Meat supply from Vienna
The slaughter of animals for the purpose of supplying meat to the city's population was already regulated by the authorities in Vienna in the Middle Ages . A distinction was made between the drive to slaughter cattle, the slaughter process itself and the sale of meat.
drive
The drive (lift) and the sale of the cattle intended for slaughter to the butchers took place until the end of the 18th century at the "ox market" or ox grits in front of the parlor gate , market day was Friday. At the beginning of the 18th century, the cattle market was relocated to the right bank of the Wien River in the area of today's Wien Mitte train station and finally to Sankt Marx in 1797 . The reason for this was the establishment of the Wiener Neustädter Canal .
Pigs were traded on the Saumarkt in the Lobkowitzplatz area until the end of the 17th century. In 1675 it was moved to the Kärntnertor.
Between 1883 and 1885, the municipal horse market was established in Margareten as the only market for the trade of horses , donkeys , mules and mules on the municipal area. A relocation of the horse market to the central horse slaughterhouse was prepared, but not realized.
According to statistics from the Vienna City Administration, 265,641 of the ox , cows, bulls and buffalos found in Sankt Marx in 1889 came from
- 124,327 pieces from Hungary,
- 71,236 pieces from the German-speaking countries of the monarchy ,
- 65,531 pieces from Galicia and
- 4,547 pieces from Serbia and Bosnia.
The origin of the other animals traded here was not recorded. However, Hungary was also the market leader here. Almost all of the sheep and half of the pigs came from Hungary and its neighboring countries .
In 1925, a piglet market consisting of a three-aisled sales hall was built in Floridsdorf , primarily to give the local farms the opportunity to purchase piglets and piglets for useful and breeding purposes. Market day was Tuesday.
From April 1939, a pig fattening facility was built in Hetzendorf for the food aid organization, adjacent to the southwest cemetery, which became the property of the City of Vienna and was later converted into an epidemic facility for infected animals.
After the Second World War , the Vienna Central Cattle Market, where the calf sales hall, a pig sales hall and the sheep hall had been destroyed, was initially claimed by the occupying powers. The gradual release made the gradual reconstruction possible.
In the first few years after the Second World War, the wartime economic regulations still had more power and significance than the market organization for the Viennese central cattle market. It was not until 1950, after the management of cattle and meat and the dissolution of various trade associations, that the market office established the renewed effectiveness of the market organization dating from 1933. The Viennese Vieh- und Fleischmarktkassa was asked to re-issue drive certificates for paid cattle from February 13, 1950.
Butcher
monarchy
At slaughter of animals, among others, running water was essential to blood and other unusable parts of the carcass are to be disposed of quickly. As early as August 28, 1364, Rudolf IV decided, following a council resolution, that large cattle were only allowed to be stabbed on the Schlagbrücke (or also Schlachtbrücke = later Ferdinand's Bridge, today's name Sweden Bridge ), near the Red Tower . Small cattle were slaughtered on the battle bridge at Lichtensteg until around 1500 (a small body of water called Möring flowed here).
For the Jews in Vienna there was Am Hof, the meat court of the Jews. It was built for the ritual slaughter (" Schächten ") of the cattle. After the abolition of the Jewish town, the meat yard was used as a wood storage area. The civil armory was later built here .
In the first half of the 16th century, slaughter on the bridges was stopped. In the area of today's Schwedenplatz , several roofed slaughterhouses were built in front of the Red Tower . On February 7, 1549, Ferdinand I ordered that large and small cattle could only be slaughtered here. This regulation was still in force in 1604.
In the years 1566 and 1587 there was evidence of a municipal pig slaughterhouse in the Hafnersteig 7 / Franz-Josefs-Kai 17 area; the area was therefore called Im Sauwinkel (today corrupted: Auwinkel ).
In 1846 the construction of new municipal slaughterhouses began . The slaughterhouses in Sankt Marx and Gumpendorf ( 6th district of Vienna , Mollardgasse 87) were completed in 1848, but could not go into operation until 1851. The one in Mariahilf was shut down and demolished in 1907.
A law of 3 February 1873 that the judicial districts Sechshaus , Hietzing , Hernals and Klosterneuburg was concerned, was also in the suburbs of the slaughterhouse forced introduced. The slaughterhouses in Meidling , Hernals (Richthausenstrasse 2) and Nussdorf (Grinzinger Strasse 227) were put into operation between 1885 and 1888.
Between 1888 and 1892, the Sankt Marx slaughterhouse was rebuilt on the area of the Zentralviehmarkt. Both the central cattle market and the slaughterhouse were badly damaged in the Second World War . During the reconstruction one had to be content with modernizing the facilities, but rebuilding them in their old form. The improvements made were determined by the requirements for hygiene and worker protection.
In 1908 the central horse slaughterhouse , consisting of six separate buildings, was built in the 10th Viennese district of Favoriten according to the plans of the architect Josef Klingsbigl . Before that, temporary buildings in Brigittenau , Sankt Marx and on Siebenbrunnenwiese, the new horse market in Margareten, served as slaughter bridges alongside the private slaughterhouses of the horse meat chopper.
Construction of the pig slaughterhouse at the junction of Franzosengraben and Baumgasse also began in April 1908, completed in February 1910 and opened in June 1910.
First republic
The first years after the First World War were mainly used to catch up on the maintenance work in the various slaughterhouses that had been neglected during the war, while observing the further development of the cattle and meat market.
The completion of the Wiener Kontumazanlage in Sankt Marx was important for the meat supply of Vienna . The start of construction was postponed because of the First World War and only started in 1916. A lack of material, personnel and money delayed the completion until the opening in 1922 by Mayor Jakob Reumann . In the Viennese Kontumazanlage, for which the name foreign slaughterhouse became established after the Second World War, sick or suspicious animals were both traded and slaughtered.
After only a few years of operation, the horse slaughterhouse on the border between the Favoriten and Simmering was closed in 1922. The slaughtering operations were relocated to the Viennese Kontumaz facility, as was the horse meat wholesale business from 1924. The central horse slaughterhouse was adapted as a homeless asylum and connected to the asylum and work house.
Third Reich
During the Second World War, the National Socialist rulers wanted to use the Kontumaz slaughterhouse for slaughtering Ukrainian cattle and distribute the meat from Vienna across the entire Reich. For this purpose, a separate cold store with a connection to the slaughterhouse railway was built. This was put into operation in 1942.
Both the aerial warfare and the ground fighting in 1945 caused great damage to the slaughterhouse facilities.
Second republic
In 1954, in addition to almost 80,000 cattle, around 3,500 calves and 1,600 sheep were slaughtered in the Sankt Marx slaughterhouse, which was built as a cattle slaughterhouse. Around 175,000 pigs were slaughtered in the pig slaughterhouse and around 14,500 horses, 2,300 foals, 4,500 cattle, 120,000 pigs and a few mules were slaughtered in the foreign slaughterhouse, as the Viennese Kontumazanlage was now called.
Due to the increasing competition from private slaughterhouses in the Vienna area, the number of slaughtered animals in the outdated slaughterhouses in Vienna fell. Therefore, after long planning in 1968, the Vienna City Council decided in principle to set up a modern cattle and meat center. The meat center in Sankt Marx was finally opened in September 1975. The City of Vienna created a new municipal department, MA 55, to manage the new meat center.
The new meat center in Sankt Marx turned the trend in slaughtering figures, but in the 1990s they began to decline again. On the occasion of a general refurbishment that had become necessary, it was decided to build the new facility and run it privately by means of a specially founded company. However, as it turned out that the chosen type of financing did not meet the EU guidelines , the planning for a new building was stopped and the slaughterhouse and the cattle market closed at the end of 1997.
Until the end of 2007, the Sankt Marx meat center was still operated as a cutting company and meat wholesale market. Then it was relocated to a new meat center called "f-eins" on the Inzersdorfer wholesale market .
Meat sales
monarchy
The meat was sold to consumers by the meat chopper, who sold it to the meat banks in markets .
The oldest stalls were on the meat market near the Red Tower in Vienna's 1st district . The butchers' guild also had its oldest seat here.
The fact that meat banks spread over the whole city over the years is probably due to the increasing number of Vienna's citizens, who made decentralization necessary.
Around 1424, for example, the city built its own meat banks on the Graben , which were rented to butchers in the vicinity of Vienna. In 1449 the number of sales points was increased and the sales times were precisely set.
After the ditch had become a noble area, Emperor Ferdinand I ordered the relocation of the meat banks, which disfigured the site and caused unpleasant smells, in the Tiefen Graben in 1564 . Similar reasons led to the relocation of the Am Hof meat sales points in 1753.
In the area of what is now the Hilton Hotel , a market hall was built in 1864/1865, but it did not serve its purpose. In 1886 it was redesigned into a wholesale market hall for meat, fruit and vegetables and the wholesale meat products previously authorized at the Sankt Marx cattle market was also relocated here. In 1899 the facility was expanded to include the "New Meat Market Hall" in Invalidenstrasse and connected to it with a closed bridge.
First republic
During the First Republic, the space requirement in the wholesale market hall increased, but the city's lack of funds prevented an effective solution. Between 1933 and 1934, additional parking space for delivery vans was created by overlaying two railway tracks, and the iron bridge that connected the two market halls was replaced by a wider reinforced concrete bridge, thus gaining additional sales space.
Between 1918 and 1924 the ban on trading in horse meat was temporarily lifted. Following this, the horse meat trade was relocated to the Viennese Kontumaz plant.
Third Reich
The war-related management laws that came into force in 1939, the Reich slaughterhouse regulations that also came into force in Austria from 1940 and the slaughter planning initiated by the Reichsnährstand prevented slaughtering by independent butchers and forced the animals to be slaughtered under the supervision of the butchers' guild. The meat was then passed on to retailers for sale to the end consumer via wholesalers.
Second republic
With the establishment of the Sankt Marx meat center in 1972, the meat wholesale market was moved from the Vienna Landstrasse train station to Sankt Marx. After slaughtering was stopped at the end of 1997, only dead animals were cut up in Sankt Marx and the meat marketed. At the end of 2007 the dismantling plant and the wholesale market were relocated to a new hall built in 14 months on the Inzersdorfer Großmarkt .
Viennese cattle and meat market cashier
The Wiener Fleischkassa was founded as an officially decreed institution in 1850 and existed until 1870. Its purpose of breaking the supremacy of some wholesalers who dominated the central cattle market and who granted loans to buyers and sellers was fulfilled for some time. After those involved in the market had adapted to the new conditions, similar conditions returned as before. Instead of reforming the Wiener Fleischkassa, it was repealed.
With the introduction of a new market organization in 1894, the “ Wiener Vieh- und Fleischmarktkassa ” was officially set as the only place of settlement for payment transactions between buyer and seller. During the time of National Socialism in Austria , this name was lost and the business was handled by a branch of the cooperative central bank . However, this branch had far greater responsibilities than a normal branch of this banking institution.
"Master credit law"
In order to stimulate domestic cattle fattening, the so-called fattening credit law was passed in 1932. The "cattle pawnbook" and a branding iron, which were used to mark cattle financed by a fattening loan, were introduced to control the animals. The keeping of the cattle deposit book and the management of the branding iron was the sole responsibility of the Viennese cattle and meat market cashier at the Sankt Marx slaughterhouse.
Slaughterhouse railway
With the increasing expansion of the railway network in the Danube Monarchy, the number of animals that were delivered by rail for sale at the central cattle market also increased. Only the last part of the way from the respective unloading station to Sankt Marx they were partly driven through residential areas.
Since the City of Vienna wanted to ban these cattle drives before the World Exhibition in 1873, which did not fit the image of a modern city , the establishment of a central unloading point was required. After long negotiations, in which the railway and war ministries were also involved in addition to the various railway companies active in the Vienna area, the slaughterhouse railway with the Vienna St. Marx station at the Zentralviehmarkt was finally built as an unloading station. A track known as the Szalasenbahn led to the pig stables of the cattle market in order to unload the pigs delivered there.
The tracks to the Erdberg gasworks, the Simmering gasworks and the Simmering power plant branched off from the Schlachthausbahn . But other companies were also developed. With the closure of the Sankt Marx slaughterhouse and the Vienna Central Cattle Market, the slaughterhouse railway lost its importance and has been gradually dismantled since then. Today the main route ends in the area of Zippererstraße, previously it led almost to Schlachthausgasse. The former St. Marx train station was built over with the T-Center .
Vienna Sterilization Society
The Wiener Sterilisierungsgesellschaft was a cooperative of Viennese meat commissioners registered in 1898. In the pig slaughterhouse, under the supervision of municipal veterinarians, weakly finned pork, which was actually no longer approved for human consumption, was made edible again through sterilization . The sterilization company sold its products in the pig slaughterhouse or in the Meidling slaughterhouse.
literature
- Albert Miorini Edler von Sebtenberg: The slaughter cattle market St. Marx In: Twenty- second annual report of the agricultural educational institute "Francisco-Josephinum" in Mödling , publishing house of the agricultural educational institute, 1891.
- The new central horse slaughterhouse in the 10th district in Vienna , publisher of the magistrate of the imperial capital and residence city of Vienna, Vienna, 1908.
- The new pig slaughterhouse in III. Districts in Vienna , Publishing House of the Magistrate of the Imperial and Royal Capital and Residence City of Vienna, Vienna, 1910.
- The new Kontumazanlage for slaughter and stech cattle in Vienna , separate print from the magazine of the Austrian. Engineers and Architects' Associations, issue 19/20, Vienna, 1922.
- The Central Market Hall of the Imperial and Royal Capital and Residence City of Vienna , Verlag der Hallenverwaltung, Vienna 1865, ( online version ).
- Vienna at the beginning of the XX. Century - A guide in the technical and artistic direction , published by the Austrian Association of Engineers and Architects, first volume, published by Gerlach & Wiedling, Vienna, 1905.
- Technical guide through Vienna , published by the Austrian Association of Engineers and Architects, edited by Ing. Martin Paul (urban planning inspector), Vienna, published by Gerlach & Wiedling, 1910.
- Das neue Wien, Städtewerk, published with the official cooperation of the Municipality of Vienna , Volume II, Vienna, 1927.
- Das neue Wien, Städtewerk, published with the official cooperation of the Municipality of Vienna , Volume III, Vienna, 1927.
- Festschrift, published on the occasion of the centenary of the Vienna City Building Office on May 12, 1935 by the Technicians' Union of the Vienna City Building Office and the major technical companies of the City of Vienna, Deutscher Verlag für Jugend und Volk, Vienna, 1935.
- Hermann Gsandtner: Brief outline of the history of the meat supply in Vienna, in particular the area of today's 12th Wr. Common district with special consideration of the slaughterhouses Gumpendorf and Meidling , sheets of the Meidlinger Bezirksmuseum, Vienna 2007, issue 68.
- The Landstrasse in old and new times - A home book, published by Landstrasse teachers , Verlag von Gerlach and Wiedling, Vienna, 1921.
- 50 years of the Vienna Vieh- und Fleischmarktkassa - A commemorative document written by the chairman of the section head i. R. Karl Schwarz, Vienna, 1934.
- 75 years of the Vieh- und Fleischmarktkassa in Vienna - A contribution by the Genossenschaftliche Zentralbank Aktiengesellschaft on the processing of payment transactions on the Vienna Central Cattle Market in St. Marx since 1884, produced under the supervision of Section Head i. R. Karl Schwarz, from chief authorized signatory Robert Kogler and Dr. Anton Halbwachs, Vienna, 1959.
- Dorothea Kapeller-Zwölfer: The historical structural change of a special banking institute using the example of the Genossenschaftliche Zentralbank AG branch Zentralviehmarkt from 1884 to 1982 - as well as the development of the meat wholesale market during this period , diploma thesis, Vienna, 1983.
- Austrian art topography , published by the Institute for Austrian Art Research of the Federal Monuments Office, Volume XLIV, Die Kunstdenkmäler Vienna - The profane buildings of the 3rd, 4th and 5th district , Verlag Anton Schroll & Co, Vienna 1980.
- Felix Czeike : Historical Lexicon Vienna. Volume 1: A – Da. Kremayr & Scheriau, Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-218-00543-4 .
- Meat control five hundred years ago . In: Arbeiter-Zeitung . Vienna September 18, 1948, p. 5 ( Arbeiter-zeitung.at - the open online archive - digitized).
swell
- ↑ 50 Years of the Vienna Vieh- und Fleischmarktkassa, Vienna, 1934
- ↑ Vienna City Hall Correspondence, July 14, 1955, sheet 1293
- ↑ Vienna City Hall Correspondence, July 14, 1955, sheet 1293
- ↑ The New Vienna, Volume II
- ↑ The new central horse slaughterhouse ...
- ↑ Miorini: The cattle market St. Marx
- ↑ The New Vienna, Volume II
- ↑ http://opac.geologie.ac.at/wwwopacx/wwwopac.ashx?command=getcontent&server=images&value=VH1939_260_A.pdf
- ↑ http://www.wien.gv.at/rk/historisch/1946/april.html
- ↑ http://www.stb.tuwien.ac.at/index.php?id=285
- ↑ Vienna City Hall Correspondence, July 14, 1955, sheet 1293
- ↑ 75 years of the Vieh- und Fleischmarktkassa in Vienna, Vienna, 1959
- ↑ http://www.digital.wienbibliothek.at/periodical/pageview/85884
- ↑ The new central horse slaughterhouse ...
- ↑ The new Kontumaz system ...
- ^ Karl Sablik: Julius Tandler, page 247
- ^ Peter Hasitschka: The Vienna slaughterhouse railway, page 25
- ↑ Vienna City Hall Correspondence, July 14, 1955, sheet 1293
- ^ Vienna City Hall Correspondence, November 22, 1968, sheet 3383
- ↑ Vienna City Hall Correspondence, September 3, 1975, sheet 2191
- ↑ Vienna City Hall Correspondence, January 18, 1994, sheet 96
- ↑ http://www.wien.gv.at/rk/msg/1997/1216/001.html
- ↑ http://www.wien.gv.at/rk/msg/2007/1207/011.html
- ^ Journal of the Austrian Association of Engineers and Architects, July 20, 1900
- ↑ Festschrift, published on the occasion of the centenary of the Vienna City Building Office
- ^ The new Vienna, Volume II, page 47
- ↑ 75 years of the Vieh- und Fleischmarktkassa in Vienna, Vienna, 1959
- ↑ 50 Years of the Vienna Vieh- und Fleischmarktkassa, Vienna, 1934
- ↑ 75 years of the Vieh- und Fleischmarktkassa in Vienna, Vienna, 1959
- ↑ 75 years of the Vieh- und Fleischmarktkassa in Vienna, Vienna, 1959
- ^ Peter Hasitschka: The Vienna slaughterhouse railway, page 25
- ↑ The New Vienna, Volume II