Garden strawberry

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Ripe strawberry
Strawberry blossom
Picked strawberries

The garden strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa , syn .: Fragaria × magna ), pineapple strawberry or cultivated strawberry is a useful plant from the genus of strawberries ( Fragaria ). The plant got the addition of pineapple (or ananassa ) because its shape, smell and taste are reminiscent of a pineapple. The parent species of these cross species come from the American continent .

ancestry

The garden strawberry originated in Europe in the 18th century from the accidental crossing of the two American strawberry species Fragaria chiloensis ( Chile strawberry ) and Fragaria virginiana ( scarlet strawberry ). Like its parent species, it is octoploid (8n = 56). The chromosome set has the composition AAA'A'BBB'B ', whereby the A-chromosome sets resemble the chromosome sets of the wild strawberry ( Fragaria vesca ) and the B-chromosome sets show a relationship with the Fragaria iinumae . When and where the octoploidy of the parent species originated is unknown.

Many varieties were bred from the original form of the garden strawberry. The species was also used for other species crossings. Fragaria × vescana is a cross between the octoploid garden strawberry and a wild strawberry ( Fragaria vesca ) with a doubled set of chromosomes. The resulting hybrid species has ten sets of chromosomes (decaploid).

Cultivation

Commercial cultivation in Germany began around 1840 in Staufenberg near Baden-Baden . Around 1,000 varieties are available to growers, but only a few meet the requirements of the trade, which attaches importance to large and handsome fruits that are transportable and only slightly susceptible to gray mold rot .

In the open field, strawberries are mostly grown commercially in single rows in flat fields. The row spacing is 0.80 m to 1.0 m and the distance between the plants in the row is 20–40 cm. Increasingly, strawberries are also cultivated on small dams that are covered with a so-called mulch film. The main advantage here is the better root health in difficult, especially clayey or wet soils. The lifespan of the plants is usually only one or two years. The space between the rows is covered with straw during the flowering period to protect the fruit from dirt and rot.

Various cultivation techniques serve to extend the offer period: These include roofing with walking tunnels, setting up mini tunnels, covering with fleece, perforated film or a combination of both, covering with straw and the appointment culture.

  • Hiking tunnels are simple foil houses that are built up and dismantled annually. The early effect is approx. 15–20 days. It is a relatively complex process, but the roofing also provides the plants with protection from the weather. The area share in Germany is increasing.
  • Covering with fleece from the beginning of vegetation to the beginning of flowering means the harvest is a good week early. If a perforated film is also uncovered, you gain another three days. In growing areas with early climatic conditions, fleece or double cover is the standard method.
  • Straw cover: In late winter, the entire field is thickly covered with straw. Due to the later budding, the harvest is delayed by five or more days.
  • Appointment culture: For this purpose, so-called waiting bed or strong frigo plants are cleared in hibernation and stored frozen at −1 ° C. After planting in May or June, the harvest begins 7–8 weeks later.

In the last few decades the cultivation of strawberries in substrate on racks under glass or foil has also spread. The transition from simple foil houses to greenhouses is fluid. If there is heating, two to three harvests a year are possible. In addition, the strawberries cannot be soiled and the risk of fruit rot is lower due to the roof.

The main harvest of strawberries in Central Europe takes place in May, June and July. Fruits that have traveled long distances are available in stores almost all year round. In autumn and winter, fresh strawberries come to Germany from Israel , Egypt and overseas , from February from Spain and Morocco , from March from Italy and France .

In Germany, strawberries were grown on 13,998 hectares in 2018. The harvest amounted to 141,693 tons.

World production

According to the FAO, 8,337,098 tons of strawberries were harvested worldwide in 2018 . The world's ten largest producers together harvested 81.9% of the total in 2018. The values ​​for Germany , Austria and Switzerland are given for comparison.

Biggest Producers (2018)
rank country Quantity
(in t )
1 China People's RepublicPeople's Republic of China People's Republic of China 2,955,453
2 United StatesUnited States United States 1,296,272
3 MexicoMexico Mexico 653,639
4th TurkeyTurkey Turkey 440,968
5 EgyptEgypt Egypt 362,639
6th SpainSpain Spain 344,679
7th Korea SouthSouth Korea South Korea 213.054
8th RussiaRussia Russia 199,000
9 PolandPoland Poland 195,578
10 JapanJapan Japan 163,486
...
12 GermanyGermany Germany 141,693
35 AustriaAustria Austria 10,878
40 SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland 9.323

sorts

There are over 100 varieties in cultivation, of which around 30 are important in commercial fruit growing. A distinction is made between single and everbearing (e.g. Elan ) varieties. The single-bearing varieties, also called June-bearer or short-day varieties, bear for about four weeks in the Central European climate. The ripening time is June, depending on the climate and variety. The remontant , everbearing varieties bring a small harvest in early June and the majority from late July until frost. In general, the remontant varieties taste worse.

All varieties can be harvested over several years. Mainly because of the fruit sizes that decrease with the age of the plants, they are usually only cultivated for commercial purposes at one or two years.

The varieties that are particularly popular with hobby gardeners - often crossings with the garden strawberry - include hanging strawberries , ground-covering varieties such as Florika or Rügen and climbing strawberries that can grow tied to fences. Also strawberry bushes offered today.

The main varieties in conventional cultivation in Germany are:

Strawberry variety Mieze Schindler
  • Flavor : very early, the fruit is medium-red, glossy, regularly long-pointed cone-shaped, good to very good taste with more acidity than clery, low to medium yield, plant makes the highest demands on water and (trace) nutrient supply, prone to rhizome rot
  • Elianny , new variety, medium-sized, aromatic fruit, suitable for fresh consumption, dessert or jam.
  • Honeoye [ ˈhʌniɔɪ ]: early, fruit is dark red, shiny, truncated cone-shaped, good, slightly sour taste, in hot humid weather, heavy curtains and a lot of foliage also bitter fruits, prone to root diseases, high yields
  • Clery : early, bright red, regularly long-pointed-cone-shaped, good, somewhat flat taste, as there is very little acidity, medium yield, less susceptible to root diseases, widespread in warm growing regions
  • Darselect : early to medium early, fruit medium red and cone-shaped, very good taste, especially at high daytime temperatures, very susceptible to flower frost and powdery mildew, medium yield
  • Elsanta : main variety; medium early, fruit light (orange) red, broad cone-shaped, good to very good taste, somewhat watery in rainy weather, good shelf life, plant prone to root diseases, high to very high yield (up to over 30 t / ha)
  • Sonata : Ripening time about two days after Elsanta with a slightly stronger fruit color. Taste partially better than Elsanta with a little more acidity and aroma. Fruit skin a little softer. Hardly any cripple fruit. Relatively new variety with already large areas in commercial cultivation. Very susceptible to rhizome rot.
  • Faith: outstandingly vigorous and resilient in soil-tired locations. The high fruit weight (= large strawberry fruits) of this variety is striking. Particularly robust with a high market yield of over 3 kg / m². In terms of taste, however, the Faith variety was rated negatively by test consumers.
  • Lambada : early to mid-morning, the taste of this variety is repeatedly praised. Unfortunately, its yield is only mediocre (1.5 kg yield Hkl 1 per m) and it is very susceptible to powdery mildew .
  • Corona : medium early, fruit red to dark red, initially large, becoming small as the harvest progresses, very soft, therefore only widely used as a self-picking variety, very good taste, prone to fruit rot, high yield
  • Florence : late, fruit regularly conical, medium red, sometimes with a brownish to purple tinge, taste good, but different from fruit to fruit, very high yield
  • Malwina : extremely late, about 22 days after Elsanta. Fruit dark red, shiny, evenly broad cone-shaped, fully ripe, excellent taste. Fruit a little soft. Plant is very strong. Susceptible to Xanthomonas and rhizome rot

The varieties Alba , Daroyal , Rumba , Elianny , Polka , Symphony , Salsa and Yamaska as well as the remontant varieties Evie 2 , Everest , Florin , Sweet Eve and Eve's Delight have small areas or regional importance (after ripening)

The following varieties have achieved a high level of awareness in the past, but have been replaced by newer varieties. Today they are almost only grown in home gardens:

  • Senga Sengana : ripens medium early with medium-sized, dark red fruits - a tried and tested variety with the best properties for preserving and freezing, but low yield compared to modern varieties
  • Mieze Schindler : late variety with small, dark red, highly aromatic fruits, purely feminine, needs a pollinator variety.
  • Tenira : late variety with intense red and large fruits
  • Elvira : large, deep red berries, ripens early
  • Bogota : variety with very large fruits.
  • Pineapple Strawberry : a white strawberry with red nutlets and light pineapple flavor

The so-called monthly strawberry, which is popular with hobby gardeners, blooms and produces fruit from May to October and is therefore also known as the “everbearing” strawberry. However, it does not belong to the type of garden strawberry, but to the wild strawberry ( Fragaria vesca var. Semperflorens ).

New strawberry varieties are selected by various breeders in German-speaking countries and propagated either by themselves or under license. Here, taste, disease resistance , fruit firmness / transportability and yield are the most important selection criteria.

Location requirements

Strawberry harvest near Tettnang
Garden strawberries. Eastern Siberia

Strawberries need a sunny and sheltered location for healthy growth. Since the flowers develop after the end of the cold period, they are at great risk from late frost .

A deep and well-drained soil offers optimal conditions for strawberries. It should be rich in humus and nutrients. A slightly acidic soil with a pH value between 5.5 and 6.5 is particularly beneficial .

The roots of the strawberry are very sensitive and can be attacked by various soil-borne fungi. Strawberries should not be grown on wet soils or soils that tend to become waterlogged, as the roots are then often attacked by red root rot ( Phytophthora fragariae ). Almost all common varieties are also susceptible to very susceptible to Verticillium wilt , which is caused in strawberries by the fungus Verticillium dahliae . Areas on which potatoes have already stood are very likely to be covered with Verticillium microsclerotia and are therefore unsuitable. On plots where strawberries have often been grown, you have to expect an infestation of rhizome rot ( Phytophthora cactorum ) or black root rot, caused by various soil fungi.

Some smaller strawberry varieties are also suitable for sunny balconies.

Due to their interactions, which are researched by allelopathy , plants growing next to each other get along differently depending on the combination. Borage , French beans , garlic , lettuce , radishes , chives , spinach , onions and leeks can be combined well with garden strawberries. A bad neighbor is Kohl .

Pests

With strawberries, the main danger lies in fungal pests. The most important is the gray mold rot ( Botrytis cinerea ). In addition, Phytophthora cactorum and Phytophthora fragariae , Sphaerotheca macularis and Mycosphaerella fragariae also occur. Insect pests include the strawberry blossom prick ( Anthonomus rubi ), the strawberry mite ( Steneotarsonemus pallidus fragariae ), the furrowed vine weevil ( Otiorrhynchus sulcatus ) and thrips .

use

strawberrycake
Strawberry with Chocolate

Strawberries are ripe for picking and edible when at least two thirds of the fruit surface is red. However, their full flavor only develops when they are picked when they are ripe. There is no post-ripening with strawberries. Ideally, they are eaten immediately after being picked. Strawberries can only be transported to a limited extent because they are very pressure-sensitive and susceptible to mold. In the refrigerator , they can be stored for one to two days at two to six degrees Celsius about. They can be kept for up to five days at temperatures between zero and two degrees.

In order to process them, they are washed before the stems and sepals are removed, as contact with water causes them to lose their aroma. If they are sprinkled with sugar, this should only be done shortly before serving, as this causes them to lose a lot of juice and become soft.

Strawberries play a major role in the production of jams . They are also used in a variety of ways for preparing desserts and baked goods. Another possible use is for strawberry wine , strawberry liqueur or strawberry punch.

ingredients

Strawberries contain more vitamin C than oranges and lemons . In addition, they are rich in folic acid , calcium , magnesium and iron . Because strawberries are very low in calories, they are considered to be "slimming agents".

100 g strawberries contain:
Calorific value water fat potassium Calcium magnesium vitamin C
135 kJ (32 kcal ) 90 g 0.4 g 147 mg 26 mg 15 mg 64 mg

Covering the daily requirement of an adult (based on 100 g strawberries)
potassium Calcium magnesium vitamin C
7% 3% 5% 87%

Natural strawberry flavor

Structural formula of the artificially produced "strawberry aldehyde"

In many food products with strawberry flavor such as strawberry yogurt or strawberry fruit tea , the taste is blended for cost and taste intensify reasons flavors enhanced. Aroma preparations with strawberry flavor can be produced using different processes. “Natural aroma” that smells and tastes like strawberries does not have to be obtained from strawberries in accordance with the law. According to the Flavor Ordinance, “natural aromas” may be defined as those in which “the flavoring components of the aroma consist exclusively of natural aroma substances or aroma extracts” - that is, from any biological organism. Strawberries or strawberry fruit preparations (fruit mix with a small amount of strawberries) are often only added in small quantities or completely replaced by carriers with aromas. This can be found in the list of ingredients .

Strawberry flavor can also be obtained as an extract from strawberry fruits. It consists of more than 300 components, including over 90 carboxylic acid esters , 30 carboxylic acids , around 20 acetals , around 40 alcohols, as well as ketones , aldehydes , hydrocarbons and even some sulfur compounds. The main components are furaneol , decano-4-lactone , trans -2-hexen-1-ol , ( E ) -2- hexenal , acetic acid hex-2-enyl ester , linalool , anthranilic acid methyl ester , butyric acid ethyl ester and hexanoic acid ethyl ester . An example of a man-made substance with a strong strawberry aroma is "strawberry aldehyde " ( ethyl 2,3-epoxy-3-phenylbutyrate ), which is incorrectly referred to as aldehyde .

The acreage of strawberries would have to be expanded considerably if only real strawberries are to be used for food production instead of flavorings.

literature

  • Gabriele Lehari: Strawberries . Varieties and Cultivation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3822-0 .
  • Wilhelm Kolbe: On the art and cultural history of the strawberry , Kolbe, Burscheid 2006, ISBN 978-3-929760-16-3 .
  • Wolf-Dietrich Naumann, Dankwart Seipp: Strawberries . Basics for cultivation and marketing. In: Ulmer reference book . Obstbau, Ulmer, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-8001-5531-1 .
  • Schlosser, Reichhoff, Hanelt et al .: "Wild Plants Central Europe", DLV 1991, ISBN 3-331-00301-8

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ George M. Darrow: The Strawberry - History, Breeding and Physiology . Ed .: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada, 1966, see Chapter 5 - Duchesne and His Work, page 56, 2nd paragraph (English, usda.gov [PDF; accessed August 6, 2020]).
  2. ↑ W. Dierend (Ed.): Erdbeeranbau . Ulm Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8001-5982-6 , p. 61.
  3. ↑ W. Dierend (Ed.): Erdbeeranbau . Ulmer Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8001-5982-6 , pp. 103-105.
  4. ↑ W. Dierend (Ed.): Erdbeeranbau . Ulm Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8001-5982-6 , p. 96.
  5. ↑ W. Dierend (Ed.): Erdbeeranbau . Ulm Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8001-5982-6 , p. 91.
  6. ↑ W. Dierend (Ed.): Erdbeeranbau . Ulmer Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8001-5982-6 , p. 98, p. 124
  7. ^ JF Hancock: Strawberries . CABI Publishing, Oxon 1999, ISBN 0-85199-339-7 , p. 122.
  8. ↑ W. Dierend (Ed.): Erdbeeranbau . Ulm Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8001-5982-6 , p. 124.
  9. ↑ W. Dierend (Ed.): Erdbeeranbau . Ulmer Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8001-5982-6 , pp. 98-102.
  10. ↑ W. Dierend (Ed.): Erdbeeranbau . Ulmer Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8001-5982-6 , pp. 102-103.
  11. ↑ W. Dierend (Ed.): Erdbeeranbau . Ulmer Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8001-5982-6 , pp. 107-108.
  12. ↑ W. Dierend (Ed.): Erdbeeranbau . Ulmer Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8001-5982-6 , p. 136.
  13. ^ JF Hancock: Strawberries . CABI Publ. Oxon 1999, ISBN 0-85199-339-7 , p. 123.
  14. ↑ a b c Crops> Strawberries. In: FAO production statistics for 2018. fao.org, accessed on April 7, 2020 .
  15. ↑ W.-D. Naumann, D. Seipp: Strawberries . Basics for cultivation and marketing., Ulmer, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-8001-5531-1 , p. 89.
  16. ↑ W. Dierend (Ed.): Erdbeeranbau . Ulm Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8001-5982-6 , p. 41.
  17. ↑ W.-D. Naumann, D. Seipp: Strawberries . Basics for cultivation and marketing., Ulmer, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-8001-5531-1 , p. 94.
  18. ↑ W. Dierend (Ed.): Erdbeeranbau . Ulm Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8001-5982-6 , p. 96.
  19. ↑ L. Linnemanstöns, Obstbau 1/2011, Section Fruit Growing in the Federal Committee for Fruit and Vegetables, Berlin, pp. 50–51.
  20. ↑ W. Dierend (Ed.): Erdbeeranbau . Ulmer Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8001-5982-6 , pp. 42-43.
  21. ↑ Strawberry variety 'Faith' achieves good results in soil-tired locations. Retrieved June 18, 2020 .
  22. ↑ Tino Hedrich, Birgit Rascher: Trials in German Horticulture 2017: Strawberry variety 'Faith'. In: LWG Bavaria. Trial farm for vegetable growing Bamberg of the Bavarian State Institute for Viticulture and Horticulture, 2017, accessed on June 18, 2020 .
  23. ↑ Attempts in German Horticulture 2000 - Horticultural Center Cologne-Auweiler, Rhineland Chamber of Agriculture ( Memento from May 9, 2005 in the Internet Archive ).
  24. ↑ Spargel & Erdbeerprofi 5/2009, ISSN  1616-2439 , pp. 68-69.
  25. ↑ T. Keller, Ch. Steegmüller, L. Rövekamp: Erdbeersorten im Wandel, conference proceedings Beerenobstseminar II, Grünberg, 2013.
  26. ↑ W. Dierend (Ed.): Erdbeeranbau . Ulmer Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8001-5982-6 , p. 17.
  27. ↑ W.-D. Naumann, D. Seipp: Strawberries: Basics for cultivation and marketing . Ulmer Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-8001-5531-1 , pp. 182-186
  28. ^ JF Hancock: Strawberries . CABI Publ. Oxon 1999, ISBN 0-85199-339-7 , pp. 169-171.
  29. ^ The strawberry mite.Retrieved May 11, 2015.
  30. ↑ LfL Bavaria: Strawberries. Diseases and pests ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lfl.bayern.de
  31. ↑ Thrips: A Problem in Strawberries? ( Memento of the original from May 18, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.agroscope.admin.ch
  32. ↑ EU Nutritional Labeling Directive (EU NWKRL 90/496 / EEC) & Rewe nutritional table
  33. ↑ EU nutrition labeling directive (EU NWKRL 90/496 / EEC)
  34. ↑ Entry on fruit flavors. In: Römpp Online . Georg Thieme Verlag, accessed on June 16, 2014.

Web links

Commons : Strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files