German-Russian transcription
In Russian , as in all languages with Cyrillic script , names written in Latin , such as people and places, are transcribed by means of a transcription , which is usually based on the pronunciation of the names in the original language.
Since the pronunciation of names in the German language can (with a few exceptions) be derived from the spelling with relatively simple rules, the transcription into the Cyrillic alphabet follows these rules. The rules that are binding today were formalized and published by Ruschero Sergejewitsch Giljarewski and Boris Anatoljewitch Starostin in 1969 for various source languages and have since been modified in detail.
A fixed spelling has been established for person and place names that were often used in Russian before this time, which sometimes deviates from these rules. For example, the first name Ludwig is traditionally transcribed as Людвиг , and place names that contain this first name are also transcribed with ю instead of у. It was also common in the past not to transcribe personal names as pronounced, but to replace them with a Russified name (for example Peter becomes Пётр).
The pronunciation is usually based on the pronunciation of the names in the original language. For some letters this is not easily possible because they do not appear in Russian. So the umlauts ö and ü i. d. R. represented by the vowels ё (jo) and ю (ju). The letters ä and e are usually not transcribed as э but as е , although unlike in Russian, these do not palatise the preceding consonant . The h was also transcribed earlier than г, for example in Heinrich Heine (Russian: Генрих Гейне). The Cyrillic letters ы and щ do not appear in transcribed words.
| German | Russian |
|---|---|
| a | а (at the end of the word after i there is Russian я , Borussia → Боруссия; Bavaria → Бавария) |
| aa | а ( Aachen → Ахен) |
| ae | if it stands for the umlaut ä , it is transcribed like this; otherwise both letters will be transcribed individually |
| ai, ay | ай ( Mainz → Майнц) |
| Ä | е after consonants; э at the beginning of the word and after vowels |
| uh | ой ; in older inscription also ей (Bäumler → Беймлер) |
| b | б |
| c | depending on the pronunciation к ( Calw → Кальв) or ц ( Celle → Целле) |
| ch | usually х , but in loan words after pronunciation in the language of origin ( ш , ч , к etc.) ( Chiemsee → Кимзе, previously also Химзе or Химское озеро) |
| chs | кс when pronounced like x ; otherwise both parts ch and s are transcribed separately |
| ck | к ; between vowels кк ( Boris Becker → Борис Беккер); in older transcription, deviations in both directions possible ( Lucka → Лука, Großglockner → Гросглоккнер) |
| d | д |
| e | е after consonants; э at the beginning of the word and after vowels ( Erfurt → Эрфурт) |
| ee | like single e ( Spree → Шпре) |
| ei, ey | ай |
| eu | ой ( Neumünster → Ноймюнстер); in older inscription also ей (Neumann → Нейман) |
| f | ф |
| G | г (in loan words before e, i, y sometimes ж or дж , depending on the language of origin) |
| gk | гк ( Woldegk → Вольдегк) |
| H | х , when the h is pronounced: ( Herne → Херне; Dietharz → Дитхарц); is omitted if it is mute: fugue-h between vowel and e ( Ehenfeld → Ээнфельд), stretch-h ( Lahr → Лар), th . In historical inscriptions as г ( Hamburg → Гамбург) |
| i | и at the beginning of the word and after consonants, й after vowels |
| ie | и when the e marks a long i; if the letters belong to different syllables and the e is pronounced, then ие ( Marienberg → Мариенберг) |
| j | й the word or syllable end; at the beginning of a word and between vowels: ja → я , jä → е , je → е , jo → йо , jö → йё , ju → ю , jü → йю ; after consonants: yes → ья , jä → ье , je → ье , jo → ьо , jö → ьё , ju → ью , jü → ью ; if between parts of a compound word, then ъ instead of ь |
| k | к |
| l | л before vowels, ль at the end of a word and before consonants (exceptions, for example Karl → Карл). After L, u becomes ю instead of у . Eg Ludwigsburg → Людвигсбург |
| ll | Duplication is retained except between consonant and vowel; ь is added at the end of the word and before consonants (exceptions, for example Rheinmetall → Рейнметалл) |
| m | м |
| n | н (but: -mann → -ман) |
| O | о |
| oe | if it stands for the umlaut ö , it is transcribed like this; otherwise both letters will be transcribed individually |
| oo | о ( Koopmann → Копман) |
| ö | э at the beginning of the word, otherwise ё (example: Austria (as surname) → Э стеррайх) |
| p | п |
| ph | ф |
| qu | кв ( q does not appear in other connections in German, Querfurt → Кверфурт) |
| r | р |
| s | з for a soft s, с for a hard s: Sassnitz → Засниц, Kiste → Кисте |
| sch | ш |
| sp | шп at the beginning of a word (or at the beginning of parts of compound words), otherwise сп |
| ss | сс or с ; if ss stands for ß , then с ; over syllable boundaries (usually in compound words) both letters are transcribed individually: Ludwigsstadt → Людвигсштадт |
| st | шт at the beginning of a word (or the beginning of parts of compound words); otherwise ст : Rostock → Росток |
| ß | с ; in older inscription also сс ( Großpösna → Гроссп inзна) |
| t | т , but in the suffix -tion → -цион |
| ch | ч (but if over syllable boundary, then тш : Altschul → Альтшуль) |
| tz | тц between vowels, otherwise ц ( Ratzeburg → Ратцебург) |
| u | у |
| ue | if it stands for the umlaut ü , it is transcribed like this; otherwise both letters are transcribed individually: Adenauer → Аденауэр |
| ü | и at the beginning of the word, otherwise ю ( Neumünster → Ноймюнстер, Uelzen → Ильцен) |
| v | ф when pronounced like f ; в when pronounced as w (mostly in loan words) |
| w | в (Wagner → Вагнер) |
| x | кс |
| y | at the beginning of a word and after consonants и (even if pronunciation sometimes like ü ), after vowels й . (Example: Bad P y rmont → Бад-П и рмонт) As a consonant: ya → я etc. ( Yanina Wickmayer → Янина Викмайер) |
| z | ц |
| zsch | ч (but if via hyphenation, then цш : Nietzsche → Ницше, Delitzsch → Делич) |
References
- ↑ Гиляревский Р. С., Старостин Б. А. Иностранные имена и названия в русском тексте: Справочник. М .: Международные отношения, 1969. Стр. 113-123.