Entoloma subg. Entoloma

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Entoloma subg. Entoloma
Giant Rötling (Entoloma sinuatum)

Giant Rötling ( Entoloma sinuatum )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Red bloom relatives (Entolomataceae)
Genre : Red rot ( Entoloma )
Subgenus : Entoloma subg. Entoloma
Scientific name
Entoloma subg. Entoloma
( Fr. ) P. Kumm.

Entoloma subg. Entoloma , like the genus Entoloma also called red rot , is an extensive sub-genus of the genus of red rot , which is divided into the eight sections Entoloma , Nolanidea (spring red rot ) , Polita , Rhodopolia , Sphagnophila , Pseudonolanea , Pallideradicata and Turfosa as well as several subsections and Stirpse .

The type species is the flour rötling ( Entoloma prunuloides ).

features

Macroscopic features

The subgenus Entoloma includes species with knightly , more rarely turnip or umbilical-like fruiting bodies . The domed or flat-domed hat often has a pronounced hump, but can also be flattened or clearly depressed. It changes its color when drying ( hygrophan ) or not. Depending on the thickness of the meat ( trama ), the lamellas shine through as grooves from above. The surface is smooth or only weakly hairy in the middle. It rarely has a more or less finely puckered structure.

Microscopic features

The hat covering layer ( Pileipellis ) is a cutis or ixocutis made of narrow, cylindrical fungal threads ( hyphae ). They have a diameter of 2 to 7 µm and are a little wider, especially in the end cells. The subcutis is well developed or not. If present, it consists of wide, inflated elements that are often constricted on the transverse walls ( septa ). They are 20–100 µm long and 6–25 µm wide. The trama of the slats and the hat is made up of short, cylindrical to inflated elements. They have a length of 20 to 100 µm, rarely more. The pigment is dissolved in the cell sap (intracellular), deposited on the outside of the hyphal wall ( encrusting ) or contained in the cell wall (parietal) and often occurs in combination, but often with different topography. Buckles are usually abundant on the hyphae septa.

Systematics

In 1838 Elias Magnus Fries described the tribe Entoloma of the genus Agaricus . In 1844 Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst placed the taxon on the rank of a subgenus. In 1871 Paul Kummer combined Entoloma as a genus. 15 years later, Lucien Quélet transferred the taxon as a subgenus to the genus Rhodophyllus . After another 3 years, Joseph Schröter provided Ug. Entoloma in the genus Hyporrhodius . In 1943 Henri Romagnesi described the synonym Rhodophyllus subgenus Romagnesia . The sub-genus contains the type species of the genus Entoloma and is therefore automatically given the name of the superordinate genus (autonym).

Entoloma section

The sparkling wine  Entoloma includes species whose fleshy fruiting bodies have a knightly habit. The hat is hygrophan or not and either has no or only an indistinctly translucent fluted edge. The species fructify in autumn.

Here you will find the red red flakes with the largest fruiting bodies, including, for example, the lilac blue red flax ( Entoloma bloxamii ) and the giant red flax ( Entoloma sinuatum ). Some species have rather thin small isodiametric spores relatively easy cyanophilen walls, similar to the type of spores section Turfosa and genus plate warmers ( Rhodocybe ). In the case of the steel-blue red oet ( Entoloma nitidum ), the overall great similarity of the fruiting body morphology to the rotary-stem red oet ( Entoloma turbidum ) is quite striking except for the blue color of the steel-blue red oet. Machiel E. Noordeloos' considerations go in the direction of transferring these taxa to the genus of the Tellerlinge. See also the information in the Turfosa section .

Entoloma subsection

Lilac-blue Rötling
( Entoloma bloxamii )
Steel blue rötling
( Entoloma nitidum )

The Entoloma subsection mainly contains well-known species with relatively small, evenly symmetrical (isodiametric) and (4–) hexagonal spores from the side , which sometimes (for example in the steel blue red oat ) show an incomplete network on scanning electron microscope images , which is a transition to the spore type Tellerlinge ( Rhodocybe ) suggests. Further morphological work combined with molecular studies are required to clarify the relationships. See also the comments on the Turfosa section . The species in the sub- section Sinuata have significantly larger and differently shaped spores with more pronounced corners and a complete rib skeleton typical of red flies.

  • Lilac-blue Rötling - Entoloma bloxamii (Berkeley & Broome 1854) Saccardo 1887
    • Entoloma bloxamii f. caesiolamellatum Wölfel & Noordeloos 2001
  • Mouse-gray Rötling - Entoloma myochroum Noordeloos & E. Ludwig 2004
  • Steel-blue Rötling - Entoloma nitidum Quélet 1883
  • Flour-Rötling - Entoloma prunuloides (Fries 1821: Fries 1821) Quélet 1872
    • Entoloma prunuloides var.  Obscurum Arnolds & Noordeloos 2004
  • Isabell-Rötling - Entoloma rubellum (Scopoli 1772) Gillet 1874
  • Olive-green Rötling - Entoloma viridans (Fries 1863) P. Karsten 1879

Sinuata subsection

In the subsection Sinuata species with iso- to heterodiametric and in the side view 5-7 - (- 8) -angular spores are grouped.

Section Nolanidea (spring red blooms )

Striped Spring Rötling
( Entoloma aprile )
Silver-gray rottling
( Entoloma saundersii )

This section was created primarily for a group of similar species that share specific ecological needs. They all grow in the rose , elm and willow plants and form a special ectomycorrhiza with the representatives of these families . In Europe, the group fructifies from late winter to spring.

Their fruiting body morphology lies more or less between the sparkling wine  Entoloma and the rhodopolium group. Some taxa have a non- hygrophanic hat with loose, fibrous spots such as the silver-gray reddish and, to a certain extent, the pale brown reddish . The other species, however, have a smooth, hygrophane hat like E. rhodopolium and its relatives.

The differentiation between species is sometimes difficult and often leads to confusion, especially with regard to the shield red fledgling and the striped spring red fledgling . Frequently occurring, pale specimens reinforce the assumption that the snow-white spring rötling is merely an albino form of the shield rötling.

The very similar silver- gray rötling with its weakly hygrophanic hat has mainly a mica to loosely fibrous covering and is microscopically characterized by large, polygonal spores. The hats also often open when they are partly still in the ground, which is why the ripe fruit bodies are covered with earth particles.

In addition, there is another similar species, the pale brown rötling , which has fruiting bodies with pale, strongly hygrophanic, smooth hats and reddish-colored bruises. However, the Guaiac color reaction seems to be inconsistent, which is why it is not suitable for distinguishing the species in the sparkling wine.  Noladinea from one another.

  • Striped spring rötling - Entoloma aprile (Britzelmayr 1885) Saccardo 1887
  • Shield Rotling - Entoloma clypeatum (Linnaeus 1753) P. Kummer 1871
    • Entoloma clypeatum f. hybridum (Romagnesi 1947) Noordeloos 1981
    • Entoloma clypeatum f. pallidogriseum Noordeloos 1981
    • Entoloma clypeatum f. xanthophyllum Noordeloos 1981
    • Entoloma clypeatum var.  Defibulatum Noordeloos 1981
    • Entoloma clypeatum var.  Hybridum Noordeloos 1981
  • Snow-white spring rötling - Entoloma niphoides Romagnesi 1947 ex Noordeloos 1985
  • Silver-gray Rötling - Entoloma saundersii (Frieze 1874) Saccardo 1887
  • Pale brown red rot - Entoloma sepium (Noulet & A. Dassier 1838) Richon & Roze 1888

Pallideradicata Section

In the Pallideradicata section , fruit bodies with a (slender) knight-like habit, conical to cushion-shaped hat, attached to mostly free lamellas and a relatively slender stem are grouped. The non-hygrophane or weakly hygrophane hat has no translucent grooves and a smooth to silky glossy or very clearly radially veined surface that is white or very pale in color. The spores are heterodiametric. The lamellar edges are either fertile or heterogeneous. Cheilocystides are either present or absent, pleurocystides are absent. The cap skin is a well-differentiated (ixo-) cutis made up of narrow, cylindrical hyphae with intracellular and / or parietal pigment. The trama consists of relatively long hyphae. Buckles on the hyphae septa are missing.

Entoloma bicolor

Originally, this section only contained a single European species as well as presumed relationships with non-European taxa such as Entoloma bicolor Massee from Singapore and Rhodophyllus irinus Romagn. & Gilles and R. rigens Romagn. & Gilles from tropical Africa. The new description of the Risspilz-Rötling provides material for new speculations. This species shares some interesting features with Entoloma pallideradicatum in its current concept . These include the pale, non-hygrophane hat with the cutis-like hat top layer, heterodiametric spurs and missing buckles. In addition, both species have a trama that is not typically composed of relatively long elements in the manner of a reddish. It was therefore decided to slightly correct the concept of the Pallideradicata section here in order to integrate Entoloma eximium . Nevertheless, the systematic position of the section remains unclear. Machiel E. Noordeloos (2004) agrees with Eyssartier et al. agree the kind tighter in the Ug. Place Entoloma .

Section pseudonolanea

The sparkling wine.  Pseudonolanea includes fruiting bodies with a helmet-like or turnip-like, more rarely knight-like habitus. They are often reminiscent of a species from Ug. Nolanea like the silky bell-ringer , but the meat consists of typically reddish-like, short and sausage-shaped elements.

This section brings together quite a large number of species with relatively small fruiting bodies. Many of them occur at higher altitudes and obviously belong to the funga of the arctic tundra and (sub) alpine vegetation. In some species mycorrhiza-like connections with dwarf shrubs from the genera birch and willow have been detected. The mushrooms may also interact with the nodule knotweed . In addition, several species have recently been discovered at lower elevations, even in Mediterranean bush vegetation, which may be associated with rockrose . Some species are very difficult to distinguish due to their Nolanea -like appearance, which is why a complete microscopic examination of the structure of the trama is necessary for a successful determination .

Polita section

The Sekt.  Polita includes within the Ug. Entoloma a small group of species, which is characterized by rather different habitats. The turnip-like and sometimes umbilical-like fruiting bodies have a convex-naveled to funnel-shaped hat. The lamellae are usually broadly attached to the stem, rarely bulging with a short falling tooth and sometimes clearly falling. The stem is not fibrous and fibrous-grooved as in the species of other sections, but more or less polished as in many species of the Ug. Leptonia . They often grow in groups in damp and swampy places under different trees such as B. alder, ash and willow, but also in oak and beech forests. Some fruiting bodies smell either strongly nitric or rancid-floury and can be confused with small specimens of the rhodopolium group. The micromorphology in the Sekt.  Polita is very similar to the characteristics in the Sekt.  Rhodopolia . The structure of the hat skin and the context are the same. The pigment is mostly intracellular.

Section Rhodopolia

Hat clearly hygrophanous, with thin-fleshed species mostly grooved to be translucent. Pigment intracellular, encrusting, or a combination of both types.

The core of Ug. Entoloma forms the rhodopolium group . In Noordeloos' first classification of Ug. There were all kinds of red rot in the sparkling wine.  Rhodopolia , which was divided into the two subsections Rhodopolia and Typodochroa . The sub-champagne. Rhodopolia comprised species with predominantly intracellular pigment, whereas in the sub-sect. Typodochroa species were grouped with encrusting pigment. In the first volume of his monograph, the author rejected this division. With increasing knowledge of the group, the impression grew that pigmentation should not be used to assign or separate species from this group. Examples such as horn-gray ruddy vs. Weakly grooved red bloom , alkaline red bloom vs. Rötling willow and the circumstances found in some alpine-arctic species show that similar or closely related species can only differ in their pigmentation type. Therefore, the two subsections have been merged into one large section.

Largent maintains the sections Rhodopolia and Typodochroa in his report on the Entolomataceae of the Western United States and sets up two further sections with Subsaundersii and Lividoalbum . The main criteria for this reorganization of the species is essentially based on the characteristics of the hat skin: opaque compared to translucent, slightly compared to clearly hygrophan.

In fact, the European species E. saundersii occupies an isolated position in the sparkling wine.  Nolanidea because of the glossy-looking hat surface. A complete comparison of the European with the North American species can ultimately lead to a redistribution of this species within the Ug. Entoloma lead.

Numerous field observations of large red blooming species have shown a certain tendency that the hat looks less hygrophan, less translucent, which certainly has something to do with the thickness of the meat. The fresh, both young and ripe fruiting bodies of some species such as the white-stemmed red bloom and the club-footed red bloom can be covered with an ephemeral, silver hoop or very fine and distributed fibrous areas that disappear with age. This makes the hat appear opaque at first. The hat surface is smooth when damp and feels a bit greasy to the touch. A similar phenomenon could be observed in the sparkling wine. Nolanidea in the Schild-Rötling . The recently newly discovered species Entoloma griseorugulosum and Entoloma griseopruinatum represent the end of the spectrum from hygrophan and smooth to non-hygrophan and frosted or finely crinkled hats. The rediscovery of Entoloma platyphylloides with a fibrous, striped hat surface is interesting in this context .

A special case is the red peat . This rare species is typical of lowland peat bogs that once covered large areas of the Atlantic part of Europe in prehistoric times. The mushroom has a number of deviating characteristics, including the pointed hat with the airy, fibrous areas that can be a veil of the universal velum, as well as an unusual heterodiamatic, polygonal spore type. Indeed, these differences can justify such a sectional status. For the time being, also in view of the upcoming molecular research, Machiel E. Noordeloos prefers to keep the order of the species in the sect.  Rhodopolia in Stirps in order to facilitate identification.

Stirps brassicolens

The fruiting bodies in Stirps Brassicolens have a non-hygrophane or weakly hygrophanic hat, which feels greasy to the touch and which, with age, has a slightly to very finely wrinkled surface. The strong, smelly smell is reminiscent of rotten cabbage. The pigment is intracellular and buckles are abundant on the hyphal septa.

Stirps Kallioi

The stirps kallioi are characterized by fruit bodies with hygrophanic hats without translucent grooves. Cheilocystids are present and look thread-like to corral-shaped. The pigment is intracellular. Numerous hyphae septa have buckles.

Stirps Livido album

White-stemmed rötling
( Entoloma lividoalbum )

The Stirps Lividoalbum is characterized by strong fruit bodies with relatively firm, compact meat. The hat is smooth and distinct or weakly hygrophane. Fresh specimens are often covered with scattered, airy, loose fibers and / or have a radial fiber structure. Sometimes the surface of the hat shows completely fine frosting. The pigment is intracellular.

Stirps Myrmecophilum

The fruit bodies in stirps Myrmecophilum are relatively large and have medium to thick flesh. The hat is often dark brown in color with red, yellow or gray tones. The surface of the hat is hygrophan, but sometimes weak, often grooved with clear translucency and, especially in the middle, often somewhat opaque with a few airy, loosely lying fibers, less often with a radial fibrous structure. The pigment is predominantly encrusting, but often also intracellular.

Stirps Rhodopolium

Depressed Rötling
Entoloma rhodopolium  agg.

The fruit bodies in Stirps  Rhodopolium are medium to large in size, relatively thin and brittle. The hat is hunched or flattened in the middle. The pigment is intracellular, often difficult to recognize and probably also parietal, but never encrusting.

  • Krauser Rötling - Entoloma difforme Naveau 1923
  • Entoloma leucocarpum Noordeloos 1981
  • Noordeloos' Rötling - Entoloma noordeloosii Hausknecht 1999
  • Small- pored poplar rötling - Entoloma pseudoexcentricum (Romagnesi 1937) spinning top 1984
    • Entoloma pseudoexcentricum var.  Microsporum Noordeloos & E. Ludwig 2004
  • Depressed Rötling - Entoloma rhodopolium (Fries 1818: Fries 1821) P. Kummer 1871
    • Alkaline Anthias - Entoloma rhodopolium . Var  nidorosum (Fries 1838) Noordeloos 1989
    • Entoloma rhodopolium var.  Pseudopolitum Noordeloos 2004
  • Entoloma roseoalbum Arnolds & Noordeloos 2004
  • Red-footed Rötling - Entoloma rubrobasis Noordeloos 1992
  • Pale Rötling - Entoloma speculum (Frieze 1836) Quélet 1872

Stirps sericatum

Willow rötling
( Entoloma sericatum )
Horn-gray rottling
( Entoloma sordidulum )

Fruiting bodies in Stirps Sericatum are relatively thin and have a brittle flesh. The pigment in the top layer of the hat is clearly encrusting and also often intracellular.

  • Doppelganger Rötling - Entoloma inusitatum Noordeloos, Enderle & H. Lammers 1995
  • May Rotling - Entoloma majaloides P.D. Orton 1960
  • Willow Rötling - Entoloma sericatum (Britzelmayr 1893) Saccardo 1895
    • Entoloma sericatum var.  Saliciphilum (Noordeloos 1981) Noordeloos 2004
  • Horn-gray Rötling - Entoloma sordidulum (Kühner & Romagnesi 1955) PD Orton 1960
  • Weakly grooved Rötling - Entoloma subradiatum (Kühner & Romagnesi 1954) MM Moser 1978
    • Entoloma subradiatum var.  Caespitosum E. Ludwig 2007

Stirps transvenosum

The fruiting bodies in the Stirps Transvenosum have a hygrophanic hat with a surface that is not completely smooth, but finely puckered in the radial direction . The thick, veiny lamellae are brown-gray in color.

  • Entoloma transvenosum Noordeloos 1982
    • Entoloma transvenosum var.  Microsporum Noordeloos & Hausknecht 2004

Sphagnophila section

In the sparkling wine.  Sphagneti there are fruit bodies with a knightly habitus and polygonal, mostly knotty-knobby spores. The hat of young specimens is covered with fibrous patches that could have come from a universal velum. The pigment is abundant, brown and intracellular. Buckles are provided. The special habitat in peat bogs is striking, in which the fruiting bodies grow between dead or living peat mosses.

section Turfosa

The types of sparkling wine.  Turfosa are characterized by very small, thin-walled spores with many corners that are reminiscent of the spores of Tellerlingen ( Rhodocybe ).

The species in this section usually have a very strange spore type with many corners and very thin walls compared to other red blooms. The spores can be easily colored with cotton blue (cyanophilic). Investigations with the scanning electron microscope have shown that the spores have a similarity to the spores of the plate lobes. In North America, Largent has described similar species in the Trachyspora section . Indeed, it is sometimes difficult to explain the difference between the two genera in terms of spores. Additional investigations of the Tellerlinge by Baroni ultimately led to the fact that the types of Sekt.  Trachyspora were transferred to the genus Rhodocybe .

Kind with unclear position

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Erhard Ludwig: Descriptions. The larger genera of the Agaricales with colored spore powder (except Cortinariaceae) . In: Mushroom Compendium . tape 2 . Fungicon, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-940316-01-1 , p. 293-294 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Machiel Evert Noordeloos : Entoloma sl (supplement) . In: Fungi Europaei . 5A. Edizioni Candusso, Alassio 2004, ISBN 88-901057-4-7 , pp. 836 ff .
  3. ↑ a b Machiel Evert Noordeloos : Entoloma s. l. In: Fungi Europaei . tape  5 . Edizioni Candusso, Alassio 1992.
  4. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries : Agaricus tribus Entoloma . In: Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici . 1838, p.  143 .
  5. ↑ Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst : Agaricus subgenus  Entoloma . In: Germany's cryptogam flora . tape  1 , 1844, pp. 508 .
  6. ^ Paul Kummer : Entoloma (Fr.) P. Kumm. . In: Guide to Mushroom Science . 1871, p.  23 .
  7. ↑ Lucien Quélet : Rhodophyllus subgenus  Entoloma . In: Enchiridion fungorum in Europa Media et præsertim in Gallia vigentium . 1886, p.  57 ( Handbook of mushrooms in Central Europe and especially in France ).
  8. ↑ Joseph Schröter: Hyprrhodius subgenus  Entoloma . In: Ferdinand Cohn (Ed.): Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien . tape 3 , no. 1 , 1889, p. 616 .
  9. ^ Rolf Singer: Rhodophyllus subgenus  Entoloma Romagn. . III. The system of the Agaricales. In: Annales Mycologici . tape 41 , no. 3 , 1943, p. 3 .
  10. ↑ J. McNeill, FR Barrie, WR Buck, V. Demoulin, W. Greuter, DL Hawksworth, PS Herendeen, S. Knapp, K. Marhold, J. Prado, WF Prud'homme van Reine, GF Smith, JH Wiersema, NJ Turland: Chapter III. Nomenclature of taxa according to their rank. Section 3. Names of genera and subdivisions of genera. Article 22 . International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). In: Regnum Vegetabile . tape 154 . Koeltz Scientific Books, 2012, ISBN 978-3-87429-425-6 ( available online ).
  11. ↑ Reinhard Agerer, Kerstin Waller: Mycorrhizae of Entoloma sepium : parasitism or symbiosis? In: Mycorrhiza . tape 3 , 1993, p. 145-154 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00203608 .
  12. ↑ RK Antibus, JG Croxdale, OK Miller, AE Linkins: Ectomycorrhizal fungi of Salix rotundifolia . III. Resynthesized mycorrhizal complexes and their surface phosphatase activities. In: Canadian Journal of Botany . tape 59 , 1981, pp. 2458-2465 , doi : 10.1139 / b81-297 .
  13. ^ Frank Graf, Ivano Brunner: Natural and synthesized ectomycorrhizas of the alpine dwarf willow Salix herbacea . In: Mycorrhiza . tape 6 , 1996, pp. 227-235 .
  14. ↑ Milan Gryndler, Zuzana Egertová, Lucie Soukupová, Hana Gryndlerová, Jan Borovička, Hana Hršelová: Molecular detection of Entoloma  spp. associated with roots of rosaceous woody plants . In: Mycological Progress . tape 9 , 2010, p. 27-36 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-009-0615-3 .
  15. ↑ Taiga Kasuya, Seiji Takehashi, Tamotsu Hoshino, Machiel Evert Noordeloos : Entoloma aprile (Agaricales, Entolomataceae) new to Japan, with notes on its mycorrhiza associated with Populus maximowiczii in cool-temperate deciduous forests of Hokkaido . In: Sydowia . tape 62 , no. 2 , 2010, p. 205-223 .
  16. ↑ Hisayasu Kobayashi, Kyoko Hatano: A morphological study of the mycorrhiza of Entoloma clypeatum f. hybridum on Rosa multiflora . In: Mycoscience . tape 42 , no. 1 , 2001, p. 83-90 , doi : 10.1007 / BF02463979 .
  17. ↑ Guillaume Eyssartier, Régis Courtecuisse, Gérard Tassi: Quelques esècds intéressantes du genre Entoloma . In: Icon. e bibl. Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France . tape 115 , 1999, ISSN  0395-7527 , p. 171-172 .
  18. ↑ Machiel Evert Noordeloos : Entoloma subgenera  Entoloma and Allocybe in the Netherlands and adjacent regions with a reconnaissance of its remaining taxa in Europe . In: Persoonia . tape  11 , 1981, pp. 153-236 .
  19. ↑ David Lee Largent: Entolomatoid Fungi of the Western US and Alaska . In: Agaricales of California . Mad River Press, Eureka (USA, CA), ISBN 978-0-916422-81-3 .
  20. ↑ David Lee Largent: Rhodophylloid fungi of the Pacific Coast (United States). IV: Infrageneric concepts of Entoloma, Nolanea and Leptonia . In: Mycologia . tape 66 , no. 6 , 1974 (available online from Cyberliber ).
  21. ↑ Timothy J. Baroni, David Lee Largent: The genus Rhodocybe : new combinations and a revised key to section Rhodophana in North America . In: Mycotaxon . tape 34 , 1989, pp. 47–53 (available online from Cyberliber ).