Estella Andean Hummingbird

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Estella Andean Hummingbird
Estella Andean Hummingbird

Estella Andean Hummingbird

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Genre : Mountain Nymphs ( Oreotrochilus )
Type : Estella Andean Hummingbird
Scientific name
Oreotrochilus estella
( d'Orbigny , 1839)

The Estella Andean Hummingbird ( Oreotrochilus estella ), sometimes also called Andean Hummingbird , is a species of bird in the hummingbird family (Trochilidae). The species has a large range that includes the South American countries Argentina , Chile , Bolivia , Peru and Ecuador . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

Estella Andean Hummingbird (Oreotrochilus estella), painting by John Gould

The Estella Andean Hummingbird reaches a body length of about 11 to 12 centimeters. The slightly curved beak is about 20 millimeters long. The top of the male is gray-brown. The shiny emerald green throat is demarcated below by a black line. The rest of the underside is white with a noticeable reddish brown central stripe. The tail is white with black bronze central tail feathers . The female is gray-brown throughout, but clearly lighter on the underside. The tail is greenish-black, with the 3 to 4 outer control feathers showing white elements on the base and on the outer edges.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area of ​​the Estella Andean Hummingbird

The birds can be observed in typical Puna grassland at altitudes between 3500 and 4500 meters, where they migrate to 2400 meters in winter. The vegetation in which they move is characterized by puya and polylepis , which grow on stony ground. Usually they are in areas with water and appropriate forage plants. Outside the breeding season, you can see them in the bushes and open forest areas of the Andean valleys. The nominate form O. e. estella occurs in central Peru, west of Ayacucho , across northwestern Bolivia to the Tarapacá region in Chile. The subspecies O. e. bolivianus is found in the Bolivian Altiplano with smaller populations in the south of the country. Furthermore, its distribution area extends to the northwest of Argentina in the provinces of Jujuy and Tucumán . The subspecies O. e. proudmanni has only rarely been observed in Ecuador in the southeast of the Loja province . In Peru, it occurs in the Cajamarca region via the Cordillera Blanca , the Ancash region to Lake Junín .

behavior

The birds are extremely aggressive and attack other species such as the red-flanked Andean hummingbird ( Oreotrochilus adela ) or even the giant hummingbird ( Patagona gigas ), with the males being less aggressive than the females. Usually they sit motionless on a branch in the bushes for long periods of time. Science justifies this torpidity with an adaptation to the often very low temperatures at these altitudes. It is seen as a strategy to save energy in the form of fat pads. Also as a measure against the night cold, they like to go to caves, mines and tunnels, especially for breeding. The nests are mostly glued to the roof of the cave and padded with soft material such as moss, lichen and feathers, often from other birds. In search of food, the birds usually fly quickly and just above the ground. While hovering, they spread their tails, which they also use to balance while holding on to the cliffs. In winter they prefer to feed on eucalyptus . Otherwise you see them on the flowers of Caiophora , bomarea , barberry , buddleia , Centropogon , currants or bushes as Barnadesia .

Subspecies

Three subspecies have been described, which differ mainly in their coloration:

  • Oreotrochilus estella estella ( d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye , 1838) - The nominate form occurs in southwestern Peru via northwestern Bolivia, north of Chile to northwestern Argentina.
  • Oreotrochilus estella bolivianus Boucard , 1893 - In contrast to the nominate form, the male's throat is more blue-green. The median is a little wider and maroon with black spots. This subspecies occurs in the department of Cochabamba in central Bolivia.
  • Oreotrochilus estella proudmanni Salvin , 1895 The male's belly stripe is black. The female is predominantly bronze and not gray-brown. On average, the subspecies seems a bit smaller. This subspecies is distributed from the southern part of Ecuador over the northern and central Peru.

Some authors consider proudmanni to be a species of its own. In the literature, for example, the name Grünkopf Andean Hummingbird ( Oreotrochilus proudmanni ) can be found. The South American Classification Committee does not yet seem certain whether to apply for verification of this classification. Yet other authors classify the Ecuador Andean hummingbird ( Oreotrochilus estella chimborazo ) as a further subspecies. However, morphological considerations speak against this classification. The most recent research shows proudmanni in a sister group with the black-breasted Andean hummingbird ( Oreotrochilus melanogaster ).

Etymology and history of research

Alcide Dessalines d'Orbigny described the Estella Andean hummingbird under the name Trochilus Estella . The type specimen came from La Paz and Potosí in Bolivia. It was not until 1847 that John Gould introduced the genus Oreotrochilus a . a. for the Estella Andean Hummingbird. The name is derived from the Greek words "oros ὄρος " for "mountain" and "trochilus τρόχιλος " for "hummingbird". The term "trochilus," which Linnaeus used for a new genus in 1758, is somewhat problematic historically. This term was already used by Aristotle for a bird that visits the mouth of a crocodile without being injured or even eaten by it. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire suspected that Aristotle used it to describe the crocodile guardian ( Pluvianus aegyptius ). The epithet "estella" dedicated d'Orbigny his older sister Estelle Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny (1800-1893). »Bolivianus« stands for the country of Bolivia. »Stolzmanni« is a tribute to the collector and ornithologist Jan Sztolcman .

literature

  • Jon Fjeldså , Niels Krabbe : Birds of the High Andes: A Manual to the Birds of the Temperate Zone of the Andes and Patagonia, South America , Zoological Museum and Apollo Books, pp. 253f, ISBN 978-87-88757-16-3
  • Thomas Schulenberg, Douglas F. Stotz , Daniel F. Lane: Birds of Peru. Princeton University Press, 2007, p. 234, ISBN 978-0-691-04915-1 .
  • Robert S. Ridgely , Paul J. Greenfield: Birds of Ecuador Field Guide , Vol. 1, Cornell University Press, 2001, pp. 365f, ISBN 978-0-8014-8720-0
  • Robert S. Ridgely, Paul J. Greenfield: Birds of Ecuador Field Guide , Vol. 2, Cornell University Press, 2001, p. 272, ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7
  • F. Lynn Carpenter: Ecology and evolution of an Andean hummingbird (Oreotrochilus estella) , University of California Press, Berkeley, 106, pp. 1-74, 1976
  • Osbert Salvin: On birds collected in Peru by Mr. OT Baron . In: Novitates Zoologicae . tape 2 , no. 1 , 1895, p. 1–22 ( online [accessed July 12, 2015]).
  • Alcide Dessalines d'Orbigny, Frédéric de Lafresnaye: Synopsis Avium from Alcide d'Orbigny, in ejus per Americam meridionalem itinere, collectarum et ab ipso viatore necnon a de Lafresnaye in ordine redactarum . In: Magasin de zoologie, Journal destiné a établir une correspondance entre les zoologistes de tous les pays, at a leur faciliter les moyens de publier les espèces nouvelles ou peu connues qu'ils possèdent . tape 8 , Classe II, 1838, pp. 1-34 ( online [accessed July 12, 2015]).
  • Adolphe Boucard: Description of several supposed new species of humming birds . In: The Humming Bird. A quarterly Scientific, Artistic and Industrial Review . tape 3 , no. 1 , 1893, p. 6–10 ( online [accessed July 12, 2015]).
  • John Todd Zimmer : Studies of Peruvian birds. No 60. The genera Heliodoxa, Phlogophilus, Urosticte, Polyplancta, Adelomyia, Coeligena, Ensifera, Oreotrochilus and Topaza . In: American Museum novitates . No. 1531 , 1951, pp. 1–55 ( online [PDF; 4.1 MB ; accessed on July 12, 2015]).
  • Jimmy A. McGuire, Christopher C. Witt, JV Remsen, Jr., Ammon Corl, Daniel L. Rabosky, Douglas L. Altshuler, Robert Dudley: Molecular Phylogenetics and the Diversification of Hummingbirds . In: Current Biology . tape 24 , no. 9 , 2014, p. 910–916 , doi : 10.1016 / j.cub.2014.03.016 ( online [PDF; 31.5 MB ; accessed on July 12, 2015]).
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • John Gould: Drafts for an arrangement of the Trochilidae, with descriptions of some species . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 15 , no. 168 , 1847, pp. 7–11 ( online [accessed July 17, 2015]).
  • Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire: Mémoire sur deux espèces d'animaux nommés Trochilus et Bdella par Hérodote, leur guerre, et la part qu'y prend le Crocodile . In: Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle . tape 15 , 1827, pp. 459-474 ( online [accessed July 17, 2015]).
  • Edward Clive Dickinson, Alain Lebossé: A study of d'Orbigny's “Voyage dans l'Amérique Méridionale”. IV. New avian names deriving from d'Orbigny's expedition with evidence for their first introduction and necessary corrections to authorship, dates and citations . In: Zoological Bibliography . tape 5 , no. 4 , March 9, 2018, p. 49–274 ( avespress.com [PDF; 8.9 MB ] a).
  • Edward Clive Dickinson, Alain Lebossé: A study of d'Orbigny's “Voyage dans l'Amérique Méridionale”. V. Necessary corrections to data from the "Index Animalium". Pp. 275-292. Also includes errata . In: Zoological Bibliography . tape 5 , no. 5 , August 1, 2018, p. 275–292 ( avespress.com [PDF; 731 kB ] b).
  • Edward Clive Dickinson, Martin Schneider: Authorship with in the Synopsis Avium: a correction . In: Zoological Bibliography . tape 5 , no. 11 , February 26, 2020, p. 413-415 ( avespress.com [PDF; 591 kB ]).

Web links

Commons : Estella Andean Hummingbird ( Oreotrochilus estella )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The Condor 90: 373-378 A new function for torpor: Fat conservation in a wild migrant hummingbird (English; PDF file; 498 kB)
  2. ↑ Oliver P. Pearson: Use of caves by hummingbirds and other species at high atitudes in Peru. In: The Condor , Volume 55, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 1953, pp. 17-20, doi: 10.2307 / 1364918 .
  3. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  4. ↑ Alcide Dessalines d'Orbigny, p. 32.
  5. ↑ Adolphe Boucard, p. 7.
  6. ↑ a b Osbert Salvin, p. 17.
  7. ↑ John Todd Zimmer, p. 37.
  8. ↑ SACC 51. Peters (1945) and Schuchmann (1999) treated proudmanni of northern Peru as a separate species from Oreotrochilus estella, but this has not been followed by most authors, including Ridgely & Greenfield (2001). proposal needed? ( Memento from April 10, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  9. ↑ Jimmy A. McGuire et al. a., p. 910ff.
  10. ↑ Alcide Dessalines d'Orbigny, p. 33.
  11. ^ John Gould, p. 9.
  12. ↑ James A. Jobling p. 283
  13. ↑ Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, p. 466
  14. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 151.
  15. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 74.

Remarks

  1. ↑ For the history of the publication see Edward Clive Dickinson u. a. (2018a) pp. 52–53, pp. 195–196, Table A, p. 17, Edward Clive Dickinson et al. a. (2018b) p. 285 and Edward Clive Dickinson (2020) et al. Pp. 413-415
  2. ↑ In addition to the Andean Hillstar he also ordered the white edge Andes Hummingbird ( Oreotrochilus leucopleurus ), the Ecuadorian Hillstar ( Oreotrochilus chimborazo ), the wedge-tailed hillstar ( Oreotrochilus adela ) and the Black-breasted Andes Hummingbird ( Oreotrochilus melanogaster ) to.