Eleanor's Falcon
| Eleanor's Falcon | ||||||||||||
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Eleanor's Falcon ( Falco eleonorae ), ad. the bright morph |
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| Falco eleonorae | ||||||||||||
| Gene , 1839 |
The Eleanor's falcon ( Falco eleonorae ) is a medium-sized representative of the falcons ( Falco ) within the subfamily of the real falcons (Falconinae). The birds, which occur in a light and a dark morph, breed in colonies, some of which comprise several hundred breeding pairs, mainly on Greek islands and rocky islands as well as scattered throughout the Mediterranean and on the Moroccan Atlantic coast.
Eleanor's falcons have largely synchronized their reproduction with the late summer migration of the Palearctic migratory birds, from whose smaller representatives they exclusively feed themselves and their offspring during this time. Outside of the breeding season, the main prey animals are larger insects, which are mainly captured in flight. Eleanor's falcons are obligatory migrants and overwinter mainly in Madagascar . In Central Europe Eleonora's falcons are very rare exceptional guests. A population survey in the Aegean Sea, which was completed in 2008, showed around 13,000 breeding pairs, roughly twice as high as previously assumed. The world population is considered safe.
features
The Eleanor's falcon is a long-winged, long-tailed and slender falcon that reaches a body size of 36 to 42 and a wingspan of 85 to 105 centimeters. Its size is between the tree falcon and the peregrine falcon . Eleanor's falcons come in two color morphs , with about 70 percent of the birds belonging to the light morph. Genetically three morphs are distinguished, but the birds with the genetic makeup light / dark (28 percent) and dark / dark (2 percent) cannot be phenotypically distinguished from one another.
The top of the light morph is dark gray or dark brown gray. A light, ocher-brown feather border is clearly visible. The lower cheek section, throat and neck are whitish or cream-colored. A distinctive, black streak of beard runs from the base of the beak to the side of the neck. The underside as well as the shoulder area are clearly drawn black on a reddish-brown background like a spearhead, the also reddish-brown lower leg plumage (trousers) is finely dashed in black lengthways. The long tail is several times finely banded in black on a reddish brown background, the subterminal band is significantly wider than the others. The round end is reddish brown again.
Birds of the dark morph look uniformly dark gray-black from a distance. The feathers on the upper side are also slightly lightly edged and the underside and the trousers have a slightly lighter, more brownish hue than the upper side. The tail is usually almost black, but it can also have a pattern and color similar to that of birds of the light morph. Individuals of the dark morph show neither lateral nor ventral head or neck markings.
The featherless, bare skin around the eyes are bright orange-yellow in males of both morphs and blue-gray in females; the wax skin shows the same color . The bill is blue-gray, the legs and toes are yellow; the claws are black. Here, too, the two morphs do not differ.
Young birds of both morphs are very similar to adult, light morphous individuals. However, their upper side is browner overall, the feather edging is paler. The upper side of the tail is banded dark gray - reddish brown and closes with a broad, almost black subterminal band and reddish brown feather tips, while the underside is only indistinctly banded pale. The coverts of the lower wings are clearly blackish speckled and banded in the light morph, while in the dark morph they are largely undefined dark. The under tail-coverts are unbanded yellow-brown in light morphic individuals, in dark morphic individuals they are banded blackish on a dark background.
The long and pointed wings, which are strongly angled in flight, appear almost uniformly gray-black on the upper side; only viewed up close can the light morphine show the slight color gradation between the darker coverts and the lighter wings. In birds of the dark morph these color gradations are hardly noticeable.
The gender dimorphism in terms of height and weight is clear, but not usable in field ornithological terms. Males reach about 84 percent the size and weight of females; the heaviest females weighed 460 grams, the heaviest males 390 grams. The clearest distinguishing features are the differently colored bare skin areas around the eyes and the differences in color of the wax skin. Overall, males appear narrower-winged and slightly lighter on top than females when in flight.
Mauser
The moulting of the Eleanor's falcon has not yet been fully researched. The postnuptial moult is a full moult and begins with the change of small plumage during the late rearing phase; sometimes the fourth hand swing falls during this time . As with all long-distance hawks, the moult is interrupted during the migration and continued in the winter quarters and only ended shortly before the start of the migration home in March. In two Eleanor's falcons caught in Madagascar in mid-March and in April, the outermost (tenth) wing of the hand had not yet fully grown back.
voice
Outside of the breeding season, Eleanor's falcons are acoustically not very noticeable, but in the breeding colonies they are quite loud. The most frequent call is a stringed, sharp and accentuated kja , whereby the accentuation increases towards the end of the call series. Aggression and warning call is a short, pointed and almost screeching Kikikiki , very similar to the calls of the tree hawk . Occasionally elongated, vibrating, seemingly pathetic Kjäh calls can be heard.
Similar species
In its breeding area, the Eleonora's falcon can be clearly identified under average observation conditions. In the wintering area, however, the dark morph of the Eleanor's falcon can easily be confused with the somewhat smaller and shorter-tailed slate falcon ( Falco concolor ), which also mainly spends the winter months in Madagascar . In addition to its smaller size, it differs from the Eleanor's falcon by its lighter gray on the top. Despite the significantly smaller size of the tree falcon, it is very similar in flight to the bright morph of the Eleanor's falcon, so that mix-ups cannot be ruled out. In comparison to the tree falcon, Eleanor's falcons show, in addition to the long-winged, long-tailed flight silhouette, a clear color contrast between the under wing coverts and the lighter wing bases. The red-footed falcon ( Falco vespertinus ) also differs significantly in size in favor of the Eleanor falcon, and the feet and toes of the Eleanor falcon are yellow, not red or reddish like the red-footed falcon.
Distribution area and habitat
The breeding colonies of the Eleanor's falcon are mainly located in the Mediterranean area, especially in the Aegean Sea , where over 80 percent of the world's population breed, and according to the latest findings, probably almost 90 percent. Eleanor's falcons are found to a much smaller extent in the western Mediterranean and on the Atlantic coast.
In addition to the main occurrences in the Aegean Sea, Cyprus is home to a few breeding colonies. It is unclear whether Eleanor's falcons breed on islands in the Marmara Sea or on small rocky cliffs and islands off the Turkish Aegean and Levant . In the area of Sardinia, there are some breeding colonies in the northeast, for example in the La Maddalena Archipelago National Park , as well as on rocky cliffs in the south. In the western Mediterranean, the species breeds on Mallorca near Sant Elm , as well as on the offshore rocky island of Sa Dragonera , on the Islas Columbretes and some rocky islands off the African Mediterranean coast, e.g. B. on the Tunisian Galite Islands . The species is also found on Linosa , and probably on Pantelleria and Lampedusa . Small colonies exist on the Aeolian Islands and on some islets along the Croatian Adriatic . The current situation in Malta is unclear . On the Atlantic coast, the largest colonies are on the island off Mogador , breeding occurrences also exist on the Chinijo archipelago , a group of small islands and rocky islands off the northern Lanzarote .
The species does not claim feeding grounds either during the breeding season or afterwards; only the further nesting area within a radius of up to a maximum of 50 meters is defended in the breeding season. The breeding grounds are in isolated places on the coast, but mainly on islands and rocky cliffs. During the breeding season, Eleanor's falcons hunt almost exclusively above the sea and are only a few kilometers away from the breeding site. Outside of the breeding season, especially before the breeding sites are occupied, the species leads a nomadic life.
The species spends about five months of the year mainly in the north and east of Madagascar, preferably in the vicinity of cleared areas or agricultural areas. The preference for this mountainous and humid habitat, which is partly still covered by rainforest, is associated with the better supply of large insects compared to the dry west.
hikes
Eleanor's falcons are obligatory migrants whose wintering areas are mainly in Madagascar , where alone at least 70% of the world's population overwinter. The other wintering areas include the Mascarene Mountains and the Comoros . It is uncertain whether Eleanor's falcons hibernate on the African mainland, which is separated from Madagascar by the Strait of Mozambique . Occasional reports of wintering in the South Aegean have not yet been confirmed. Eleanor's falcons leave their breeding grounds from mid-October; Young and breeding birds migrate separately. First time migrants are around 10 weeks old when they start moving; they cover a train distance of over 10,000 kilometers. Eleanor's falcons are independent of thermals and therefore cover longer distances across the open sea without any problems.
For the Eleanor's falcons breeding in the Aegean Sea and Cyprus, a largely south-facing migration route was assumed for the autumn migration. After crossing the Mediterranean Sea and the Sinai Peninsula , they follow the western coastline of the Red Sea , cross the Horn of Africa and then fly further south along the east coast of Africa until they cross the Indian Ocean via the Mozambique Strait to Madagascar to reach. This strait is flown over at various points. This hypothetical migration course is based on observations of larger migration swarms of Eleanor's falcons in Somalia and Tanzania in the 1950s and late 1970s and has been largely uncontested since then. However, new data from telemetered falcons from the Aegean breeding area suggests a wider migration corridor in East Africa. The same migration route is assumed for the homeward migration, which begins slowly from mid-February, reaches its peak in mid-March and subsides in April.
The migration routes of individual Eleanor's falcons from Sardinian and Balearic colonies have been telemetrically recorded in recent years. However, the number of birds on the transmitter is still too small to be able to make a final judgment. The hitherto largely undisputed view that the Eleanor's falcons breeding in colonies of the western Mediterranean or on the Atlantic coast first migrate eastwards along the southern coast of the Mediterranean and only turn south after reaching the migration route of the Aegean breeder, was not supported by these data. After crossing the Mediterranean Sea, all western breeders moved more or less across Africa, adults almost diagonally, juveniles on a route that sometimes ran much further to the west. Adult birds completed the migration in about three weeks, young birds that made longer stopovers in West Africa took up to three times as long. The homeward movement of the Eleanor's falcons breeding in the western Mediterranean could only be followed with the help of two telemetry birds. These birds also crossed the African continent and made long stops.
The migration behavior of Eleanor's falcons before they are ready to breed is largely unknown. Data so far suggest that although many leave the wintering area in the direction of their homecoming, they do summer in different regions south of the Sahara.
The falcons arrive in the breeding areas in mid-April at the earliest, but roam widely in the months before the start of breeding, especially inland. It is not uncommon for Eleanor's falcons to be reported from Bulgaria and southern France, occasionally from Central Europe and occasionally from Great Britain , Poland and Sweden in 1997 . The breeding site fidelity is particularly high in males. Females change breeding colonies more often or occasionally migrate to more distant areas.
Food and subsistence
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During late summer and early autumn Eleanor's falcons feed themselves and their brood almost exclusively on birds, especially migrating songbirds. An extensive analysis of over 6000 pluckings from a South Aegean colony found the fitis to be the most common prey, followed by red-backed shrimp , graycatcher and whinchat . In the western colonies in the Mediterranean, various types of sailor , and on the Atlantic coast, red headed shrike can be common prey. Altogether more than 100 different bird species were identified as prey for the Eleonora's falcon; the hoopoe was one of the largest . Whether even larger and heavier birds such as pigeons or hens are regularly beaten by Eleanor's falcons needs to be checked more closely.
Outside the bird migration times, large flight insects form the main food of the Eleanor's falcon. Butterflies , beetles , cicadas , jumpers , dragonflies and swarming ants predominate in the insect diet . Occasionally, bats , lizards , scorpions and millipedes are preyed on. Birds only play a subordinate role outside of the breeding season.
Eleanor's falcons are almost exclusively flight fighters. Only a very small proportion of the prey is caught on the ground. Insects are caught in the air and eaten, birds are carried to a resting place and plucked there. Eleanor's falcons are flexible hunters who adapt their catching strategies to the prevailing supply. You can hunt until late at dusk, and even at night on bright moonlit nights. In the bird migration season, night migrants are caught at dawn before they go down to rest for the day. Eleanor's falcons often hunt in small groups. They stand at a very high altitude of 1000 meters and more above the sea and come down on them when they see flocks of birds passing through. They also patrol in the near-water search flight over the sea when the weather conditions force the migratory birds to fly lower. If there is a large supply of food, not all of the prey animals that have been hit are used.
behavior
Eleanor's falcons are diurnal; their activity peaks are in the early morning and late afternoon. If there is a high frequency of migratory birds in the twilight hours, they adapt their activity range to these conditions. During the breeding season they live in colonies that are sometimes quite strong in individuals; on the train, too, they are often socialized with conspecifics or with other falcons, especially tree and slate falcons. Only in the pre-breeding season are Eleanor's falcons wandering alone more frequently observed. They do not claim hunting grounds either during or outside the breeding season, only the immediate vicinity of the breeding site, which itself is defended with threatening rituals.
Eleanor's falcons bathe frequently and extensively when they have the opportunity, soaking the plumage completely and then letting it dry in long sunbaths.
Breeding biology
Female Eleanor's falcons reach sexual maturity in the second year of life, the males one year later. However, the majority of females do not brood until they are three years old. The pair bond lasts for a breeding season, but re-pairings of last year's breeding partners are likely to be frequent due to the species' great loyalty to the breeding site. A disproportionate frequency of uniformly morphous breeding partners was not found.
The Eleanor's falcon is colony breeder, single broods seem to occur only in exceptional cases. During a large-scale survey of Eleanor's falcons breeding on Greek territory, only two breeding pairs were found at one breeding site on Evia , whereas an average of 140 breeding pairs were breeding in seven breeding colonies in the vicinity of Kythira . The world's most populous colony with over 1300 individuals is located on the inhabited island of Antikythira , about 20 square kilometers in size, halfway between Kythira and the north-western tip of Crete .
Courtship
Eleanor's falcons show impressive sightseeing flights over the breeding site, during which the male repeatedly pushes down on the female, touches it lightly and then rises again; occasionally the female turns on her back during this contact.
Nesting place
The best nesting sites are spacious, level and ideally shaded during the hottest hours of the day; often the nesting sites are in half-caves. What is striking is a clear preference for breeding sites that are heavily exposed to wind, in the Aegean, above all exposed to the Meltémi . A slight preference for an orientation to the east was also noted. Often a natural hollow is used or, if the subsoil allows, one is excavated. As with most falcons, nesting material is not entered. Often the nesting site is in the vegetation-free terrain, but overgrown rock niches are also chosen, provided that they allow free approach and departure. The minimum distance to the next breeding site can be very small at about two meters, but if possible is usually 10 meters and more; this area is defended against conspecifics. However, territorial disputes were rarely found. First breeders often have to make do with suboptimal nesting sites; in particular, very strong sunlight can have a very negative effect on breeding success. Crows and shags' nests are rarely chosen as nesting sites.
Clutch and brood
The breeding phenology is adapted to the autumn migration of songbirds. Oviposition does not begin until mid-July and reaches its peak in early August. A clutch usually consists of two to three (max. Four) elongated oval eggs with dense reddish brown speckles on a light background, which measure around 43 × 34 millimeters with an average weight of 26 grams. The clutch size should depend on the food supply and the hunting success of the male. The clutch is incubated mainly by the female for about 29 days; During this time and during the first half of the nestling period, which lasts between 37 and 43 days, the male alone cares for the chicks and the female. Only with the growing need for food of the growing nestlings does the female participate in the procurement of food. The nestlings are fed exclusively with birds. It is not known how long young falcons flown out will be looked after by their parents. The intraspecific brood parasitism , which not infrequently occurs in colony breeders, was not found in colonies of the Eleonora falcon, and copulations of brood partners with another colony member ( extra pair copulation ) do not seem to occur either. Due to the Eleanor's falcon's high fidelity to the breeding site, a relatively high percentage of the pairs are closely related to one another, which can possibly have a negative effect on the breeding success. Overall, reproduction fluctuates considerably both regionally and seasonally and is between 1.2 and 2.6 young birds flown out per pair. The causes of the differences between the significantly high flight rate on Mogador on the Moroccan Atlantic coast and the remarkably low rate in some Greek colonies is so far unknown.
Mortality and Age
Mortality in the first half of the year is very high due to the hazards on the first train. Overall, less than 25 percent of a breeding year should reach breeding maturity. After that, the annual mortality drops significantly. Mebs & Schmidt give 16 years as the maximum age of a ringed bird; EURING records 11 years and 2 months for a hunted bird.
Systematics
Despite the brood distribution fragmented into partially isolated colonies, no subspecies are distinguished. Genetic analyzes confirmed the close relationship of the species to the tree falcon and the slate falcon, which was suspected on the basis of morphological and behavioral similarities. With these, the Eleonora's falcon forms the monophyletic subgenus Hypotriorchis within the Falconinae. The extent to which other falcons such as the African tree falcon ( Falco cuvieri ) or the Malay tree falcon ( Falco serverus ) should be included in this group is the subject of research.
Stock situation
The IUCN does not consider the Eleanor's falcon population to be endangered and estimates the total European population to be around 6,000 breeding pairs. Birdlife Europe found declining population figures in Greece in particular, and rates the overall situation as D ( declining). Mebs and Schmidt also assume a total population of around 6,500 breeding pairs. According to this source, there were, in some cases, considerable increases in populations in many western colonies, in contrast to considerable decreases in populations at some Greek breeding sites. Breeding sites on the Cretan east coast and on the offshore islets and cliffs are particularly affected by populations. These declines are primarily attributed to methomyl poisoning , which farmers in the region use in drinking bowls to protect grape crops from crop losses by birds and rats. Eleanor's falcons also seem to drink from these drinking bowls, bathe and die in them, especially on hot, windless days when their need for water is particularly high.
All of this information was based on small-scale censuses and projections based on them. The results of the Greece-wide inventory have been available since January 2008. In total, almost 18,000 individuals were counted during the 2004–2006 breeding seasons; the authors estimate the breeding population at about 13,000 pairs, i.e. about twice the world population previously assumed. It is possible that Greece is home to almost 90 percent of the world's population. In six core zones, population declines were only found in the east Cretan coastal and island area; in all other areas investigated, there were in some cases very clear population increases. Since earlier information was largely based on estimates, statements about the actual population dynamics are uncertain. Except for the islands of the Saronic Gulf , Euboea and the Ionian Islands , where the Eleanor's falcon breeds only rarely and in small numbers, the species seems to be a regular and in some places frequent breeding bird in the rest of the Aegean. However, reliable statements on the development of the population can only be made after the next census, which is to be carried out in 10 years. A Spanish field study revealed that 200 breeding pairs in the Canary Islands were also significantly larger than previously assumed.
In addition to the poisoning already mentioned, the main causes of danger are a variety of disturbances at the breeding site, recently also through mostly illegal cliff climbing in breeding areas and egg collecting. In addition to the natural sources of danger to which long-distance migrants are exposed, direct pursuit by shooting plays an essential role in minimizing the population. Eleanor's falcons are also hunted in winter quarters and also suffer from habitat loss and pesticide input in agriculture.
Name derivation
The first descriptor Giuseppe Gené , who was born in Lombardy and mainly worked in Turin, named the species after the Sardinian regent Eleonora di Arborea , who also laid down provisions for the protection of birds of prey in the Carta de Lógu law collection she initiated towards the end of the 14th century .
literature
- Mark Beaman and Steven Madge: Handbook of Bird Identification. Europe and Western Palearctic. Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8001-3471-3 , pp. 208-209 and 248.
- Anastasios Dimalexis, Stavros Xirouchakis, Danae Portolou, Panagiotis Latsoudis, Giorgos Karris, Jacob Fric, Panagiotis Georgiakakis, Christos Barboutis, Stratis Bourdakis, Milica Ivovič, Theodoros Kominos and Eleftherios Kakalis and Eleftherios Kakalis (Eleonco) in Greece ela's Faleon . In: Journal of Ornithology. Volume 149, Issue 1 / January 2008, ISSN 0021-8375 , pp. 23-30.
- James Ferguson-Lees and David A. Christie : Raptors of the World. Boston / New York 2001, ISBN 0-618-12762-3 , pp. 869-872; Plate 100 (p. 277).
- Dick Forsman: The Raptors of Europe and the Middle East . Helm, London 2003: pp. 470-484, ISBN 0-7136-6515-7
- Benny Génsbøl and Walther Thiede: Birds of Prey. All European species, identifiers, flight images, biology, distribution, endangerment, population development. Munich 2005, ISBN 3-405-16641-1
- Marion Gschweng, Elisabeth KV Kalko, Ulrich Querner, Wolfgang Fiedler and Peter Berthold : All across Africa: highly individual migration routes of Eleonora's falcon. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Volume 275; 2008, pp. 2887-2896.
- AJ Helbig, I. Seibold, W. Bednarek, H. Brüning, P. Gaucher, D. Ristow, W. Scharlau, D. Schmidl and M. Wink (1994): Phylogenetic relationships among falcon species (genus Falco) according to DNA sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene. In: Meyburg, B.-U. & Chancellor, RD (Ed.): Raptor conservation today. : Pp. 593-599.
- Theodor Mebs and Daniel Schmidt: The birds of prey in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Biology, characteristics, stocks. Stuttgart 2006: pp. 400-408, ISBN 3-440-09585-1
- Ingrid Swatschek, Dietrich Ristow, Winfried Scharlau, Coralie Wink and Michael Wink: Population genetics and paternity analysis in the eleonor's falcon (Falco eleonorae). In: Journal of Ornithology. Volume 134, Issue 2; 1993: pp. 137-143; ISSN 0021-8375
- Viktor Wember: The names of the birds of Europe. Meaning of the German and scientific names. Wiebelsheim 2005: p. 66, ISBN 3-89104-678-2
- G. Urios and A. Martínez-Abraín: The study of nest-site preferences in Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae through digital terrain models on a western Mediterranean island. In: Journal of Ornithology. Volume 147, Issue 1; 2006: pp. 13-23; ISSN 0021-8375
- Michael Wink, Coralie Wink and Dietrich Ristow: Biology of the Eleonorenfalken (Falco eleonorae): 2. On the inheritance of the plumage phases (light-dark). In: Journal of Ornithology. Volume 119, Issue 4; 1978: pp. 421-428; ISSN 0021-8375
- Michael Wink, Coralie Wink and Dietrich Ristow: Biology of the Eleonorenfalken (Falco eleonorae) 10: The influence of the eyrie on the breeding success In: Journal of Ornithology. Volume 123, Issue 4; 1982: pp. 401-408, ISSN 0021-8375
- Michael Wink, I. Seibold, F. Lotfikhah and W. Bednarek: Molecular systematics of holarctic raptors (Order Falconiformes) . In: Chancellor, RD, Meyburg, B.-U. and JJ Ferrero (Eds.): Holarctic Birds of Prey. Adenex & WWGBP; 1998: pp. 29-48
swell
- ↑ Mebs & Schmidt (2006) p. 400
- ↑ Ferguson-Lees & Christie (2001) p. 872
- ^ Forsman (2003) p. 477
- ^ Forsman (2003) p. 474
- ^ Forsman (2003) p. 473
- ↑ Forsman (1999) p. 471 f.
- ↑ a b c Ferguson-Lees & Christie (2001) p. 871
- ↑ a b c Dimalexis et al. (2008) p. 27
- ↑ Mebs & Schmidt (2006) p. 407
- ↑ Mebs & Schmidt (2006) p. 403
- ↑ Ugo Mellone, Pascual López-López, Ruben Limiñana and Vicente Urios: Wintering habitats of Eleonora's Falcons Falco eleonorae in Madagascar . In: Bird Study (2012) 59, 29-36.
- ↑ Gschweng et al. (2008) pp. 2887-2896
- ↑ http://www.ornithologiki.gr/life/falcoel/en/program/satellite_map.htm
- ↑ a b Gschweng et al. (2008) p. 2887
- ↑ a b Ferguson-Lees & Christie (2001) p. 870
- ↑ http://www.ornithologiki.gr/life/falcoel/en/program/satellite_map.htm
- ↑ Gschweng et al. (2008) pp. 2891-2896
- ↑ Pascual López-López, Rubén Liminana and Vicente Urios: Autumn Migration of Eleonora's Falcon Falco eleonorae Tracked by Satellite Telemetry In: Zoological Studies 48 (4), 2009: pp. 485–491 full text as pdf, engl.
- ↑ Gschweng et al. (2008) p. 2896
- ↑ Gschweng et al. (2008) p. 2894
- ↑ Mebs & Schmidt (2006) p. 404
- ↑ Hartmut Walter: On the bathing behavior of Falco eleonorae. In: Journal of Ornithology 111: 2 (April 1970): pp. 242-243
- ↑ Urios et al. (2006) p. 22
- ↑ a b Mebs & Schmidt (2006) p. 402
- ↑ Wink et al. (1982) - Biol. 10
- ↑ Swatschek et al. 1993 p. 138
- ↑ a b Mebs & Schmidt (2006) p. 406
- ↑ EURING data sheet
- ↑ Helbig et al. (1994) p. 593.
- ↑ Wink & Seibold et al. (1998) p. 32
- ↑ Falco eleonorae in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008.
- ↑ data sheet Birdlife europe engl. (2004)
- ↑ Datasheet Methomyl engl.
- ↑ Dimalexis et al. Pp. 23-30
- ↑ Dimalexis et al. P. 28
- ↑ Leonardo de León et al .: Status, Distribution and Diet of the Eleonora's Falcon (Falco eleonorae) in the Canary Islands . In: J. Raptor Res. 41 (4): 331-336 (Dec. 2007)
- ↑ Charter de Logu Elianora de Arbarèe Capitulos 81-100, Capitulu 87 - De astores
Web links
- Falco eleonorae in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2008. Posted by: BirdLife International, 2008. Accessed on December 15 of 2008.
- Videos, photos and sound recordings of Falco eleonorae in the Internet Bird Collection
- Recordings from the great outdoors at www.fokus-natur.de
- Eleanor's falcon feathers
