Graubindiger Mohrenfalter
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Graubindiger Mohrenfalter ( Erebia aethiops ) |
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| ( Esper , 1777) |
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The Graubindige Mohrenfalter ( Erebia aethiops ), also called forest devil , dry grass forest Mohr , forest Mohrenfalter or simply Mohrenfalter , is a butterfly ( butterfly ) from the family of the noble butterfly (Nymphalidae). The Graubindige Mohrenfalter was chosen by the BUND North Rhine-Westphalia as Butterfly of the Year 2003.
features
The length of the forewing diagonal varies in the Alps from 21 to 26 millimeters, the size of the moth (or length of the forewing) correlates with the height. It decreases with increasing height above sea level. The basic color of the forewing upper and lower side varies from dark brown to black brown. The red post disk band is more or less constricted between the wires M2 and Cu1. The upper side of the hind wings corresponds to that of the forewings, but the red postdiscal band is usually narrower and more constricted between the eye spots, in extreme cases constricted and reduced to red spots.
On the upper side of the forewings in males and females there are mostly three large, black to black-blue, mostly white-pithed eye-spots in cells five, four and two, with slightly different frequencies. The size also varies somewhat depending on the region. In the male, additional, often only small, spots can appear in cell three as well as in cell 1a and cell 6. In the females, the spot in cell 3 is formed somewhat more frequently than in the males, there may also be two other small spots in cell 1a and another spot in cell 6. However, the formation and number of eye spots varies from region to region. Also on the hind wings there are usually three to four black, white pithed eye spots. However, the size, number and white core vary considerably here too.
The hind wings undersides of the males are dark reddish brown and basal yellow-brown. The post-discal band is silver-gray and usually well defined. It encloses small white dots in M2 and Cu1, which are occasionally outlined in black. Occasionally, however, the bandages can only be recognized when the light is appropriate. The underside of the hind wing of the females is colored even more variably. In principle, a distinction can be made between the grayish basal region, the brown to dark brown disk region, the very variable post-disk region and a brownish submarginal band. The color of the post-disk band varies from yellowish, yellowish-brown to silver-gray and violet-gray. There are white dots in the band and, more rarely, black dots with white borders in varying numbers.
The hind wing undersides of the female are brownish to yellowish brown, while the postdiskal band is buff colored. The fringes are dark brown-white piebald in the females, in the males rather uniform (light) gray.
The basic shape of the egg is oval, slightly flattened at the top and a little more flattened at the bottom. The surface has 20 to 28 longitudinal ribs. Shortly after being laid, the egg is yellowish-white, after a few days it turns light beige and dark brown spots appear.
The adult caterpillar (L4) is yellow-brown in color. The dark back line is lightly lined, weakly developed on the first segments, only clearly marked on the rear segments. The secondary back lines are often broken up into lines. Above the lateral line that runs above the spiracles (epistigmatals), dark brown wedge-shaped spots can be formed. The wedge-shaped spots are not present in all caterpillars. The processes above the anus are very short. The head is colored brown. The longest hairs of the L4 caterpillar measure 0.5 to 0.6 millimeters.
The doll is relatively short and stocky; it is 12.5 to 14.5 millimeters long. The head, thorax and wing sheaths are colored light beige. The abdomen is usually a little darker. The abdomen shows a weak central line on the back and two very weak side lines, which correspond to the back line, the side back line and the epistigmatals of the caterpillars. The spiracles are light brown. The cremaster is rounded and has no bristles.
Similar species
The Graubindige Mohrenfalter can safely be determined on the basis of images. The red-yellow band on the underside of the forewings is clearly limited towards the root base of E. aethiops . In Erebia ligea and Erebia euyrale , however, they can be expanded towards the base of the wing. The fringes of E. aethiops are monochrome gray-brown, whereas the white- banded Mohrenfalter ( Erebia ligea ) and the white- banded Mohrenfalter ( Erebia euyrale ) are black and white. The flight times of the round-eyed black butterfly ( Erebia medusa ), which is also somewhat similar in certain color and drawing variations , are virtually mutually exclusive : Erebia medusa flies in May and June, only rarely and also flew at the beginning of July, the gray-tailed black butterfly, on the other hand, from late July to mid-July August, very rarely even at the beginning of July.
Geographical distribution and habitat
The graubindige Mohrenfalter is widespread in Scotland , locally in north-west England, in France in the Massif Central , the Cevennes , in the Haut-Languedoc and in the central east. It still occurs from Belgium to Latvia , in Switzerland , in the Balkans and northern Greece ( Rhodope Mountains ), in the Apuan Alps and the Ligurian to Cottian Alps . It is not represented in northern Germany and Fennoscandinavia . In the east the distribution area extends to Siberia and the Altai. In the south to northern Turkey and the Caucasus region.
The habitats of the black butterfly include forest edges and clearings in mixed deciduous forests and adjacent dry or wet meadows . This also includes cabbage thistle meadows and tall herbaceous meadows in meadow valleys. Mention may also dry slopes ( juniper pagans ) on the edge of oak-rich forests and edges and clearings in dry forests . In the Alps it occurs from around 600 meters to over 2000 meters above sea level. In Scotland it occurs from sea level to about 500 meters above sea level.
Way of life
The Graubindige Mohrenfalter forms one generation per year, whose moths fly from the end of July to the middle of August, more rarely until the beginning of September. At lower altitudes, the moths are more active in the morning hours and visit flowers. They spend the hottest time of the day resting in the shade. Among the nectar plants the moth include silver thistle ( Carlina acaulis ), Forest scabious ( Knautia dipsacifolia ), field scabious ( Knautia arvensis ), pigeon Scabious ( Scabiosa columbaria ) Dost ( Origanum ), Meadow knapweed ( Centaurea jacea ), Acker -Scratch Thistle ( Cirsium arvense ), Stemless Scratch Thistle ( Cirsium acaule ) and Nodding Thistle ( Carduus nutans ). The eggs are individually glued to grass. In breeding it was observed that the caterpillars hatched after 15 days. Other sources give the time from oviposition to hatching as 10 to 14 days. The caterpillars feed on the following grasses: blue pipegrass ( Molinia caerulea ), bog blue grass ( Sesleria caerulea ), eyrie sedge ( Carex sempervirens ), brown sedge ( Carex nigra ), rust sedge ( Carex ferruginea ), upright trespe ( Bromus erectus ), Brachypodium pinnatum ( Brachypodium pinnatum ), small-reed ( Calamagrostis epigejos ), ordinary orchard grass ( Dactylis glomerata ), Festuca ovina ( Festuca ovina ), Festuca rubra ( Festuca rubra ), snow White Wood-rush ( Luzula nivea ) , Common bluegrass ( Poa trivialis ), Common stalk ( Anthoxanthum odoratum ), Common trembling grass ( Briza media ). The caterpillar overwinters in the first or second instar. Four or five stages can be developed, usually four stages. The first two stages usually feed during the day, the following stages usually between twilight and midnight. Pupation takes place in spring. Under breeding conditions, the caterpillar, ready to pupate, made a chamber from filaments and plant parts.
Danger
Red List FRG: Level 3 (“endangered”).
Taxonomy
The variability of the basic color and pattern, especially the number and formation of eye spots and the different coloring and patterning of the hind wing undersides as well as the different sizes of the moths led to the naming of numerous subspecies, varieties and "aberrations". However, the combinations of characteristics rarely occur constantly in a regionally limited population, so that the basis for naming subspecies is usually not given. The taxon Erebia aethiops is currently divided into about three subspecies, a thorough revision of the taxon is not yet available:
- Erebia aethiops aethiops (Esper, 1777); the nominate subspecies, in the low mountain ranges, northern Alps
- Erebia aethiops melusina Herrich-Schäffer, 1847; Caucasus
- Erebia aethiops rubria Fruhstorfer, 1909; Canton Ticino , Misox , Calancatal and Simplon south side .
Erebia aethiops sapaudia Fruhstorfer, 1917 from Salève , south of Lake Geneva and Erebia aethiops altivaga Fruhstorfer, 1917 do not represent any subspecies of their own . Sonderegger (2005) found no constant differences from other populations.
The taxa caledonia Verity, 1911 and nigra Mousley, 1910, which used to be regarded as subspecies, are now regarded only as variations in shape. Infrasub-specific are (selection!):
- Exit Erebia aethiops . ignota Higgins, 1930, Altai Mountains
- Exit Erebia aethiops . goltzi Korshunov, 1998, Ural Mountains
- Exit Erebia aethiops . depupillata stone, 1918
- Exit Erebia aethiops . flavescens Tutt, 1896
- Exit Erebia aethiops . freyeri Oberthür, 1911
- Exit Erebia aethiops . huebneri Oberthür, 1912
- Exit Erebia aethiops . infasciata Warren, 1936
- Exit Erebia aethiops . nigra Wheeler, 1903
- Exit Erebia aethiops . stricta Wheeler, 1903
- Exit Erebia aethiops . violacea Wheeler, 1903
- Exit Erebia aethiops . sapaudia Fruhstorfer, 1917
- Exit Erebia aethiops . perfusa Eisner, 1946
- Exit Erebia aethiops . semicaeca Eisner, 1946
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Red Lists at Science4you
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Sonderegger (2005: pp. 318–336)
- ^ Forster & Wohlfahrt (1955: p. 27/8)
- ↑ a b c d Ebert & Rennwald (1993: pp. 54–58)
- ↑ M. Demange: Plebicula amanda Schneider et Erebia aethiops Esper en Haut-Languedoc (Lep.Lycaenidae et Nymphalidae) = Plebicula amanda Schneider and Erebia aethiops Esper in Haut Languedoc (Lep.Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae). Alexanor, 14 (4): 184-185,185 , ISSN 0002-5208
- ↑ a b c Tolman & Lewington (1998: p. 211/2)
- ^ VA Lukhtanov, MS Vishnevskaya, AV Volynkin and RV Yakovlev: Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) of West Altai. Entomological Review, 87 (5): 524-544, 2007 doi : 10.1134 / S001387380705003X
- ↑ Özdemir and Seven: Interrelation between some Butterflies and Plant Associations . Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10 (1): 112-116, 2007
- ↑ David Barbour & Paul Kirkland: Regional Action Plan for the Butterflies and Moths of the Highlands and Western Isles PDF ( Memento of the original dated December 23, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Irena Slamova, Jan Klecka and Martin Konvicka: Diurnal Behavior and Habitat Preferences of Erebia aethiops, an Aberrant Lowland Species of a Mountain Butterfly Clade. Journal of Insect Behavior, doi : 10.1007 / s10905-010-9250-8
- ↑ a b c d e f g Natural History Museum - Cokayne collection: Erebia aethiops ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Familia SATYRIDAE
- ↑ a b Curt Eisner: New Forms in the genus Erebia (Lepidoptera). Zoologische Mededelingen, 26 (10): 271-280, 1946, ISSN 0024-0672 PDF
literature
- Walter Forster and Theodor A. Wohlfahrt: Butterflies of Central Europe. Volume II. Butterfly diurna (Rhopalocera and Hesperiidae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1955
- Günter Ebert and Erwin Rennwald: The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 2. Tagfalter II. Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3459-4
- Peter Sonderegger: The Erebia of Switzerland (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae, Genus Erebia) . 712 pp., Biel / Bienne 2005
- Heiko Bellmann : The new Kosmos butterfly guide. Butterflies, caterpillars and forage plants. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-440-09330-1 .
- Tom Tolman and Richard Lewington: The butterflies of Europe and Northwest Africa , Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-440-07573-7
Web links
- Lepiforum e. V. - Taxonomy and photos
- www.schmetterling-raupe.de
- BUND NRW: Butterfly of the year 2003
- Erebia aethiops at Fauna Europaea. Retrieved December 11, 2010
- Matt's European Butterflies (English)
- Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa (English)
- European butterflies and their ecology
Graubindiger Mohrenfalter (2003) | Aurora Butterfly (2004) | Ocher-binding velvet butterfly (2005) | Swallowtail (2006) | Map (2007) | Argusbläuling (2008) | Peacock butterfly (2009) | Schönbär (2010) | Great Schiller Butterfly (2011) | Little Peacock Butterfly (2012) | Brown-spotted mother-of-pearl butterfly (2013) | Spurge Hawk (2014) | Red ribbon (2015) | Gooseberry Tender (2016) | Golden Eight (2017) | Big Fox (2018) | Checkerboard Butterfly (2019)