↑ Mache died according to the information given by Martin Schumacher (ed.): MdR Die Reichstag members of the Weimar Republic in the time of National Socialism. Political persecution, emigration and expatriation 1933–1945. Droste-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1991, ISBN 3-7700-5162-9 , p. 381, 1944 in the Groß-Rosen concentration camp .
- ↑ The statement "Braunschweig Prison Wolfenbüttel" is misleading or incorrect. August Merges did not die in Wolfenbüttel prison , but after his release at home in Braunschweig from the long-term consequences of the abuse suffered by the Gestapo while in prison .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Quoted from Malte Lehming: End of a seven-year dispute about proper commemoration. In: Der Tagesspiegel , February 27, 1992, p. 2.
- ^ Wilhelm Heinz Schröder, Rüdiger Hachtmann: The Reichstag deputies of the Weimar Republic as victims of National Socialism. Preliminary inventory and biographical documentation. ( Memento from September 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 1.6 MB) In: Historical Social Research / Historical Social Research. (HSR) Volume 10, 1985, ISSN 0172-6404 , pp. 55-98.
- ↑ Martin Schumacher (Ed.): MdR The Reichstag members of the Weimar Republic in the time of National Socialism. Political persecution, emigration and expatriation 1933-1945. Droste-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1991, ISBN 3-7700-5162-9 .
- ↑ a b Malte Lehming: End of a seven-year dispute about the right commemoration. In: Der Tagesspiegel , February 27, 1992, p. 2.
- ^ German Bundestag : Art in the Bundestag - Katharina Sieverding. (Accessed July 31, 2010)
- ↑ Memorial for Nazi victims inaugurated in the Berlin Reichstag , in: Der Tagesspiegel , February 27, 1992, p. 1.
- ↑ Remembering everyone. , in: Der Tagesspiegel , September 13, 1992, p. 14.
- ↑ Memorial in memory of the murdered members of the Reichstag , Federal Agency for Civic Education, accessed on July 25, 2017.
- ↑ Gerhard Schildt, In: Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Günter Scheel (ed.): Braunschweigisches biographisches Lexikon. 19th and 20th centuries. Hahn, Hannover 1996, ISBN 3-7752-5838-8 , p. 410.
- ↑ See also: so-called " post obligation ", which was introduced in 1933
- ↑ Memorial for Nazi victims inaugurated in the Berlin Reichstag , in: Der Tagesspiegel , February 27, 1992, p. 1.
- ↑ Schumacher MdR, pp. 86 and 100.
- ↑ Martin Schumacher / Martin Schumacher / Katharina Lübbe / Wilhelm Heinz Schröder: MdR The Reichstag members of the Weimar Republic in the time of National Socialism. political persecution, emigration and expatriation, 1933–1945. A biographical documentation , Düsseldorf 1994, p. 34.
Coordinates: 52 ° 31 '4.6 " N , 13 ° 22' 28.7" E