Elliott Cresson Medal
The Elliott Cresson Medal , English Elliott Cresson Medal , was the highest award of the Franklin Institute . It was awarded to a total of 269 people from 1875 to 1997. Namesake was the philanthropist Elliott Cresson (1796-1854), who donated 1,000 dollars for it in 1848. Since 1998 the Franklin Institute has only awarded the Benjamin Franklin Medal . It was awarded for achievements in science as well as in craft and industry, for engineers and for inventions and not only to people, but also to companies and institutions.
Award winners
- 1875 William Gibson Arlington Bonwill , for a device for producing gold hammer fillings on teeth; Fiss, Banes, Erben & Co. for balls of wool; Powers & Weightman for drug manufacturing; WP Tatham for a printing press; Benjamin Chew Tilghman for sandblasters; Joseph Zentmayer for microscopes and lenses
- 1877 John Charlton for shaft coupling; PH Dudley for the dynamograph
- 1878 Henry Bower for non-smellable glycerine; Cyrus Chambers for a Bolt and River Clipper; Williams Farr Goodwin for comparative testing of mowers
- 1879 Norbert Delandtsheer for a machine that tests flax
- 1880 LH Spellier for a time telegraph
- 1881 W. Woodnut Griscom for an induction electric motor and battery
- 1885 Cyprien Chabot for a shoe-cutting machine; Frederick Siemens for a gas burner
- 1886 Patrick Bernard Delany , synchronous telegraphy; Thaddeus SC Lowe synthesis gas process and apparatus; Ott & Brewer for porcelain; Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems for transmissions; RH Ramsay for an apparatus for transporting railway wagons; Liberty walkup for an airbrush
- 1887 Charles F. Albert for violins and bows; Hugo Bilgram for a gear cutting machine; Alfred H. Cowles for an electric furnace; Edward Alfred Cowper for a writing telegraph
- 1889 Ottmar Mergenthaler for the Linotype printing press; T. Hart Robertson for a writing telegraph; George Frederick Simonds for a universal rolling machine
- 1890 JB Hammond for Typewriter Improvement; Herman Hollerith for his punch card machine; Mayer Hayes & Co. for the production of filing cabinets ( files )
- 1891 Stockton Bates for spinning technology; James H. Bevington for tube welding and molding technology; Bradley Allen Fiske for a range finder; Tinius Olsen for a testing machine; Edwin F. Shaw Spinning Technology; Samuel M. Vauclain for a composite steam locomotive; George M. Von Culin for spinning technology
- 1892 Philip H. Holmes for ball bearing technology (Composition of Journal Bearings); Henry M. Howe for Steel Metallurgy
- 1893 Clifford H. Batchellor for a locomotive; Frederic Eugene Ives for color photography; George E. Marks for Prosthetic Improvement; Paul von Jankó for his piano keyboard
- 1894 Nikola Tesla for high frequency alternating current
- 1895 Henry M. Howe for experimental investigations on steel; James Peckover for a stone cutting machine; Lester Pelton for water turbines
- 1896 Patrick Bernard Delany for high-speed telegraphy; Tolbert Lanston for a monotype machine
- 1897 Hamilton Young Castner for an electrolysis process for alkali chlorides; Elisha Gray for a forerunner of the fax machine (telautograph); Charles Francis Jenkins for the Phantascope projector; Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen for X-rays; Joseph Wilckes for Econometer
- 1898 Wilbur Olin Atwater and Edward Bennett Rosa for the Atwater system for determining the calorie content of food, Thomas Corscaden for making a steel pulley system; Clemens Hirschel for the Venturi Meter; Henri Moissan for his electric oven
- 1900 American Cotton Company for their Round Lap Bale System; Louis Edward Levy etching technique of metal plates; Pencoyd Iron Works for bridge construction; United States Geological Survey for their exhibit; Carl Auer von Welsbach for research in the chemistry of metal oxides
- 1901 Rudolf Diesel for the diesel engine; John S. Forbes and AG Waterhouse for an automated sterilization process (heating liquid); LM Haupt ( Reaction Breakwater , Engineering); Mason and Hamlin for the Liszt organ
- 1902 Charles Ernest Acker for the production of concentrated alkali metals and halogen gases; Fred W. Taylor and Maunsel White III. for a method of making steel for tools
- 1903 GH Clam for a process to remove metals from mixtures; JL Ferrell for a process to make wood more resistant to fire; Wilson Lindsley Gill for an urban school schedule; Victor Goldschmidt for his harmony theory in music; Frank Julian Sprague for electric motors
- 1904 James Mapes Dodge for his method of storing coal; Wilson Lindsley Gill for School; Hans Goldschmidt for the Thermit invention; LE Levy for a machine that prepares plates for metal etching; LD Lovekin for tube processing machines; AE Outerbridge Jr. for Molecular Structure of Cast Iron; JC Parker for a steam generator
- 1905 Elisha Gray again for his telautograph; Mihajlo Pupin for reducing the penetration of electrical waves
- 1906 American Paper Bottle for cardboard milk bottles; William Joseph Hammer for his collection of historic light bulbs
- 1907 Baldwin locomotive Works for contributions to the development of locomotives in the USA; JL Borsch for a new bifocal lens; J. Allen Heany for a fire resistant insulated cable; F. Philips for the manufacture of steel pulley blocks; Edwin R. Taylor for an electric furnace
- 1908 Romeyn Beck Hough for using American types of wood; Anatole Mallet for his locomotive
- 1909 Marie Curie and Pierre Curie for the discovery of radium ; Wolfgang Gaede for his vacuum pump; James Gayley furnace technology; Auguste Lumière and Louis Lumière for color photography; Georges Owen Squier for multiplex telephony; Benjamin Talbot Method of steel treatment in an open furnace; WV Turner air pressure brake; Underwood Typewriter Company for their typewriter; Alexis Vernasz (Feilen, milling files ), HA Wise Wood for the Autoplate Machine .
- 1910 Automatic Electric Company for automated telephony; John Brashear for astronomical instruments; Peter Cooper-Hewitt for mercury rectifiers; John Fritz for excellence in the iron and steel industry; Robert Hadfield for services in metallurgy; Ernest Rutherford for work on electricity; Joseph John Thomson for work in physics; Edward Weston for work on electrical instruments; Harvey Washington Wiley for Agriculture Chemistry
- 1912 Alexander Graham Bell ; William Crookes ; Alfred Noble (civil engineering); Edward W. Morley for determining fundamental quantities in chemistry; Albert A. Michelson physical optics; Henry Enfield Roscoe Chemistry; Samuel Wesley Stratton Metrology; Elihu Thomson electrical industry; Adolf von Baeyer organic chemistry
- 1913 Emile Berliner Telephony and sound reproduction; Emil Fischer organic chemistry and biochemistry; William Ramsay Chemistry; Isham Randolph Civil Engineering; Lord Rayleigh Physics; Albert Sauveur Metallurgy of Iron and Steel; Charles P. Steinmetz electrical engineering
- 1914 JM von Eder, photochemistry; Carl von Linde , Gas Liquefaction and Freezing Technology; Orville Wright , flight
- 1915 Michael Joseph Owens , automatic machine for the production of glass bottles
- 1916 American Telephone & Telegraph (ATT); Byron E. Eldred, filament for incandescent lamps; Robert Gans, Permutit method for softer water
- 1917 Edwin Fitch Northrup for Investigation of Electric Ovens at High Temperature
- 1918 Isaac Newton Lewis for the Lewis machine gun
- 1920 William Le Roy Emmet , electric marine propulsion
- 1923 Lee De Forest for the Audion ; Raymond D. Johnson, hydraulic valve; Albert Kingsbury , ball bearings
- 1925 Francis Hodgkinson , steam turbines
- 1926 George Ellery Hale , astronomy; Charles S. Hastings , optics
- 1927 Dayton Miller , acoustics
- 1927 Edward Leamington Nichols , Physics
- 1928 Gustaf W. Elmen , Permalloy ; Henry Ford Automotive Industry; Vladimir Karapetoff calculating machines; Charles Lanier Lawrance , for the Wright R-790 Whirlwind aircraft engine
- 1929 James Irvine , Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Chevalier Jackson surgical instruments; Elmer Ambrose Sperry , gyroscope named after him
- 1930 Norman Rothwell Gibson , Measurement of the Flow of Liquids in Closed Circuits; Irving Edwin Moultrop , high pressure steam boiler for power plants
- 1931 Clinton Davisson , Lester Germer , Electron Diffraction on Crystals; Kotaro Honda , metallurgy, Theodore Lyman , spectroscopy
- 1932 Percy Williams Bridgman , high pressure physics; Charles Legeyt Fortescue , electrical engineer (symmetrical coordinates in polyphase networks); John B. Whitehead , Dielectrics
- 1933 Walther Bauersfeld , planetariums; Juan de la Cierva , Autogyro (helicopter forerunner)
- 1934 Stuart Ballantine , radio antennas; Union Switch & Signal for automated control systems for trains
- 1936 George O. Curme Jr., Development of the Synthesis of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons ; Robert Jemison Van de Graaff for his generator
- 1937 Carl David Anderson for discovering the positron ; William Bowie for contributions to geodesy ( isostasy ); Jacques E. Brandenberger , Cellophane Production; William Francis Giauque , low temperature physics; Ernest Lawrence , cyclotron
- 1938 Edwin Herbert Land , Polaroid;
- 1939 Charles Boys for new measuring methods in gravitation, acoustics, electricity, heat and radiation; George Ashley Campbell Theory of Electrical Circuits for Improvement in Telephony; John Renshaw Carson , single sideband modulation
- 1940 Frederick M. Backet Metallurgy; Robert R. Williams Research on Vitamin B1
- 1941 United States Navy for pressure chambers against diving disease
- 1942 Claude Hudson , Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Isidor Isaac Rabi , Measurement of Nuclear Moments
- 1943 Charles Metcalf Allen for measuring the flow of water in tubes (Salt Velocity Method)
- 1944 Roger Adams , organic chemistry
- 1945 Stanford Caldwell Hooper , radio technology for the US Navy; Lewis Ferry Moody , hydraulic turbines
- 1946 Gladeon M. Barnes , military technology (anti-aircraft guns, tanks, coastal artillery)
- 1948 Edwin H. Colpitts , radio technology ( Colpitts oscillator )
- 1950 Basil Schonland , physics of lightning
- 1952 Edward C. Molina , telephone switchboards and their analysis; H. Birchard Taylor , Turbinen (Single runner vertical reaction turbine)
- 1953 William Blum , Physics of Electrolytic Deposition of Metals; George R. Harrison , Accurate Measurement of the Zeeman Effect ; William Frederick Meggers , Spectroscopy
- 1955 Frank Philip Bowden , Physics of Friction Between Solids
- 1957 Willard Libby , radiocarbon dating; Reginold James Seymour Pigott , as an engineer, entrepreneur and inventor; Robert Watson-Watt , radar
- 1958 Joseph C. Patrick , Polymer Chemistry and a New Process for the Production of Synthetic Rubber; Stephen P. Timoshenko , Theory of Elasticity
- 1959 John Hays Hammond , remote control of vehicles; Henry Charles Harrison , Electrical Engineering ( Matched Impedance Principle for Electromechanical Apparatus); Irving Wolff for contributions to radio, radar and electronics
- 1960 Hugh Latimer Dryden Aerodynamics (wind tunnel, aircraft design), first radar-guided missile; Arpad Nadai , Theory of Elasticity; William Francis Gray Swann , cosmic radiation
- 1961 Donald A. Glaser , bubble chamber ; Rudolf Mößbauer for the effect named after him; Reinhold Rüdenberg Elektrotechnik (alternating current generators, etc.); James Van Allen , space pioneer
- 1962 James G. Baker Astronomical Instruments, Theory of the Design of Optical Systems; Wernher von Braun , rockets
- 1963 Nicholas Christofilos , Synchrotron a. a .; Grote Reber , radio astronomy
- 1964 Waldo Semon , synthetic rubber production; Richard V. Southwell , Theory of Elasticity (Buckling Problems); Robert R. Wilson , Physics Particle Accelerators and Detectors at Particle Accelerators
- 1965 Donald Van Slyke , Methods and Apparatus in Clinical Chemistry
- 1966 Everitt P. Blizard , Theory of Radiation Protection
- 1966 Herman F. Mark , Polymers
- 1968 Neil Bartlett , compounds of noble gases (xenon, radon) with fluorine
- 1969 Henry Eyring , quantum chemistry; Peter Carl Goldmark , electronics
- 1970 Walter Henry Zinn , nuclear reactor technology
- 1971 Paul Flory , Polymer Chemistry; John Hasbrouck Van Vleck , Theory of Magnetism and Dielectrics
- 1972 Brian D. Josephson , for the effect named after him; William P. Lear , autopilot and Lear jet
- 1973 Allan Rex Sandage , astronomy; John Paul Stapp , Accident Research in Motor Vehicles
- 1974 Theodore L. Cairns , chemistry; Robert Henry Dicke for his gravitational experiments; Arie Jan Haagen-Smit for plant hormones and research on air pollution; Bruno Rossi , gamma ray astronomy, cosmic radiation
- 1975 Mildred Cohn , NMR analysis of enzyme complexes; Michael James Lighthill , Theory of Aerodynamic Acoustics
- 1976 Leon Max Lederman , experimental particle physics
- 1978 Herbert Charles Brown , Synthesis of Diboranes and Alkali Metal Hydrides; Frank H. Stillinger Computer simulation of the properties of water
- 1979 Steven Weinberg , elementary particle physics
- 1980 Riccardo Giacconi , X-ray astronomy
- 1981 Marion King Hubbert , quantitative methods in geology
- 1982 Harold P. Eubank , plasma physics; Edgar Bright Wilson , Molecular Structure and Dynamics
- 1984 Elizabeth F. Neufeld , Genetics of Mucopolysaccharidosis
- 1985 Robert N. Clayton , mass spectrometer in geosciences; Andrei Sakharov for his contributions to physics
- 1986 Leo Kadanoff , theory of phase transitions
- 1987 Gerd Binnig , Heinrich Rohrer , scanning tunneling microscope
- 1988 Harry George Drickamer , High Pressure Solid State Physics
- 1989 Edward N. Lorenz , Chaos Theory
- 1990 Marlan Scully , laser physics, quantum optics
- 1991 Yakir Aharonov , David Bohm for the Aharonov-Bohm effect
- 1992 Tsui Lap Chee for discovering the cystic fibrosis gene
- 1995 Marvin H. Caruthers for his contributions to the automation of the synthesis of oligonucleotides ; Alfred Y. Cho for the development and refinement of molecular beam epitaxy techniques for applications in quantum physics
- 1997 Irwin Fridovich , Joe M. McCord for discovering free radical biology in living organisms